TED2008
Joshua Klein: A thought experiment on the intelligence of crows
Joshua Klein谈乌鸦的智慧
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作为一名骇客和作家，Joshua Klein对乌鸦们的智慧感到神奇(你可曾注意过它们那小小的黑眼睛中蕴藏的智慧光芒？)。他在很长一段的业余时间里对乌鸦群的行为进行观察后，想出了一个堪称优雅的机器，这或许将在人类与动物间构建一种新的关系。
Joshua Klein - Hacker
Joshua Klein is a fervent hacker of all things, including wet, pulpy systems like animals and people and the way they behave. Full bio
Joshua Klein is a fervent hacker of all things, including wet, pulpy systems like animals and people and the way they behave. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:18
How many of you have seen the Alfred Hitchcock film "The Birds"?
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这里有多少人看过希区柯克的电影《鸟》？
00:21
Any of you get really freaked out by that?
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是不是认为那片子太过离奇了？
00:24
You might want to leave now.
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要是那样的话，你现在可以走了。
00:26
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
00:27
So, this is a vending machine for crows.
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大家看到的是一台专门为乌鸦设计的自动售货机。
00:29
And over the past few days, many of you have been asking me,
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过去几天，人们都在问我同样的问题：
00:31
"How did you come to this? How did you get started doing this?"
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“你怎么开始搞这玩意的？有什么吸引你的地方吗？”
00:34
And it started, as with many great ideas,
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说实话，这玩意就像很多伟大的想法，
00:36
or many ideas you can't get rid of anyway,
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或者一些你无法在脑中驱散的想法一样，
00:38
at a cocktail party.
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是从一次鸡尾酒派对产生的。
00:39
About 10 years ago, I was at a cocktail party with a friend of mine,
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大概十年前，我与一个朋友在一个鸡尾酒派对上，
00:42
and we're sitting there, and he was complaining about the crows
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我们坐在那，他一直在抱怨乌鸦
00:44
that he had seen that were all over his yard and making a big mess.
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乌鸦们把他的院子搞得一团糟。
00:48
And he was telling me that really, we ought to try and eradicate these things.
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他那时很认真的跟我说，我们得想办法消灭这些鬼东西，
00:50
We gotta kill them because they're making a mess.
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否则我们就不会有好日子过。
00:52
I said that was stupid,
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我跟他说，那才是坏主意呢，
00:53
you know, maybe we should just train them to do something useful.
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咱们为何不训练它们，让乌鸦帮我们人类做一点有意义的事情？
00:55
And he said that was impossible.
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他丢给我一句“那不可能”。
00:58
And I'm sure I'm in good company in finding that tremendously annoying
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我相信绝对不只我一人觉得这极度恼人
01:01
-- when someone tells you it's impossible.
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——当有人告诉你“那不可能”时。
01:02
So, I spent the next 10 years reading about crows in my spare time.
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于是决定用10年的时间在我的业余时间专门研究乌鸦。
01:06
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
01:09
And after 10 years of this, my wife eventually said,
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现在10年过去了，我妻子说，
01:11
"Look, you know, you gotta do this thing
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“好吧，你也该把它做出来了，
01:13
you've been talking about, and build the vending machine."
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你不是一直说要给乌鸦们做一个自动售货机么？”
01:15
So I did.
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于是我就把它做出来了。
01:16
But part of the reason that I found this interesting
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但我对这个项目感兴趣还有部分原因是因为
01:18
is that I started noticing that we are
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我开始注意到我们人类已经意识到
01:20
very aware of all the species that are going
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有很多物种因为人类无止尽的扩张
01:22
extinct on the planet as a result of human habitation expansion,
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将会在地球上灭绝。
01:24
and no one seems to be paying attention
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但貌似没人对那些
01:27
to all the species that are actually living -- that are surviving.
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还生存在世上的物种有所关心——它们都还真正地活着。
01:30
And I'm talking specifically about synanthropic species,
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这里我指的是那些长期与人共处，
01:33
which are species that have adapted specifically for human ecologies,
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并适应了人类生态系统的动物。
01:36
species like rats and cockroaches and crows.
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这样的动物包括老鼠、蟑螂、乌鸦。
01:40
And as I started looking at them, I was finding that they had hyper-adapted.
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而假如你仔细观察的话，你会发现所有的这类动物都已经对人类社会产生了高度的适应性，
01:43
They'd become extremely adept at living with us.
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并且随着继续与人生活在一起，它们的适应性还加变得更强。
01:46
And in return, we just tried to kill them all the time.
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但反观人类呢，我们只是一直在不断屠杀它们而已。
01:50
And in doing so, we were breeding them for parasitism.
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为了做到这点，人类用喂养的方式来让它们寄生于我们
01:52
We were giving them all sorts of reasons to adapt new ways.
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我们给了动物们适应新环境的各种理由。
01:56
So, for example, rats are incredibly responsive breeders.
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比如：老鼠的生育能力变得超强。
01:59
And cockroaches, as anyone who's tried to get rid of them knows,
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而蟑螂，逮过蟑螂的人都知道，
02:02
have become really immune to the poisons that we're using.
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它们已经不在乎我们的“诱饵”了。
02:05
So, I thought, let's build something that's mutually beneficial.
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于是我想，为何不制造出一些能让我们人类和这些“寄生虫”共同受益的东西呢？
02:08
Well, then let's build something that we can both benefit from,
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以此和这些动物建立一种新型的关系，一种互利的关系。
02:10
and find some way to make a new relationship with these species.
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从而让人类找到一条与其共处的新路子。
02:13
And so I built the vending machine.
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这就是我制作动物专用自动售货机的理由。
02:16
But the story of the vending machine is a little more interesting
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不过如果你多了解一下乌鸦，
02:18
if you know more about crows.
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这个自动售货机的故事会更有趣。
02:20
It turns out that crows aren't just surviving with human beings --
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乌鸦们不仅仅是在人类环境中‘生存’得不错——
02:22
they're actually really thriving.
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事实上，他们活得还很精彩。
02:24
They're found everywhere on the planet except for the Arctic
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你在地球上任何一处角落——除了两极和南美至南端——
02:26
and the southern tip of South America.
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都可以见得到乌鸦。
02:28
And in all that area, they're only rarely found
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通常它们的栖息地离人类居所
02:31
breeding more than five kilometers away from human beings.
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不出5公里。
02:33
So we may not think about them,
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虽然你也许不会想到这一点，
02:35
but they're always around.
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可是它们确确实实一直都这么活在我们身边。
02:37
And not surprisingly, given the human population growth,
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这也不奇怪，我们的地球上人口暴涨，
02:39
more than half of the human population is living in cities now.
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其中有半数以上居住在城市。
02:42
And out of those, nine-tenths
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除此之外，90%的人口增长
02:44
of the human growth population is occurring in cities.
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就都发生在城市里——
02:46
We're seeing a population boom with crows.
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乌鸦这个种群也在经历同样的发展。
02:49
So bird counts are indicating that we might be seeing
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所以鸟类的数量在我们看来
02:51
up to exponential growth in their numbers.
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将会有一个爆炸型的增长，
02:53
So that's no great surprise.
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这并没有什么奇怪的。
02:56
But what was really interesting to me was to find out that
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但令我感到吃惊的是这些鸟儿竟然学会了
02:58
the birds were adapting in a pretty unusual way.
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通过一些奇特的方式在我们的社会里求得生存。
03:01
And I'll give you an example of that.
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大家看看下面的例子：
03:04
So this is Betty. She's a New Caledonian crow.
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它的名字是Betty，它是一只New Caledonia（北美地名）的乌鸦。
03:07
And these crows use sticks in the wild
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在森林里，它们会用树枝从林木里
03:09
to get insects and whatnot out of pieces of wood.
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挑出虫子和其他食物。
03:12
Here, she's trying to get a piece of meat out of a tube.
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此时它正尝试用铁线取出瓶子里的那块肉。
03:14
But the researchers had a problem.
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但是研究者们遇到了一个问题。
03:16
They messed up and left just a stick of wire in there.
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他们把试验搞砸了，因为只留下了一根线在那里。
03:18
And she hadn't had the opportunity to do this before.
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而Betty以前可没尝试过这样的挑战。
03:21
You see, it wasn't working very well.
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你可以看到，它进行得并不顺利。
03:24
So she adapted.
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于是它想出了一个新法子。
03:26
Now this is completely unprompted. She had never seen this done before.
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要知道，它没有看到过别的乌鸦这么做。
03:30
No one taught her to bend this into a hook,
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之前也没有任何人或者别的乌鸦教它如何把线弯成钩子；
03:32
had shown her how it could happen.
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或者告诉过它可以通过这种方式捞肉。
03:33
But she did it all on her own.
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这完全是它自己想出来的办法。
03:35
So keep in mind that she's never seen this done.
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请一定记得它以前从没有学过的哦。
03:39
Right.
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就这样。
03:41
(Laughter)
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(笑声)
03:48
Yeah. All right.
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对，就这样。
03:50
(Applause)
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(鼓掌)
03:53
That's the part where the researchers freak out.
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这才是研究人员觉得不可思议的地方。
03:56
(Laughter)
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(笑声)
03:58
So, it turns out we've been finding more and more
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我们发现越来越多的证据表明
04:00
that crows are really, really intelligent.
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乌鸦的确是聪明的，
04:01
Their brains are proportionate,
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它们的大脑占躯体的比例
04:02
in the same proportion as chimpanzee brains are.
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和大猩猩相当。
04:05
There are all kinds of anecdotes for different kinds of intelligence they have.
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大家也可能听过各种各样的关于乌鸦的趣闻吧。
04:09
For example, in Sweden,
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比如，在瑞典，
04:11
crows will wait for fishermen to drop lines through holes in the ice.
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那里的乌鸦会趁渔人往冰隙里放钓钩的时候守在一边，
04:13
And when the fishermen move off,
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当渔人走了，
04:15
the crows fly down, reel up the lines, and eat the fish or the bait.
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它们就飞过去拉起钓钩，吃掉钩上的鱼或钓饵。
04:19
It's pretty annoying for the fishermen.
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这可是搞得那里的渔人很烦恼。
04:22
On an entirely different tack,
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而在华盛顿大学，
04:23
at University of Washington, they, a few years ago,
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那里的研究员几年前
04:25
were doing an experiment where they captured some crows on campus.
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做了一个截然不同的实验。
04:28
Some students went out and netted some crows,
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他们在校园里捉来一些乌鸦，
04:30
brought them in, and were -- weighed them, and measured them and whatnot,
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在实验室里加以标记、称量，
04:33
and then let them back out again.
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然后把它们放走。
04:34
And were entertained to discover
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而随后的那个星期，
04:35
that for the rest of the week, these crows,
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他们惊喜地发现，那些被放走的乌鸦
04:37
whenever these particular students walked around campus,
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在校园里一见到那些捉过它们的学生，
04:39
these crows would caw at them,
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就会冲着他们鸣叫，
04:41
and run around and make their life kind of miserable.
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并在他们周围飞来飞去，给他们的生活增添一些小烦恼。
04:44
They were significantly less entertained when this went on for the next week.
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但之后几个星期还是如此，他们就不再那么惊喜了。
04:48
And the next month. And after summer break.
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甚至到了下个月，到了夏季学期结束，
04:52
Until they finally graduated and left campus,
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到了他们毕业离校了——
04:54
and -- glad to get away, I'm sure --
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我相信他们是很高兴地离去的——
04:56
came back sometime later, and found the crows still remembered them.
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可当他们偶尔回校来看看时，那些乌鸦还是记得他们。
04:59
So -- the moral being, don't piss off crows.
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所以——大家看到了吧，千万别惹乌鸦。
05:02
So now, students at the University of Washington
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正是这样的缘故，
05:06
that are studying these crows
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现在华盛顿大学做乌鸦研究的学生
05:07
do so with a giant wig and a big mask.
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都带上巨大的假发，还套上面具。
05:09
(Laughter)
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(笑声)
05:12
It's fairly interesting.
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这真是令人哑然的一件事。
05:14
So we know that these crows are really smart,
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以上说的无非是要证明乌鸦是非常聪明的，
05:16
but the more I dug into this, the more I found
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但我研究得越是深入，
05:18
that they actually have an even more significant adaptation.
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越是觉得它们的智慧要比我们想象的高出一个层次。
05:23
Video: Crows have become highly skilled at
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视频：在新的城市环境中，
05:25
making a living in these new urban environments.
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乌鸦们的谋生技能正在变得越来越娴熟。
05:29
In this Japanese city, they have devised a way of
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这是一座日本城市，
05:32
eating a food that normally they can't manage:
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这里的乌鸦发明了一种吃果仁的办法——
05:37
drop it among the traffic.
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把坚果丢到车道上。
05:43
The problem now is collecting the bits,
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然后飞走，
05:46
without getting run over.
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等待汽车开过。
05:48
Wait for the light to stop the traffic.
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之后它们在马路边等待绿灯，
06:02
Then, collect your cracked nut in safety.
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然后飞到马路中央安全地衔走那颗果仁
06:10
(Laughter)
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(笑声)
06:11
(Applause)
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(掌声)
06:12
Joshua Klein: Yeah, yeah. Pretty interesting.
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Joshua Klein: 看看，这是不是挺有趣的？
06:14
So what's significant about this isn't that crows are using cars to crack nuts.
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不过，有趣的倒不是借助过往车辆压开果核的做法，
06:17
In fact, that's old hat for crows.
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事实上，乌鸦老早就学会了这门手艺了。
06:19
This happened about 10 years ago
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刚才大家看到的景象
06:21
in a place called Sendai City, at a driving school
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发生在10年前东京市郊的
06:24
in the suburbs of Tokyo.
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一家驾驶学校附近。
06:26
And since that time,
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从那时开始，
06:27
all of the crows in the neighborhood are picking up this behavior.
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附近的乌鸦也学会了这样的吃坚果的方式。
06:29
And now, every crow within five kilometers is standing by a sidewalk,
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如今，方圆五公里内的乌鸦都在人行道旁守候着，
06:32
waiting to collect its lunch.
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等待过往车辆为他们带来午餐。
06:35
So, they're learning from each other. And research bears this out.
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乌鸦通过互相学习，都掌握了这种技巧。
06:37
Parents seem to be teaching their young.
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乌鸦父母还教会自己的孩子这样的技巧呢。
06:39
They've learned from their peers. They've learned from their enemies.
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它们向同伴学习，也向它们的敌人学习。
06:43
If I have a little extra time, I'll tell you about a case of crow infidelity
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如果我还有更多演讲时间，我会告诉你们一个有关乌鸦背信的案例
06:46
that illustrates that nicely.
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来更好地证明我的观点。
06:48
The point being that they've developed cultural adaptation.
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最关键的是它们学会了适应不同的生态文化。
06:51
And as we heard yesterday,
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就如昨天我们听到的那样，
06:53
that's the Pandora's box that's getting human beings in trouble,
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是潘多拉之盒将人类引入混乱，
06:55
and we're starting to see it with them.
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现在是开始着手解决它的时候了。
06:57
They're able to very quickly and very flexibly adapt
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他们能快速且融洽地适应
07:00
to new challenges and new resources in their environment,
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新的挑战及环境中的新资源，
07:03
which is really useful if you live in a city.
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对于城市生活来说，这可真有用。
07:06
So we know that there's lots of crows.
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好了，现在我们都知道城市里有大量的乌鸦，
07:08
We found out they're really smart, and we found out that they can teach each other.
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它们很聪明，还懂得相互间分享生存的秘诀。
07:11
And when all this became clear to me,
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当我知道这一切以后，
07:13
I realized the only obvious thing to do is build a vending machine.
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我决定要专门为它们做一台自动售货机。
07:16
So that's what we did.
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并且还做成功了。
07:17
This is a vending machine for crows.
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这就是乌鸦专用自动售货机：
07:19
And it uses Skinnerian training to shape their behavior over four stages.
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我们用斯金纳(操作性条件反射)理论，分四阶段训练法来训练乌鸦。
07:22
It's pretty simple.
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其实也很简单。
07:24
Basically, what happens is that we put this out in a field,
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首先，我们把这样的机器放到田野
07:27
or someplace where there's lots of crows,
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或者乌鸦经常出没的地方。
07:29
and we put coins and peanuts all around the base of the machine.
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在机器的底部放上一大堆的硬币和花生。
07:31
And crows eventually come by, and eat the peanuts
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乌鸦来了，吃掉机器上的花生，
07:33
and get used to the machine being there.
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并且也习惯了机器的存在。
07:35
And eventually, they eat up all the peanuts.
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吃光了地面的花生以后，
07:37
And then they see that there are peanuts here on the feeder tray,
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它们发现在售货机的出货口那里也有很多花生，
07:40
and they hop up and help themselves.
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于是就跳到上面，也同样尽享美味。
07:42
And then they leave, and the machine spits up more coins and peanuts,
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每一天，那机器上都会放满了硬币和花生。
07:44
and life is really dandy, if you're a crow.
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嘿，要是当那样的一只乌鸦也不错哟，
07:46
Then you can come back anytime and get yourself a peanut.
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每天都不愁吃的。
07:49
So, when they get really used to that, we move on to the crows coming back.
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当它们都习惯这样的生活或，我们继续下一步
07:52
Now, they're used to the sound of the machine, and they keep coming back,
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我们等到乌鸦都习惯于机器的声音，就把花生盖在硬币底下，
07:55
and digging out these peanuts from amongst the pile of coins that's there.
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它们飞过来，掀开硬币，
07:57
And when they get really happy about this,
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就能吃得到花生，它们也挺开心的。
07:59
we go ahead and stymie them.
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这时，我们决定给它们制造一些困难。
08:01
And we move to the third stage, where we only give them a coin.
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我们开始了第三阶段的训练。只把一枚硬币留在机器上，
08:04
Now, like most of us who have gotten used to a good thing,
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此时乌鸦飞过来，看到没有食物，
08:06
this really pisses them off.
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自然觉得很泄气——我们人也一样嘛。
08:07
So, they do what they do in nature when they're looking for something --
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所以它们出于寻找食物的本能——
08:11
they sweep things out of the way with their beak.
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用它的喙在机器上扫来扫去，
08:13
And they do that here, and that knocks the coins down the slot,
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不经意的把硬币碰到硬币口里去了，
08:16
and when that happens, they get a peanut.
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于是它获得了一颗花生。
08:18
And so this goes on for some time.
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于是它们也学会了，
08:19
The crows learn that all they have to do is show up,
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每次都来这里，
08:21
wait for the coin to come out, put the coin in the slot, and then they get their peanut.
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只要把机器上的硬币丢到硬币口，就能吃得到花生，
08:24
And when they're really good and comfortable with that,
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当他们对此过程非常熟练及满足以后，
08:26
we move to the final stage, in which they show up and nothing happens.
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我们进入训练的最后一个阶段，它们来到机器旁边，却发现什么也没有。
08:31
And this is where we see the difference between crows and other animals.
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注意，就是这个关键的地方可以看出乌鸦是多么聪明。
08:33
Squirrels, for example, would show up, look for the peanut, go away.
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要是一只松鼠，它来到机器旁，寻找花生，找不到，就走了
08:37
Come back, look for the peanut, go away.
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隔天再来，又是没有，又跑回去。
08:40
They do this maybe half a dozen times before they get bored,
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如此反复五六次，
08:43
and then they go off and play in traffic.
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它们也就觉得没意思了。
08:45
Crows, on the other hand, show up, and they try and figure it out.
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而乌鸦则不一样，它们要寻找出一个究竟。
08:49
They know that this machine's been messing with them,
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通过前面三个阶段，
08:51
through three different stages of behavior.
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并且这样的玩笑越开越大。
08:53
(Laughter)
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(笑声)
08:54
They figure it's gotta have more to it.
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它们觉得肯定还有更多方式获得花生。
08:56
So, they poke at it and peck at it and whatnot.
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它们又是用头撞，又是用嘴咬。
08:58
And eventually some crow gets a bright idea that,
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偶尔间有一些乌鸦想到了一个绝妙的主意：
09:00
"Hey, there's lots of coins lying around from the first stage,
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“嘿，大家还记得地面上放的那一大堆硬币么。
09:03
lying around on the ground," hops down, picks it up, drops it in the slot.
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或许有用呢？”——于是它们飞过来，衔起硬币，扔进投币孔。
09:06
And then, we're off to the races.
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它们发现了怎么吃得上花生了！
09:08
That crow enjoys a temporary monopoly on peanuts,
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这样的技巧先是为第一批到来的乌鸦所垄断，
09:10
until his friends figure out how to do it, and then there we go.
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可慢慢的别的乌鸦也学会了……故事到此为止。
09:15
So, what's significant about this to me
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从这个故事我们得出结论：
09:17
isn't that we can train crows to pick up peanuts.
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我们可以训练乌鸦，让它们通过售货机吃上花生。
09:19
Mind you, there's 216 million dollars' worth of change lost every year,
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你知不知道，每一年都有价值2.16亿的硬币丢在大街上。
09:23
but I'm not sure I can depend on that ROI from crows.
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嘿，当然，我不是想靠乌鸦来赚钱。
09:27
Instead, I think we should look a little bit larger.
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我们的眼光可以放远一点：
09:30
I think that crows can be trained to do other things.
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我觉得我们可以训练乌鸦来做其他事。
09:32
For example, why not train them to pick up garbage after stadium events?
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比如，为何不可以通过训练，让乌鸦给体育馆捡垃圾？
09:36
Or find expensive components from discarded electronics?
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或者让它们帮助我们从大堆的废弃电子元件里头挑出有用的部件？
09:38
Or maybe do search and rescue?
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又或者让它们参与搜救工作？
09:40
The main thing, the main point of all this for me is
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我这个演讲的主要的一个观点是
09:44
that we can find mutually beneficial systems for these species.
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我们可以寻找到一种与此类动物共存的途径，
09:46
We can find ways to interact with these other species
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我们能找到与其他族群共处的方式
09:48
that doesn't involve exterminating them,
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而不仅仅是灭绝它们，
09:50
but involves finding an equilibrium with them that's a useful balance.
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我们可以和它们实现共赢。
09:54
Thanks very much.
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非常感谢大家。
09:56
(Applause)
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(掌声)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Joshua Klein - HackerJoshua Klein is a fervent hacker of all things, including wet, pulpy systems like animals and people and the way they behave.
Why you should listen
Joshua Klein will hack anything that moves -- his list includes "social systems, computer networks, institutions, consumer hardware and animal behavior." His latest project, though charmingly low-tech, has amazing implications for the human-animal interface.
Right now, Klein is working at Frog Design as a Principle Technologist, while developing mobile/social applications, health care-related systems and other tools that improve people's lives. He's the author of the novel Roo'd, which was the first modern book (after Tarzan) to be ported to the iPhone.
Joshua Klein | Speaker | TED.com