TEDxToronto
Natalie Panek: Let's clean up the space junk orbiting Earth
娜塔利・潘尼克: 让我们清理掉那些环绕地球的太空垃圾吧
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我们的生活依赖于我们看不见的东西：那些每天被用于获取信息，娱乐和通讯等的卫星基础设施。绕地轨道是无尽的资源，但是如果我们不能够对我们的行为做出改变的话，太空残骸的问题只会变得更糟。娜塔利・潘尼克促使我们更多的去考虑我们所依赖的那些卫星对于环境的冲击力。她说道，我们的地球轨道美得让人窒息。是否能保持这样，决定权在于我们自己。
Natalie Panek - Rocket scientist, explorer
Natalie Panek's work is focused on the idea that accountability for our environments never goes away. Full bio
Natalie Panek's work is focused on the idea that accountability for our environments never goes away. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
我们的生活是依附于
00:13
Our lives depend
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00:14
on a world we can't see.
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一个我们看不到的世界上的。
想想你最近一周的生活。
00:17
Think about your week so far.
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00:19
Have you watched TV, used GPS,
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你看过电视，使用过GPS，
00:22
checked the weather or even ate a meal?
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查看过天气，或是吃过饭吗？
00:25
These many things
that enable our daily lives
that enable our daily lives
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这些让我们的日常生活
成为可能的东西
成为可能的东西
都直接或间接的依赖于
00:28
rely either directly or indirectly
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我们的卫星。
00:31
on satellites.
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当我们理所当然的享受着
00:33
And while we often take for granted
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卫星为我们提供的服务的时候，
00:35
the services that satellites provide us,
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它们本身也值得我们关注，
00:37
the satellites themselves
deserve our attention
deserve our attention
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因为它们正在自己所工作的领域中
00:40
as they are leaving a lasting mark
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留下长久的印记。
00:42
on the space they occupy.
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00:44
People around the world
rely on satellite infrastructure every day
rely on satellite infrastructure every day
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世界各地的人们
都依赖于卫星设施，
都依赖于卫星设施，
00:48
for information, entertainment
and to communicate.
and to communicate.
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获取每天需要的资讯，
娱乐和通讯服务。
娱乐和通讯服务。
00:52
There's agricultural
and environmental monitoring,
and environmental monitoring,
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包括农业与环境监测，
互联网连接和导航。
00:55
Internet connectivity, navigation.
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00:58
Satellites even play a role
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卫星甚至在我们的金融
01:00
in the operation of our financial
and energy markets.
and energy markets.
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与能源市场里也发挥着一定的作用。
01:04
But these satellites that we rely on
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但是我们日夜依赖的
01:06
day in and day out
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这些卫星，
它们的寿命是有限的。
01:07
have a finite life.
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它们可能耗尽推进燃料，
01:09
They might run out of propellant,
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01:11
they could malfunction,
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它们可能发生故障，
01:13
or they may just naturally
reach the end of their mission life.
reach the end of their mission life.
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或者只是达到了使用寿命。
01:16
At this point, these satellites
effectively become space junk,
effectively become space junk,
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到了那时，这些卫星
就正式变为了太空垃圾，
就正式变为了太空垃圾，
01:20
cluttering the orbital environment.
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杂乱的排布在轨道环境里。
想象一下，在一个美丽的，
阳光明媚的日子里，
阳光明媚的日子里，
01:24
So imagine you're driving down the highway
on a beautiful, sunny day
on a beautiful, sunny day
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01:27
out running errands.
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你正在公路上驾车，外出办事。
你打开了音乐，
01:29
You've got your music cranked,
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01:30
your windows rolled down,
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摇下了车窗，
01:32
with the cool breeze
blowing through your hair.
blowing through your hair.
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凉爽的微风拂过发梢。
01:35
Feels nice, right?
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是不是感觉很棒？
01:36
Everything is going smoothly
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一切都是那么顺利，
01:39
until suddenly
your car stutters and stalls
your car stutters and stalls
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直到你的车开始在公路正中间
01:41
right in the middle of the highway.
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渐渐的熄火。
01:44
So now you have no choice
but to abandon your car
but to abandon your car
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这时你别无选择，只能将你的汽车
01:47
where it is on the highway.
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抛弃在公路上。
如果运气够好，
01:50
Maybe you were lucky enough
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你能将它移动到肩侧紧急停车区，
01:51
to be able to move it out of the way
and into a shoulder lane
and into a shoulder lane
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这样它就不会影响其他交通。
01:54
so that it's out of the way
of other traffic.
of other traffic.
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01:56
A couple of hours ago,
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几个小时之前，
你的车还是你日常生活中
必不可少的工具。
必不可少的工具。
01:58
your car was a useful machine
that you relied on in your everyday life.
that you relied on in your everyday life.
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现在，它只是一堆占用了宝贵的
02:03
Now, it's a useless hunk of metal
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02:05
taking up space in a valuable
transportation network.
transportation network.
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公路资源的废铜烂铁。
再想象一下世界各地的公路
都被废弃的车辆充斥着，
都被废弃的车辆充斥着，
02:10
And imagine international roadways
all cluttered with broken down vehicles
all cluttered with broken down vehicles
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02:14
that are just getting in the way
of other traffic.
of other traffic.
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阻碍了其他的交通线路。
02:17
And imagine the debris
that would be strewn everywhere
that would be strewn everywhere
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而且如果发生了交通事故，
02:20
if a collision actually happened,
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残渣将散落得到处都是，
02:22
thousands of smaller pieces of debris
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成千上万的小碎片
02:25
becoming new obstacles.
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又将变成新的障碍物。
02:27
This is the paradigm
of the satellite industry.
of the satellite industry.
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这就是卫星产业的运作方式。
02:31
Satellites that are no longer working
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停工的卫星
02:33
are often left to deorbit
over many, many years,
over many, many years,
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往往被长年脱轨弃置，
02:37
or only moved out of the way
as a temporary solution.
as a temporary solution.
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或者是移出轨道，
作为一种暂时性的解决方案。
作为一种暂时性的解决方案。
02:41
And there are no
international laws in space
international laws in space
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而没有任何的国际空间法
02:43
to enforce us to clean up after ourselves.
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去强制我们清理废弃的太空垃圾。
世界上的第一颗卫星，
史普尼克一号
史普尼克一号
02:46
So the world's first satellite, Sputnik I,
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02:49
was launched in 1957,
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发射于1957年，
在那一年中，一共只有
三次发射尝试。
三次发射尝试。
02:51
and in that year, there were
only a total of three launch attempts.
only a total of three launch attempts.
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02:55
Decades later and dozens of countries
from all around the world
from all around the world
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几十年之后，世界各地的许许多多国家
02:59
have launched thousands
of more satellites into orbit,
of more satellites into orbit,
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已经发射了成千上万的卫星
进入轨道运行，
进入轨道运行，
03:02
and the frequency of launches
is only going to increase in the future,
is only going to increase in the future,
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而且未来的发射频率只增不减，
03:06
especially if you consider
things like the possibility
things like the possibility
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特别是你要想到，未来可能会发射
03:09
of 900-plus satellite
constellations being launched.
constellations being launched.
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由九百多颗卫星组成的
卫星群这样的东西。
卫星群这样的东西。
当下，我们主要根据卫星不同的用途，
03:13
Now, we send satellites
to different orbits
to different orbits
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03:15
depending on what they're needed for.
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把它们发射到不同的轨道。
03:17
One of the most common places
we send satellites
we send satellites
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我们将卫星送入的最常见位置
03:20
is the low Earth orbit,
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就是近地轨道，
03:21
possibly to image the surface of Earth
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大概在距地表2000千米的位置
03:23
at up to about 2,000 kilometers altitude.
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捕捉地表影像。
由于大气层的存在，
卫星会收到自然冲击，
卫星会收到自然冲击，
03:26
Satellites there are naturally buffeted
by Earth's atmosphere,
by Earth's atmosphere,
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03:30
so their orbits naturally decay,
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所以它们的轨道会自然萎缩，
03:32
and they'll eventually burn up,
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最终将燃料殆尽，
03:33
probably within a couple of decades.
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大概需要个几十年吧。
另一个常见的发射卫星的位置
03:36
Another common place we send satellites
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03:38
is the geostationary orbit
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是地球同步轨道，
03:40
at about 35,000 kilometers altitude.
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大概在距地表35000千米的位置。
那儿的卫星在地球运动时
与地球保持相对静止，
与地球保持相对静止，
03:43
Satellites there remain in the same place
above Earth as the Earth rotates,
above Earth as the Earth rotates,
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这就使通讯，或是电视广播
之类的事物成为可能。
之类的事物成为可能。
03:47
which enables things like communications
or television broadcast, for example.
or television broadcast, for example.
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03:52
Satellites in high orbits like these
could remain there for centuries.
could remain there for centuries.
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在那样高度的卫星可以停留几个世纪。
03:58
And then there's the orbit
coined "the graveyard,"
coined "the graveyard,"
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还有就是被称作“墓地”的轨道，
04:01
the ominous junk or disposal orbits,
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不详的垃圾或是“弃置轨道”，
04:04
where some satellites
are intentionally placed
are intentionally placed
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即很多卫星在生命周期结束时
04:06
at the end of their life
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被设定的放置点，
04:08
so that they're out of the way
of common operational orbits.
of common operational orbits.
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这样它们就不会影响
基本的运行轨道了。
基本的运行轨道了。
04:13
Of the nearly 7,000 satellites
launched since the late 1950s,
launched since the late 1950s,
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自从上世纪50年代开始，
发射过的将近7000颗卫星中，
发射过的将近7000颗卫星中，
04:17
only about one in seven
is currently operational,
is currently operational,
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只有大约七分之一仍在服役中，
04:21
and in addition to the satellites
that are no longer working,
that are no longer working,
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除了那些停工的卫星之外，
04:24
there's also hundreds of thousands
of marble-sized debris
of marble-sized debris
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还有成千上万的鹅卵石大小的碎片，
04:28
and millions of paint chip-sized debris
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和无数芯片大小的有色残渣
正环绕着地球。
04:30
that are also orbiting around the Earth.
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04:33
Space debris is a major risk
to space missions,
to space missions,
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太空残渣是太空任务的主要风险，
04:35
but also to the satellites
that we rely on each and every day.
that we rely on each and every day.
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但是对于我们每天依赖的
那些卫星来说也一样。
那些卫星来说也一样。
04:40
Now, because space debris and junk
has become increasingly worrisome,
has become increasingly worrisome,
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现在，因为太空残骸和垃圾
正越来越令人担忧，
正越来越令人担忧，
已经有一些国家性和国际性的工作，
04:44
there have been some national
and international efforts
and international efforts
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04:46
to develop technical standards
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正致力于发展某种技术标准
04:48
to help us limit the generation
of additional debris.
of additional debris.
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来限制额外碎片的产生。
04:51
So for example, there are recommendations
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举个例子，有建议提出
要求近地轨道航天器
04:53
for those low-Earth orbiting spacecraft
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04:56
to be made to deorbit in under 25 years,
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在25年之内脱轨自燃，
04:59
but that's still a really long time,
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但那仍然要花费很长一段时间，
05:01
especially if a satellite
hasn't been working for years.
hasn't been working for years.
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特别是对于已经停工
很多年的卫星来说。
很多年的卫星来说。
05:05
There's also mandates
for those dead geostationary spacecraft
for those dead geostationary spacecraft
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也有一些要求提出把那些
报废的地球同步卫星
报废的地球同步卫星
05:08
to be moved into a graveyard orbit.
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移动到一个墓地轨道中去。
05:11
But neither of these guidelines
is binding under international law,
is binding under international law,
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但是，这些准则都是
不受国际法约束的，
不受国际法约束的，
05:15
and the understanding is that they will be
implemented through national mechanisms.
implemented through national mechanisms.
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而现在大家的理解是，
这些制度都将由国家管控实施。
这些制度都将由国家管控实施。
05:20
These guidelines are also not long-term,
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这些准则也不是长期性的，
05:22
they're not proactive,
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缺乏积极推动力，
05:24
nor do they address
the debris that's already up there.
the debris that's already up there.
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它们也没有解决那些现存的残骸。
05:27
They're only in place
to limit the future creation of debris.
to limit the future creation of debris.
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而只是用于限制未来的残骸产生。
05:31
Space junk is no one's responsibility.
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太空垃圾不是任何人的责任。
事实上，珠穆朗玛峰可以为
我们理解人与环境互动
我们理解人与环境互动
05:35
Now, Mount Everest is actually
an interesting comparison
an interesting comparison
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05:38
of a new approach to how
we interact with our environments,
we interact with our environments,
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提供一个有趣的对比，
05:42
as it's often given the dubious honor
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它经常被给予一个
有些名不副实的称号，
有些名不副实的称号，
05:44
of being the world's highest garbage dump.
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世界上最高的垃圾场。
在对于世界最高峰的
第一次探索的数十年之后，
第一次探索的数十年之后，
05:48
Decades after the first conquest
of the world's highest peak,
of the world's highest peak,
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05:51
tons of rubbish left behind by climbers
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被登山者留下的成吨的垃圾
05:53
has started to raise concern,
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开始引起了人们的关注，
05:55
and you may have read in the news
that there's speculation
that there's speculation
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也许你已经在新闻中读到，有推测称
05:58
that Nepal will crack down on mountaineers
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尼泊尔将用刑法和法律规范
06:00
with stricter enforcement
of penalties and legal obligations.
of penalties and legal obligations.
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打击那些登山者。
目的，显而易见的
是为了劝告登山者
是为了劝告登山者
06:04
The goal, of course,
is to persuade climbers
is to persuade climbers
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06:07
to clean up after themselves,
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清理好自己的垃圾，
06:09
so maybe local not-for-profits will pay
climbers who bring down extra waste,
climbers who bring down extra waste,
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所以，也许一些非营利性机构就会
花钱雇一些登山者带额外的垃圾下山，
花钱雇一些登山者带额外的垃圾下山，
06:14
or expeditions might organize
voluntary cleanup trips.
voluntary cleanup trips.
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或是考察团会组织自愿清理之旅。
但是，还是有很多登山者认为
06:18
And yet still many climbers feel
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06:20
that independent groups
should police themselves.
should police themselves.
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独立团体应该进行自我监管。
06:24
There's no simple or easy answer,
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没有什么简单的答案，
06:27
and even well-intentioned
efforts at conservation
efforts at conservation
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即使是环保的善意举措
06:30
often run into problems.
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也经常会出现问题。
06:32
But that doesn't mean
we shouldn't do everything in our power
we shouldn't do everything in our power
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但这并不意味着，
我们就不应该尽己所能，
我们就不应该尽己所能，
06:35
to protect the environments
that we rely and depend on,
that we rely and depend on,
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去保护我们赖以生存的环境，
06:39
and like Everest, the remote location
and inadequate infrastructure
and inadequate infrastructure
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就像是珠峰一样，偏远的
地理位置和不足的
地理位置和不足的
06:43
of the orbital environment
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轨道基础设施
06:45
make waste disposal a challenging problem.
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导致废物处理成为了
极具挑战性的问题。
极具挑战性的问题。
但是我们不能仅仅是达到一个新高度，
06:48
But we simply cannot reach new heights
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06:50
and create an even higher garbage dump,
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然后建立一个更高的，
位于这个世界之外的，
位于这个世界之外的，
06:53
one that's out of this world.
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又一个垃圾场。
06:57
The reality of space
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事实上，
06:58
is that if a component
on a satellite breaks down,
on a satellite breaks down,
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如果某个卫星的一个部分破裂了，
07:01
there really are limited
opportunities for repairs,
opportunities for repairs,
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那就真的只有十分有限的
修复选择余地了，
修复选择余地了，
而且也意味着高昂的开销。
07:04
and only at great cost.
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但是如果我们能够在设计卫星
这件事上做的更聪明一点儿呢？
这件事上做的更聪明一点儿呢？
07:06
But what if we were smarter
about how we designed satellites?
about how we designed satellites?
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07:10
What if all satellites,
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如果所有的卫星，
07:11
regardless of what country
they were built in,
they were built in,
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不管是哪个国家建造的，
07:14
had to be standardized in some way
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都能够在一定程度上
07:16
for recycling, servicing
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实现回收，使用，或是
07:18
or active deorbiting?
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积极弃轨的标准呢？
07:20
What if there actually were
international laws with teeth
international laws with teeth
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如果说有国际法能够真正有效，
07:24
that enforced end-of-life
disposal of satellites
disposal of satellites
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让卫星生命周期一结束
就强制报废，
就强制报废，
07:27
instead of moving them out of the way
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而不是采用临时措施，
07:29
as a temporary solution?
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仅仅把它们移出工作轨道呢？
07:31
Or maybe satellite manufacturers
need to be charged a deposit
need to be charged a deposit
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或许卫星制造商们
应该在发射卫星时
应该在发射卫星时
07:34
to even launch a satellite into orbit,
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被收取一份押金，
07:37
and that deposit would only be returned
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而只有当卫星被恰当处理，
07:39
if the satellite was disposed of properly
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或是定量的碎片被清理，
07:42
or if they cleaned up
some quota of debris.
some quota of debris.
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或是当卫星拥有能够帮助自身
07:45
Or maybe a satellite
needs to have technology on board
needs to have technology on board
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加速脱轨的技术时，
07:48
to help accelerate deorbit.
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押金才会被返还。
已经有一些乐观的迹象了。
07:50
There are some encouraging signs.
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07:53
The UK's TechDemoSat-1,
launched in 2014, for example,
launched in 2014, for example,
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举个例子，英国2014年
发射的TechDemoSat-1
发射的TechDemoSat-1
07:57
was designed for end-of-life disposal
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就是被设计成在生命周期结束时
07:59
via a small drag sail.
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能通过一个小拖拽帆被处理的。
08:01
This works for the satellite
because it's small,
because it's small,
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但是这种可行性是基于它很小，
08:04
but satellites that are higher
or in larger orbits
or in larger orbits
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但是更大的卫星，或是
在更高轨道运行的卫星，
在更高轨道运行的卫星，
08:08
or are larger altogether,
like the size of school buses,
like the size of school buses,
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或是既更大，又更高的，
像是公交大小的卫星来说，
像是公交大小的卫星来说，
08:11
will require other disposal options.
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就需要别的处理方案了。
08:13
So maybe you get into things
like high-powered lasers
like high-powered lasers
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也许你会去想那些
例如高功率激光器
例如高功率激光器
08:16
or tugging using nets or tethers,
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或是用网和绳索牵引，
08:18
as crazy as those sound in the short term.
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这些短期里看似疯狂的观点。
还有一个真的很炫酷的想法，
08:21
And then one really cool possibility
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08:23
is the idea of orbital tow trucks
or space mechanics.
or space mechanics.
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就是关于轨道拖车和空间力学的。
想象一个空间牵引车上的
08:27
Imagine if a robotic arm
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08:28
on some sort of space tow truck
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一个机械手臂，
08:30
could fix the broken components
on a satellite,
on a satellite,
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能够修复卫星上坏损的部分，
08:32
making them usable again.
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让它们重新运作。
08:35
Or what if that very same robotic arm
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或者说同一个机械手臂，
08:37
could refuel the propellant tank
on a spacecraft
on a spacecraft
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可以重新充满飞行器上的
08:39
that relies on chemical propulsion
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依赖化学推进的燃料仓，
08:41
just like you or I would refuel
the fuel tanks on our cars?
the fuel tanks on our cars?
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就像是你我给车加满油一样？
机械修复和维护
08:45
Robotic repair and maintenance
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08:47
could extend the lives of hundreds
of satellites orbiting around the Earth.
of satellites orbiting around the Earth.
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可以为绕地卫星延续数百年的生命。
08:52
Whatever the disposal
or cleanup options we come up with,
or cleanup options we come up with,
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不管我们想出怎样的弃置处理方案，
08:55
it's clearly not just a technical problem.
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它都不仅仅只是技术层面的问题。
08:58
There's also complex space laws
and politics that we have to sort out.
and politics that we have to sort out.
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还有复杂的空间法和政治问题，
要等我们去理清楚。
要等我们去理清楚。
09:03
Simply put, we haven't found a way
to use space sustainably yet.
to use space sustainably yet.
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简单的说，就是我们还没有
找到可持续利用太空的方案。
找到可持续利用太空的方案。
探索，创新，改变我们生活，
工作的方式，
工作的方式，
09:08
Exploring, innovating
to change the way we live and work
to change the way we live and work
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09:11
are what we as humans do,
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是我们作为人类的职责，
09:13
and in space exploration,
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在太空探索中，
09:15
we're literally moving
beyond the boundaries of Earth.
beyond the boundaries of Earth.
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我们几乎是超越了地球的界线。
09:18
But as we push thresholds
in the name of learning and innovation,
in the name of learning and innovation,
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但是当我们以学习和
创新的名义推动边界，
创新的名义推动边界，
09:22
we must remember that accountability
for our environments never goes away.
for our environments never goes away.
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我们必须要铭记我们
对于环境的责任永远不会消失。
对于环境的责任永远不会消失。
现在，近地和同步轨道
已经是毋庸置疑的拥挤了，
已经是毋庸置疑的拥挤了，
09:28
There is without doubt congestion
in the low Earth and geostationary orbits,
in the low Earth and geostationary orbits,
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09:32
and we cannot keep
launching new satellites
launching new satellites
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我们不能只是一味的发射新卫星
09:35
to replace the ones that have broken down
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去代替那些破损的，老化的，
09:37
without doing something about them first,
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而事先也不处理那些陈旧的卫星。
09:39
just like we would never
leave a broken down car
leave a broken down car
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就像是我们永远都不能
把一辆破损的车
把一辆破损的车
09:42
in the middle of the highway.
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留在公路中间一样。
09:43
Next time you use your phone,
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下回你使用手机
09:45
check the weather or use your GPS,
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查看天气或是使用GPS的时候，
09:48
think about the satellite technologies
that make those activities possible.
that make those activities possible.
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想一想让这一切成为现实的卫星技术。
但同时也想想那些卫星会对于
09:52
But also think about the very impact
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09:54
that the satellites have
on the environment surrounding Earth,
on the environment surrounding Earth,
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我们的地球周遭环境
带来的巨大冲击，
带来的巨大冲击，
09:57
and help spread the message
that together we must reduce our impact.
that together we must reduce our impact.
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帮助传递这样一个讯息：我们必须
合力减少对环境造成的影响效应。
合力减少对环境造成的影响效应。
10:02
Earth orbit is breathtakingly beautiful
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地球轨道美得让人窒息，
10:04
and our gateway to exploration.
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它也是我们宇宙探索的大门。
能否让这一切永恒，
决定权在于我们自己。
决定权在于我们自己。
10:07
It's up to us to keep it that way.
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谢谢。
10:11
Thank you.
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10:12
(Applause)
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（掌声）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Natalie Panek - Rocket scientist, explorerNatalie Panek's work is focused on the idea that accountability for our environments never goes away.
Why you should listen
Natalie Panek's love of space and aviation led her to obtain a private pilot's license, design and drive a solar-powered car across North America, and build space robotics. She has participated in internships at NASA's Goddard Spaceflight Center and at NASA's Ames Research Center, where she worked on a mission to Mars. With degrees in mechanical and aerospace engineering, Panek has contributed to a number of space projects, including MDA's satellite servicing initiative and ESA's 2020 ExoMars rover program. She currently works in Mission Systems at MDA's robotics and automation division, on Canadian space robotics and other space exploration programs.
Panek founded her website, thePanekRoom, to encourage women to pursue challenging careers in nontraditional fields and explore the outdoors. She was featured on the editorial site "Women You Should Know" as a STEM Rock Star who is revolutionizing how we think about women in tech, and Canada's Financial Post describes Panek as "a vocal advocate for women in technology." She is also a member of the prestigious Explorer's Club and a Fellow of Royal Canadian Geographic Society. PANEK is the 2013 recipient of the University of Calgary Graduate of the Last Decade Award and the Northern Lights Award Foundation 2013 Rising Star in aerospace. She also joins an elite group of women as one of WXN's Top 100 Most Powerful Women (2014), Forbes' 30 Under 30 in Manufacturing and Industry (2015), Flare's inaugural 30 Under 30 list (2015) and one of Canada's Greatest Women Explorers by Canadian Geographic (2016).
(Photo: Geneviève Charbonneau)
Natalie Panek | Speaker | TED.com