TEDxToronto
Natalie Panek: Let's clean up the space junk orbiting Earth
娜塔莉·帕內克: 讓我們清理環繞地球的太空垃圾
Filmed:
Readability: 5.3
1,112,579 views
我們的生活依賴於我們看不到的世界：我們每天從衛星基礎設施獲取信息、娛樂、通信等等。 但是地球軌道不是一個無限的資源，如果我們不改變行為，太空碎片的問題會變得更糟。娜塔莉·帕內克讓我們思考我們所依賴的衛星對環境的影響。 我們的軌道環境是驚人的美麗，也是我們探索太空的大門。她說。 這取決於我們去維護它。
Natalie Panek - Rocket scientist, explorer
Natalie Panek's work is focused on the idea that accountability for our environments never goes away. Full bio
Natalie Panek's work is focused on the idea that accountability for our environments never goes away. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
Our lives depend
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我們的生活依賴著
00:14
on a world we can't see.
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一個我們看不見的世界。
00:17
Think about your week so far.
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回想一下這一周
到目前為止的生活，
到目前為止的生活，
00:19
Have you watched TV, used GPS,
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是否曾看過電視，
使用過定位系統，
使用過定位系統，
00:22
checked the weather or even ate a meal?
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查詢過天氣預報或甚至吃過飯?
00:25
These many things
that enable our daily lives
that enable our daily lives
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這些我們日常生活中的事物
00:28
rely either directly or indirectly
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都直接或間接地依賴著
00:31
on satellites.
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衛星設施。
00:33
And while we often take for granted
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而我們往往認為
00:35
the services that satellites provide us,
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這些衛星服務是應當的，
00:37
the satellites themselves
deserve our attention
deserve our attention
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這些設施更值得我們去注意。
00:40
as they are leaving a lasting mark
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因為它們正對它們所在的太空
留下持久的影響。
留下持久的影響。
00:42
on the space they occupy.
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00:44
People around the world
rely on satellite infrastructure every day
rely on satellite infrastructure every day
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世界各地的人
每天都依靠著衛星設施，
每天都依靠著衛星設施，
00:48
for information, entertainment
and to communicate.
and to communicate.
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獲取信息、娛樂和溝通交流。
00:52
There's agricultural
and environmental monitoring,
and environmental monitoring,
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還有農業和環境監測，
00:55
Internet connectivity, navigation.
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網際網路連接，導航。
00:58
Satellites even play a role
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衛星甚至在
01:00
in the operation of our financial
and energy markets.
and energy markets.
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我們的財務和能源市場運作中
佔據一席之地。
佔據一席之地。
01:04
But these satellites that we rely on
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但是我們每天都依賴著的這些衛星，
01:06
day in and day out
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01:07
have a finite life.
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它們的壽命是有限的。
01:09
They might run out of propellant,
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它們可能用完助推燃料，
01:11
they could malfunction,
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它們可能會出現故障，
01:13
or they may just naturally
reach the end of their mission life.
reach the end of their mission life.
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或者它們可能只是
到達了它們的使用壽命。
到達了它們的使用壽命。
01:16
At this point, these satellites
effectively become space junk,
effectively become space junk,
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這個時候，這些衛星
會成為太空垃圾，
會成為太空垃圾，
01:20
cluttering the orbital environment.
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雜亂地存在於軌道環境中。
01:24
So imagine you're driving down the highway
on a beautiful, sunny day
on a beautiful, sunny day
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設想一下，一個美好的晴天
你開著車在高速路上行駛，
你開著車在高速路上行駛，
01:27
out running errands.
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你播著音樂，
01:29
You've got your music cranked,
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01:30
your windows rolled down,
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搖下車窗，
01:32
with the cool breeze
blowing through your hair.
blowing through your hair.
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涼爽的微風在你的髮間吹過。
01:35
Feels nice, right?
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感覺很好，對吧?
01:36
Everything is going smoothly
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一切都進行得很順利，
01:39
until suddenly
your car stutters and stalls
your car stutters and stalls
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直到突然間，
在高速公路的正中間
在高速公路的正中間
01:41
right in the middle of the highway.
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你的汽車壞了。
01:44
So now you have no choice
but to abandon your car
but to abandon your car
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現在你別無選擇
只能將它留在高速公路上。
只能將它留在高速公路上。
01:47
where it is on the highway.
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01:50
Maybe you were lucky enough
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或許你很幸運的
01:51
to be able to move it out of the way
and into a shoulder lane
and into a shoulder lane
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能夠將它移到路肩上，
01:54
so that it's out of the way
of other traffic.
of other traffic.
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這樣不會阻礙交通，
01:56
A couple of hours ago,
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幾個小時之前，
01:58
your car was a useful machine
that you relied on in your everyday life.
that you relied on in your everyday life.
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你的車還是你每天都依賴的
交通工具。
交通工具。
02:03
Now, it's a useless hunk of metal
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現在，它只是一堆無用的金屬，
02:05
taking up space in a valuable
transportation network.
transportation network.
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佔用著寶貴的交通網絡的空間。
02:10
And imagine international roadways
all cluttered with broken down vehicles
all cluttered with broken down vehicles
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試想一下，在國際公路上
亂停著許多故障車輛，
亂停著許多故障車輛，
02:14
that are just getting in the way
of other traffic.
of other traffic.
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這只是阻礙了交通。
02:17
And imagine the debris
that would be strewn everywhere
that would be strewn everywhere
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並設想一下，
如果有交通事故發生，
如果有交通事故發生，
02:20
if a collision actually happened,
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碰撞之後四處散落的碎片。
02:22
thousands of smaller pieces of debris
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成千上萬的小碎片
02:25
becoming new obstacles.
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將成為新的障礙。
02:27
This is the paradigm
of the satellite industry.
of the satellite industry.
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這是衛星行業的一個範例。
02:31
Satellites that are no longer working
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那些不再被使用的衛星，
02:33
are often left to deorbit
over many, many years,
over many, many years,
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往往被長久地遺留在軌道上，
02:37
or only moved out of the way
as a temporary solution.
as a temporary solution.
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或者僅僅被移到一旁
作為臨時解決方案。
作為臨時解決方案。
02:41
And there are no
international laws in space
international laws in space
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而且，在太空中沒有國際法律
02:43
to enforce us to clean up after ourselves.
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來強制我們去清理它們。
02:46
So the world's first satellite, Sputnik I,
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世界上第一個衛星
史普尼克 1 號
史普尼克 1 號
02:49
was launched in 1957,
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於 1957 年發射。
02:51
and in that year, there were
only a total of three launch attempts.
only a total of three launch attempts.
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那一年，
一共只有三次發射嘗試。
一共只有三次發射嘗試。
02:55
Decades later and dozens of countries
from all around the world
from all around the world
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數十年後，世界上許多國家
02:59
have launched thousands
of more satellites into orbit,
of more satellites into orbit,
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已經將更多的衛星推送上軌道。
03:02
and the frequency of launches
is only going to increase in the future,
is only going to increase in the future,
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在未來，衛星發射
只會越來越頻繁，
只會越來越頻繁，
03:06
especially if you consider
things like the possibility
things like the possibility
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尤其是，如果你考慮到
發射 900 多顆衛星
成為一個衛星網是可行的。
成為一個衛星網是可行的。
03:09
of 900-plus satellite
constellations being launched.
constellations being launched.
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03:13
Now, we send satellites
to different orbits
to different orbits
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現在，我們會根據衛星的用途
03:15
depending on what they're needed for.
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將它們送至不同的軌道。
03:17
One of the most common places
we send satellites
we send satellites
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我們發送衛星最常見的地方
03:20
is the low Earth orbit,
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是近地球軌道，
03:21
possibly to image the surface of Earth
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衛星在高度 2000 公里以內
拍攝地球表面圖像。
拍攝地球表面圖像。
03:23
at up to about 2,000 kilometers altitude.
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03:26
Satellites there are naturally buffeted
by Earth's atmosphere,
by Earth's atmosphere,
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在那裡的衛星會受到
地球大氣的阻礙，
地球大氣的阻礙，
03:30
so their orbits naturally decay,
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所以他們的運行高度會不斷降低，
03:32
and they'll eventually burn up,
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最終會燃燒殆盡，
03:33
probably within a couple of decades.
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整個過程大約是幾十年。
03:36
Another common place we send satellites
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另一個我們常將衛星發送去的地方是
03:38
is the geostationary orbit
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地球靜止軌道，
03:40
at about 35,000 kilometers altitude.
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高度大約在 35,000 公里。
03:43
Satellites there remain in the same place
above Earth as the Earth rotates,
above Earth as the Earth rotates,
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在那裡衛星會與地球同步運轉，
03:47
which enables things like communications
or television broadcast, for example.
or television broadcast, for example.
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這使得諸如通信
或者電視廣播之類的事情成為可能。
或者電視廣播之類的事情成為可能。
03:52
Satellites in high orbits like these
could remain there for centuries.
could remain there for centuries.
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衛星在那種高軌道可以停留數百年。
03:58
And then there's the orbit
coined "the graveyard,"
coined "the graveyard,"
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除此之外，
還有被成為「墳場」的軌道，
還有被成為「墳場」的軌道，
04:01
the ominous junk or disposal orbits,
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用於堆放太空垃圾的軌道。
04:04
where some satellites
are intentionally placed
are intentionally placed
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在那裡會被蓄意放置一些
到達使用壽命的衛星，
到達使用壽命的衛星，
04:06
at the end of their life
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04:08
so that they're out of the way
of common operational orbits.
of common operational orbits.
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而將軌道空出來
讓那些現用的衛星運行。
讓那些現用的衛星運行。
04:13
Of the nearly 7,000 satellites
launched since the late 1950s,
launched since the late 1950s,
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自 1950 年代末期，
已經發射了將近 7000 個衛星，
已經發射了將近 7000 個衛星，
04:17
only about one in seven
is currently operational,
is currently operational,
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只有七分之一左右仍在運作。
04:21
and in addition to the satellites
that are no longer working,
that are no longer working,
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並且除了那些不再運作的衛星之外，
04:24
there's also hundreds of thousands
of marble-sized debris
of marble-sized debris
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還有成千上萬的彈珠大小的碎屑，
04:28
and millions of paint chip-sized debris
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和數百萬的色卡大小的碎片，
04:30
that are also orbiting around the Earth.
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圍繞著地球旋轉。
04:33
Space debris is a major risk
to space missions,
to space missions,
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太空碎片是太空任務的主要威脅，
04:35
but also to the satellites
that we rely on each and every day.
that we rely on each and every day.
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同樣也是我們每日依賴的
衛星的主要威脅。
衛星的主要威脅。
04:40
Now, because space debris and junk
has become increasingly worrisome,
has become increasingly worrisome,
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如今，因為太空碎片和垃圾
已讓人越來越擔憂，
已讓人越來越擔憂，
04:44
there have been some national
and international efforts
and international efforts
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有一些全國和國際性的工作，
04:46
to develop technical standards
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推出一些技術規範
04:48
to help us limit the generation
of additional debris.
of additional debris.
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幫助我們限制增加太空碎片。
04:51
So for example, there are recommendations
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例如，有些建議要求
04:53
for those low-Earth orbiting spacecraft
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那些近地球軌道航天器
04:56
to be made to deorbit in under 25 years,
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被設計成為 25 年內會完成脫軌，
04:59
but that's still a really long time,
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但這還是太久，
05:01
especially if a satellite
hasn't been working for years.
hasn't been working for years.
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特別是如果一顆衛星
已經停止工作多年。
已經停止工作多年。
05:05
There's also mandates
for those dead geostationary spacecraft
for those dead geostationary spacecraft
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對那些死掉的同步衛星，
還有一些強制要求，
還有一些強制要求，
05:08
to be moved into a graveyard orbit.
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要被移入墳場軌道。
05:11
But neither of these guidelines
is binding under international law,
is binding under international law,
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但這些限制條件
都不具有國際法律的約束力，
都不具有國際法律的約束力，
05:15
and the understanding is that they will be
implemented through national mechanisms.
implemented through national mechanisms.
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普遍的理解是它們會
通過國家機制實施。
通過國家機制實施。
05:20
These guidelines are also not long-term,
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這些指導方針也不是長期的，
05:22
they're not proactive,
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不是積極主動的，
05:24
nor do they address
the debris that's already up there.
the debris that's already up there.
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它們也沒有處理已經在那裡的碎片。
05:27
They're only in place
to limit the future creation of debris.
to limit the future creation of debris.
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它們只是被用於
限制未來產生的碎片。
限制未來產生的碎片。
05:31
Space junk is no one's responsibility.
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沒有任何人為太空垃圾負責任。
05:35
Now, Mount Everest is actually
an interesting comparison
an interesting comparison
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現在，珠穆朗瑪峰是
一個有趣的例子，
一個有趣的例子，
05:38
of a new approach to how
we interact with our environments,
we interact with our environments,
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從一種新的視角
來比較我們與環境互相的影響，
來比較我們與環境互相的影響，
05:42
as it's often given the dubious honor
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因為它經常被稱為
05:44
of being the world's highest garbage dump.
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世界上最高的垃圾場。
05:48
Decades after the first conquest
of the world's highest peak,
of the world's highest peak,
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在世界最高峰
第一次被征服後的幾十年裡，
第一次被征服後的幾十年裡，
05:51
tons of rubbish left behind by climbers
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攀登者留下的眾多垃圾
05:53
has started to raise concern,
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已經開始引起人們的擔憂，
05:55
and you may have read in the news
that there's speculation
that there's speculation
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你或許已經看過新聞報導，
05:58
that Nepal will crack down on mountaineers
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尼泊爾可能對亂丟垃圾的登山者
06:00
with stricter enforcement
of penalties and legal obligations.
of penalties and legal obligations.
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採取嚴厲的罰責及法律約束。
06:04
The goal, of course,
is to persuade climbers
is to persuade climbers
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這樣做的目的當然是
要說服登山者
要說服登山者
06:07
to clean up after themselves,
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自己清理自己產生的垃圾，
06:09
so maybe local not-for-profits will pay
climbers who bring down extra waste,
climbers who bring down extra waste,
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因此可能當地非營利組織會向那些
從山上帶下額外垃圾的人支付獎勵，
從山上帶下額外垃圾的人支付獎勵，
06:14
or expeditions might organize
voluntary cleanup trips.
voluntary cleanup trips.
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或者考察隊將會組織志願者
前去清理垃圾。
前去清理垃圾。
06:18
And yet still many climbers feel
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然而儘管如此，許多登山者認為
06:20
that independent groups
should police themselves.
should police themselves.
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各個團體應該自行監管。
06:24
There's no simple or easy answer,
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對此尚未有一個簡單的解決方案，
06:27
and even well-intentioned
efforts at conservation
efforts at conservation
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甚至善意致力於保育，
06:30
often run into problems.
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經常都會變成問題。
06:32
But that doesn't mean
we shouldn't do everything in our power
we shouldn't do everything in our power
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但是這不意味著
我們可以無所作為
我們可以無所作為
06:35
to protect the environments
that we rely and depend on,
that we rely and depend on,
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來保護我們依賴和生存的環境，
06:39
and like Everest, the remote location
and inadequate infrastructure
and inadequate infrastructure
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與珠穆朗瑪峰類似，
太空軌道太遙遠、建設不完善，
06:43
of the orbital environment
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06:45
make waste disposal a challenging problem.
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使得廢物處理成為了
頗具挑戰的問題。
頗具挑戰的問題。
06:48
But we simply cannot reach new heights
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但是我們不能
隨便就到達一個新高度，
隨便就到達一個新高度，
06:50
and create an even higher garbage dump,
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然後創建一個更高的垃圾堆積場，
06:53
one that's out of this world.
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在地球之外。
06:57
The reality of space
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太空中的現實是，
06:58
is that if a component
on a satellite breaks down,
on a satellite breaks down,
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如果一個衛星的構件損壞，
07:01
there really are limited
opportunities for repairs,
opportunities for repairs,
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只有很少的機會能對其進行維修，
07:04
and only at great cost.
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而且需要花費大量的金錢。
07:06
But what if we were smarter
about how we designed satellites?
about how we designed satellites?
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可是我們在設計衛星的時候
能不能更聰明一些，
能不能更聰明一些，
07:10
What if all satellites,
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是否所有的衛星，
07:11
regardless of what country
they were built in,
they were built in,
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無論是哪個國家製造的，
07:14
had to be standardized in some way
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都必須被標準化設計成為
07:16
for recycling, servicing
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可回收的，提供維修服務的，
07:18
or active deorbiting?
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或者會主動脫離軌道的？
07:20
What if there actually were
international laws with teeth
international laws with teeth
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是否能有強有力的國際法律，
07:24
that enforced end-of-life
disposal of satellites
disposal of satellites
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來強制處理那些
在使命結束後被拋棄的衛星，
在使命結束後被拋棄的衛星，
07:27
instead of moving them out of the way
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而不是採用臨時的辦法
07:29
as a temporary solution?
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將它們移出軌道？
07:31
Or maybe satellite manufacturers
need to be charged a deposit
need to be charged a deposit
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又是否衛星生產商需要被徵收
一筆垃圾處理費，
一筆垃圾處理費，
07:34
to even launch a satellite into orbit,
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從而才能發射衛星？
07:37
and that deposit would only be returned
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而且那筆費用只有在
衛星被適當的處理後，
衛星被適當的處理後，
07:39
if the satellite was disposed of properly
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07:42
or if they cleaned up
some quota of debris.
some quota of debris.
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或者他們清理掉
一些碎片時才能被退還。
一些碎片時才能被退還。
07:45
Or maybe a satellite
needs to have technology on board
needs to have technology on board
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或者衛星需要配備某些科技，
07:48
to help accelerate deorbit.
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來幫助加速脫軌進程。
07:50
There are some encouraging signs.
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現在有一些令人激勵的跡象。
07:53
The UK's TechDemoSat-1,
launched in 2014, for example,
launched in 2014, for example,
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比如說，英國 2014 年發射的
TechDemoSat-1 衛星，
TechDemoSat-1 衛星，
07:57
was designed for end-of-life disposal
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透過一個很小的拖曳帆，
07:59
via a small drag sail.
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在使命結束後會自我處理。
08:01
This works for the satellite
because it's small,
because it's small,
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這個設計可行是因為
這是一個小衛星。
這是一個小衛星。
08:04
but satellites that are higher
or in larger orbits
or in larger orbits
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但是對於在更高、更大軌道的衛星，
08:08
or are larger altogether,
like the size of school buses,
like the size of school buses,
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或者更遠更大的衛星，
比如說像校車那麼大的，
比如說像校車那麼大的，
08:11
will require other disposal options.
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則需要其它的處理方式。
08:13
So maybe you get into things
like high-powered lasers
like high-powered lasers
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所以或許你會想到使用高強鐳射光線
08:16
or tugging using nets or tethers,
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或者使用網或細繩去拖拉，
08:18
as crazy as those sound in the short term.
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那些在短期內聽起來
盡可能瘋狂的想法。
盡可能瘋狂的想法。
08:21
And then one really cool possibility
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一個非常可行而炫酷的想法是
08:23
is the idea of orbital tow trucks
or space mechanics.
or space mechanics.
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一輛在太空軌道上運行的
拖車或機械裝置。
拖車或機械裝置。
08:27
Imagine if a robotic arm
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想像如果有個機械手臂
08:28
on some sort of space tow truck
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裝在一輛類似太空拖車的裝置上，
08:30
could fix the broken components
on a satellite,
on a satellite,
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可以修理那些受損壞的衛星，
08:32
making them usable again.
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使他們恢復正常。
08:35
Or what if that very same robotic arm
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或者那個機械手臂
08:37
could refuel the propellant tank
on a spacecraft
on a spacecraft
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可以給那些借助化學劑推進的
太空飛行器加燃料，
太空飛行器加燃料，
08:39
that relies on chemical propulsion
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08:41
just like you or I would refuel
the fuel tanks on our cars?
the fuel tanks on our cars?
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就像我們給汽車加油一樣。
08:45
Robotic repair and maintenance
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機器人維修和維護，
08:47
could extend the lives of hundreds
of satellites orbiting around the Earth.
of satellites orbiting around the Earth.
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可以延長數百顆
繞行地球的衛星的壽命。
繞行地球的衛星的壽命。
08:52
Whatever the disposal
or cleanup options we come up with,
or cleanup options we come up with,
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無論我們選擇哪種處理或清理方式，
08:55
it's clearly not just a technical problem.
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很明顯都不僅僅是技術問題。
08:58
There's also complex space laws
and politics that we have to sort out.
and politics that we have to sort out.
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我們還需要理清更加複雜的
太空法和政治問題。
太空法和政治問題。
09:03
Simply put, we haven't found a way
to use space sustainably yet.
to use space sustainably yet.
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簡單來說，我們還沒有找到
一種可永續使用太空的方法。
一種可永續使用太空的方法。
09:08
Exploring, innovating
to change the way we live and work
to change the way we live and work
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不斷的探索、創新來改變
我們生活和工作的方式，
我們生活和工作的方式，
09:11
are what we as humans do,
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是我們作為人類的使命。
09:13
and in space exploration,
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同時在對太空探索，
09:15
we're literally moving
beyond the boundaries of Earth.
beyond the boundaries of Earth.
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真的已經超出了地球的範圍。
09:18
But as we push thresholds
in the name of learning and innovation,
in the name of learning and innovation,
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然而在我們以學習和創新的名義
不斷推進的時候，
不斷推進的時候，
09:22
we must remember that accountability
for our environments never goes away.
for our environments never goes away.
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我們必須牢記
我們對環境的責任從未消失。
我們對環境的責任從未消失。
09:28
There is without doubt congestion
in the low Earth and geostationary orbits,
in the low Earth and geostationary orbits,
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近地軌道或地球靜止軌道上
衛星擁擠的狀況是毋庸置疑的，
衛星擁擠的狀況是毋庸置疑的，
09:32
and we cannot keep
launching new satellites
launching new satellites
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我們不能一味的發射新衛星
09:35
to replace the ones that have broken down
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去取代那些已經報廢的，
09:37
without doing something about them first,
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卻不先對它們採取任何措施。
09:39
just like we would never
leave a broken down car
leave a broken down car
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就像我們從來不會將一輛壞車
停留在高速公路的中間一樣。
停留在高速公路的中間一樣。
09:42
in the middle of the highway.
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09:43
Next time you use your phone,
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下一次當你使用你的手機，
09:45
check the weather or use your GPS,
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查詢天氣預報或者使用 GPS 定位，
09:48
think about the satellite technologies
that make those activities possible.
that make those activities possible.
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想一下那些使得這些
成為可能的衛星科技。
成為可能的衛星科技。
09:52
But also think about the very impact
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但同時也要想一下
09:54
that the satellites have
on the environment surrounding Earth,
on the environment surrounding Earth,
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衛星對地球周圍環境的影響。
09:57
and help spread the message
that together we must reduce our impact.
that together we must reduce our impact.
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請各位幫忙傳播這個信息，
我們必須協力減少太空垃圾的影響。
我們必須協力減少太空垃圾的影響。
10:02
Earth orbit is breathtakingly beautiful
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緊鄰地球的軌道無比美麗，
10:04
and our gateway to exploration.
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也是我們探索太空的門戶。
10:07
It's up to us to keep it that way.
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我們有責任保護太空。
10:11
Thank you.
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謝謝。
10:12
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Natalie Panek - Rocket scientist, explorerNatalie Panek's work is focused on the idea that accountability for our environments never goes away.
Why you should listen
Natalie Panek's love of space and aviation led her to obtain a private pilot's license, design and drive a solar-powered car across North America, and build space robotics. She has participated in internships at NASA's Goddard Spaceflight Center and at NASA's Ames Research Center, where she worked on a mission to Mars. With degrees in mechanical and aerospace engineering, Panek has contributed to a number of space projects, including MDA's satellite servicing initiative and ESA's 2020 ExoMars rover program. She currently works in Mission Systems at MDA's robotics and automation division, on Canadian space robotics and other space exploration programs.
Panek founded her website, thePanekRoom, to encourage women to pursue challenging careers in nontraditional fields and explore the outdoors. She was featured on the editorial site "Women You Should Know" as a STEM Rock Star who is revolutionizing how we think about women in tech, and Canada's Financial Post describes Panek as "a vocal advocate for women in technology." She is also a member of the prestigious Explorer's Club and a Fellow of Royal Canadian Geographic Society. PANEK is the 2013 recipient of the University of Calgary Graduate of the Last Decade Award and the Northern Lights Award Foundation 2013 Rising Star in aerospace. She also joins an elite group of women as one of WXN's Top 100 Most Powerful Women (2014), Forbes' 30 Under 30 in Manufacturing and Industry (2015), Flare's inaugural 30 Under 30 list (2015) and one of Canada's Greatest Women Explorers by Canadian Geographic (2016).
(Photo: Geneviève Charbonneau)
Natalie Panek | Speaker | TED.com