Taste3 2008
Dennis vanEngelsdorp: A plea for bees
丹尼斯-范-恩格勒斯多普(Dennis vanEngelsdorp)：为蜜蜂们求情
Filmed:
Readability: 3.4
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蜜蜂们正在成群的死去。什么原因呢？养蜂带头人丹尼斯-范-恩格勒斯多普(Dennis vanEngelsdorp)给我们揭示了这些温顺的、被误解的生物在大自然中的重要性和背后令人担忧的消失之谜。
Dennis vanEngelsdorp - Bee expert
Dennis vanEngelsdorp is Acting State Apiarist for Pennsylvania's Department of Agriculture, studying colony collapse disorder -- the alarming, worldwide disappearance of worker bees and Western honey bees. Full bio
Dennis vanEngelsdorp is Acting State Apiarist for Pennsylvania's Department of Agriculture, studying colony collapse disorder -- the alarming, worldwide disappearance of worker bees and Western honey bees. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:16
What I'd like you to do is, just really quickly,
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我想请你们仅仅是，迅速地，
00:18
is just, sort of, nod to the person on your right,
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稍微，向你右边的人点个头，
00:21
and then nod to the person on your left.
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然后再向你左边的人点个头。
00:24
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
00:28
Now, chances are that over the last winter,
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注意啊！假如一个人是一箱蜂的话，去年冬天，(蜜蜂死亡的)可能性就像，
00:32
if you had been a beehive, either you or one of the two people
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你或你朝着点头的人中的一个
00:35
you just nodded at would have died.
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去世了一样。
00:39
Now, that's an awful lot of bees.
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大家知道吗！那可是相当多的蜜蜂。
00:43
And this is the second year in a row we have lost over 30 percent
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而且这才是(蜂群开始死亡的)第二年我们就已经损失了超过30%蜂群，
00:47
of the colonies, or we estimate we've lost 30 percent of the colonies over the winter.
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或者我们看成在一个冬天内我们损失了30%的蜂群。
00:51
Now, that's a lot, a lot of bees, and that's really important.
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天哪！那是许多，许多蜜蜂，那损失很大。
00:57
And most of those losses are because of things we know.
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大部分损失是我们知道的原因造成的。
01:00
We know that there are these varroa mites that have introduced
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我们知道这些蜂螨导致
01:03
and caused a lot of losses, and we also have this new phenomenon,
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和造成了大量损失，我们还有新的问题
01:06
which I talked about last year, Colony Collapse Disorder.
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就是去年我介绍过的蜂群崩溃失调症。
01:09
And here we see a picture on top of a hill in Central Valley last December.
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我们看一张去年12月中央峡谷的一个小山顶上的照片。
01:14
And below, you can see all these out yards,
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你能看到照片下部这些(房)外庭院，
01:16
or temporary yards, where the colonies are brought in until February,
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或者说临时庭院，2月份之前蜂群被运到这里，
01:21
and then they're shipped out to the almonds.
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后被船送到杏树园中。
01:24
And one documentary writer, who was here and looked at this two months
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在我到这儿以后，一位纪实作家来到这儿做了两个月的调查，
01:27
after I was here, described this not as beehives
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他/她笔下这些不是蜂箱
01:30
but as a graveyard, with these empty white boxes with no bees left in them.
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这里是摆满没有蜜蜂的空空的白盒子的(蜜蜂的)墓地。
01:36
Now, I'm going to sum up a year's worth of work in two sentences
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现在，我来用两句话总结一下一年来的工作，
01:40
to say that we have been trying to figure out
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告诉大家我们一直在努力寻找
01:42
what the cause of this is.
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造成这种结果的原因。
01:44
And what we know is that it's as if the bees have caught a flu.
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就我们所知蜜蜂好像是得了一场流感。
01:47
And this flu has wiped through the population of bees.
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并且这场流感已经在蜂群中泛滥。
01:52
In some cases, and in fact in most cases in one year,
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有的，不，实际上是一年中的大部分流感
01:56
this flu was caused by a new virus to us,
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是由一种病毒引起的，这种病毒对我来说是新的
01:59
or newly identified by us, called Israeli Acute Paralysis virus.
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或者说最近近才被我们鉴定的，它叫以色列急性麻痹病毒。
02:03
It was called that because a guy in Israel first found it,
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这一名字的由来是因为以色列的一个家伙首先发现了它，
02:05
and he now regrets profoundly calling it that disease, because,
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但是他现在很后悔给这种病起了那个名字，因为，
02:09
of course, there's the implication.
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很显然，名字本身暗含着某种意思。
02:10
But we think this virus is pretty ubiquitous.
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但是我们认为这种病毒是无处不在的。
02:13
It's also pretty clear that the bees sometimes catch other viruses
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另外，毋庸置疑，蜜蜂有时候也会感染其它病毒
02:16
or other flus, and so the question we're still struggling with,
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或其它流感，所以我们还在艰难研究的，
02:20
and the question that keeps us up at night,
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还在令我们彻夜难眠的问题是
02:22
is why have the bees suddenly become so susceptible to this flu,
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为什么这些蜜蜂突然变得对这场流感没有抵抗力，
02:27
and why are they so susceptible to these other diseases?
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为什么它们在这些其它疾病面前也如此不堪一击？
02:32
And we don't have the answer to that yet,
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但是我们还没有答案，
02:34
and we spend a lot of time trying to figure that out.
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虽然已经付出了很多时间来研究。
02:37
We think perhaps it's a combination of factors.
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我们认为这可能是多种因素共同造成的。
02:39
We know from the work of a very large and dynamic working team
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我们从一个庞大而活跃的工作组得知，
02:43
that, you know, we're finding a lot of different pesticides
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蜂巢中有很多种杀虫剂，
02:47
in the hive, and surprisingly, sometimes the healthiest hives
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不可思议的是，有时候最健康的蜂巢
02:50
have the most pesticides. And so we discover all these
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有最多杀虫的剂种类。我们发现的所有这些
02:53
very strange things that we can't begin to understand.
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非常奇怪的现象令我们费解。
02:57
And so this opens up the whole idea of looking at colony health.
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因此我们想到综合研究蜂群健康状况。
03:02
Now of course, if you lose a lot of colonies,
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毫无疑问，如果损失了很多群蜂，
03:05
beekeepers can replace them very quickly.
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养蜂人当然能很快进行补充。
03:07
And that's why we've been able to recover from a lot of loss.
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因此我们有能力从大量损失中恢复过来。
03:10
If we lost one in every three cows in the winter, you know,
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大家知道，如果我们在冬天损失三分之一的奶牛，
03:14
the National Guard would be out.
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应急部队就要出动了。
03:15
But what beekeepers can do is, if they have one surviving colony,
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但是养蜂人怎么办呢，即使他们只剩下一个蜂群，
03:19
they can split that colony in two.
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他们还能将那个蜂群分成两个。
03:22
And then the one half that doesn't have a queen, they can buy a queen.
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然后，给没有蜂后的那半群蜂买一个蜂后。
03:25
It comes in the mail; it can come from Australia or Hawaii or Florida,
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蜂后是邮寄来的；而且不管它是来自澳大利亚还是夏威夷还是佛罗里达，
03:29
and you can introduce that queen.
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你都可以把它变成那半群蜂的蜂后。
03:31
And in fact, America was the first country
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实际上，美国是第一个
03:33
that ever did mail-delivery queens and in fact,
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通过邮件运送蜂后的国家，而且，
03:36
it's part of the postal code that you have to deliver queens by mail
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必须要通过邮件邮寄蜂后是邮政法的一部分
03:43
in order to make sure that we have enough bees in this country.
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这可以保证我们国家有足够的蜜蜂。
03:48
If you don't just want a queen, you can buy, actually,
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如果你不只是想要一只蜂后，你还可以买到
03:50
a three-pound package of bees, which comes in the mail, and of course,
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一包三磅重的蜜蜂。当然，
03:54
the Postal Office is always very concerned when they get,
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邮局会很小心的
03:57
you know, your three-pound packages of bees.
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处理你的三磅蜜蜂的。
03:59
And you can install this in your hive and replace that dead-out.
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你可以把这包蜜蜂放入蜂箱中更新死光的蜂群。
04:03
So it means that beekeepers are very good at replacing dead-outs,
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这意味着养蜂人非常擅长更新死光的蜂群，
04:07
and so they've been able to cover those losses.
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所以他们有承受那些损失的能力。
04:10
So even though we've lost 30 percent of the colonies every year,
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所以即使我们每年都损失30%的蜂群，
04:13
the same number of colonies have existed in the country,
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我们国家还依然会有
04:17
at about 2.4 million colonies.
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相同数量的蜂群，
04:20
Now, those losses are tragic on many fronts,
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大约2,400,000群蜜蜂。
04:24
and one of those fronts is for the beekeeper.
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虽然如此，那些损失在很多方面还是惨痛的，
04:26
And it's really important to talk about beekeepers first,
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其中一方面就是养蜂人的损失。
04:29
because beekeepers are among the most fascinating people you'll ever meet.
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首先说说养蜂人是很重要的，
04:32
If this was a group of beekeepers, you would have everyone
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因为他们将会是你遇到的最让人着迷的人之一。
04:35
from the card-carrying NRA member who's, you know, live free or die,
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如果这儿有一群养蜂人，你会(从中)找到各种各样的人，
04:40
to the, you know, the self-expressed quirky San Francisco
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从来福枪协会会员
04:43
backyard pig farmer.
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到圣-佛朗西斯科后院中看起来怪怪的的猪倌儿。
04:45
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
04:47
And you get all of these people in the same room,
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他们在同一屋檐下，
04:50
and they're all engaged and they're getting along,
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他们都很投入而且相处的很好，
04:54
and they're all there because of the passion for bees.
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他们是因为喜欢蜜蜂而到一起的。
04:57
Now, there's another part of that community
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现在谈谈，养蜂人中另外一部分人
04:59
which are the commercial beekeepers,
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他们是商业养蜂人，
05:00
the ones who make their livelihood from beekeeping alone.
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也就是那些仅靠养蜂来养家糊口的养蜂人。
05:03
And these tend to be some of the most independent, tenacious,
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他们将可能是你碰到的人当中一些最独立、最顽强、
05:11
intuitive, you know, inventive people you will ever meet.
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最感性、最富创造性的人。
05:15
They're just fascinating. And they're like that all over the world.
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他们很迷人，而且全世界的商业养蜂人都是那样的。
05:18
I had the privilege of working in Haiti just for two weeks earlier this year.
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今年早些时候我很荣幸在海地(Haitii)工作了两周。
05:22
And Haiti, if you've ever been there, is just a tragedy.
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海地，如果你去过那里，你就知道他简直是个悲剧。
05:25
I mean, there may be 100 explanations
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我是说，即使有100条理由解释
05:27
for why Haiti is the impoverished nation it is,
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为什么海地是那样贫穷，
05:30
but there is no excuse to see that sort of squalor.
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它也没有理由那样的破败不堪。
05:33
But you meet this beekeeper, and I met this beekeeper here,
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但是你会碰到这个养蜂人，我在那儿遇到了他，
05:36
and he is one of the most knowledgeable beekeepers I've ever met.
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他是我曾经遇到过的最有知识的养蜂人中的一个。
05:38
No formal education, but very knowledgeable.
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没受过正规教育，，但是却有很多知识。
05:40
We needed beeswax for a project we were working on; he was so capable,
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我们的一个项目需要蜂蜡；他非常能干，
05:45
he was able to render the nicest block of beeswax I have ever seen
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他做出了我所见过的最好的一块儿蜂蜡，
05:49
from cow dung, tin cans and his veil, which he used as a screening,
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使用了牛粪、锡罐和他的盖头，他把盖头当作纱网使用，
05:54
right in this meadow. And so that ingenuity is inspiring.
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(他)就在这片草甸上(做蜂蜡块的)。他的技术让人很受启发。
05:58
We also have Dave Hackenberg, who is the poster child of CCD.
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我们还有戴维-海肯伯格(Dave Hackenberg)，他是蜂群崩溃失调症的代表人物。
06:01
He's the one who first identified this condition
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是他首先发现了蜂群崩溃失调症
06:03
and raised the alarm bells.
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并敲响了警钟。
06:05
And he has a history of these trucks,
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他很早就使用这些卡车
06:07
and he's moved these bees up and down the coast.
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沿着海岸线上下转运这些蜜蜂。
06:10
And a lot of people talk about trucks and moving bees,
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虽然许多人认为转运蜜蜂
06:13
and that being bad, but we've done that for thousands of years.
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不好，但是转运蜜蜂已经有数千年的历史了。
06:16
The ancient Egyptians used to move bees up and down the Nile on rafts,
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古埃及人就曾就用筏子沿着尼罗河上下转运蜜蜂，
06:19
so this idea of a movable bee force is not new at all.
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这说明运动的蜜蜂大军一点儿也不新鲜。
06:25
And one of our real worries with Colony Collapse Disorder
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蜂群崩溃失调症让我们真正忧心的原因之一
06:29
is the fact that it costs so much money to replace those dead-out colonies.
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是更新那些死亡的蜂群要花费大量的钱财。
06:33
And you can do that one year in a row,
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我们有能力更新一年，
06:36
you may be able to do it two years in a row.
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也许还能连着更新两年。
06:38
But if you're losing 50 percent to 80 percent of your colonies,
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但是如果损失50-80%的蜂群，
06:42
you can't survive three years in a row. And we're really worried
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连续三年就垮了。我们确实很担心
06:45
about losing this segment of our industry.
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损失掉这部分产业。
06:49
And that's important for many fronts,
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因为养蜂业在很多方面都很重要，
06:51
and one of them is because of that culture that's in agriculture.
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其中之一就是在农业上。
06:55
And these migratory beekeepers are the last nomads of America.
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这些迁徙的养蜂人是美国最后的游牧者。
07:00
You know, they pick up their hives;
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大家知道，他们带着蜂箱，
07:01
they move their families once or twice in a year.
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一年内搬一次或两次家。
07:04
And if you look at Florida, in Dade City, Florida,
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你们看佛罗里达州，达迪市(Dade city)
07:07
that's where all the Pennsylvania beekeepers go.
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是宾夕法尼亚州养蜂人的去处。
07:09
And then 20 miles down the road is Groveland,
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然后从达迪市(Dade city)顺着这条路往下20英里是哥如福兰德(Grovelan)，
07:11
and that's where all the Wisconsin beekeepers go.
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那里是所有威斯康辛州养蜂人的去处。
07:13
And if you're ever in Central Valley in February, you go to this café
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要是你二月份在中央峡谷，
07:18
at 10 o'clock in the morning, Kathy and Kate's.
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请在早上10点去这间咖啡馆，店名是凯西和凯特之家。
07:21
And that's where all the beekeepers come after a night of moving bees
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那里是所有养蜂人在忙了一夜将蜜蜂
07:24
into the almond groves.
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移到杏树林
07:25
They all have their breakfast
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他们在那里一边吃早餐
07:26
and complain about everyone right there. And it's a great experience,
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一边互相抱怨。那种经历很棒，
07:31
and I really encourage you to drop in at that diner during that time,
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我真的鼓励大家那时候去那个小餐馆，
07:34
because that's quite essential American experience.
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因为那是必不可少的美国体验。
07:37
And we see these families, these nomadic families, you know,
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我们再来看那些家庭，那些游牧家庭，
07:41
father to son, father to son, and these guys are hurting.
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从父母到子女都在忙着侍弄蜜蜂。
07:45
And they're not people who like to ask for help,
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他们不喜欢求人，
07:48
although they are the most helpful people ever.
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但却最乐于助人。
07:50
If there's one guy who loses all his bees because of a truck overhaul,
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比如有人因为卡车大修而损失了所有蜜蜂，
07:54
everyone pitches in and gives 20 hives
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养蜂人们都会过来送给他20群蜂
07:56
to help him replace those lost colonies.
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帮他弥补损失。
07:58
And so, it's a very dynamic, and I think,
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所以，我觉得这是一个很有活力、
08:00
historic and exciting community to be involved with.
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历史而且让人振奋的社区，很值得交往。
08:07
Of course, the real importance for bees is not the honey.
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当然，蜜蜂真正的重要性并不是蜂蜜。
08:10
And although I highly encourage you, all use honey.
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虽然我大力支持你们使用蜂蜜。
08:12
I mean, it's the most ethical sweetener,
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因为它是最“道德”的甜味剂，
08:15
and you know, it's a dynamic and fun sweetener.
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它是有生命的好甜味剂。
08:18
But we estimate that about one in three bites of food we eat
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而且据估计差不多在我们的每三口食物中就有一口
08:22
is directly or indirectly pollinated by honeybees.
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是直接或是间接由蜜蜂传粉的。
08:27
Now, I want to just illustrate that in the fact
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现在，我想用事实证明它，
08:29
that if we look at the breakfast I had yesterday morning --
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看一下我昨天的早餐：
08:33
a little cranberry juice, some fruits, some granola,
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一点红莓汁、一些水果和一些格兰诺拉麦片，
08:36
I should have had whole wheat bread, I realized, but you know,
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我也意识到我应该吃全麦面包，但是，
08:39
jam on my Wonderbread, and some coffee --
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面包加果酱还有一些咖啡，
08:43
and had we taken out all those ingredients,
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如果我们把那些食物拿走
08:48
-- except for the almonds I wasn't going to pick out from the granola --
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只有杏肉我没有从格兰诺拉麦片中拿出去—
08:50
if we had taken out all those ingredients
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如果我们拿走那些
08:53
the bees had indirectly or directly pollinated,
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直接或间接由蜜蜂授粉的东西，
08:56
we wouldn't have much on our plate.
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我们的餐盘上就没有多少东西了。
08:58
So if we did not have bees, it's not like we would starve,
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所以，如果没有蜜蜂，我们好像还不至于挨饿，
09:01
but clearly our diet would be diminished.
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但毫无疑问的是我们的食谱将会缩小。
09:06
It's said that for bees, the flower is the fountain of life,
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人们说花是蜜蜂的生命之源，
09:09
and for flowers bees are the messengers of love.
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而蜜蜂是花爱的使者。
09:12
And that's a really great expression, because really,
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说的真是太好了，因为蜜蜂的确
09:15
bees are the sex workers for flowers. They are, you know --
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是花的“性工作者”。它们，要知道，
09:18
they get paid for their services.
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它们的服务是有偿的。
09:20
They get paid by pollen and nectar,
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它们“收取”花粉和花蜜，
09:22
to move that male sperm, the pollen, from flower to flower.
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才来把雄性配子，也就是花粉， 从一朵花传给另一朵花。
09:26
And there are flowers that are self-infertile. That means they can't --
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有些花不能自我受精。就是说它们不能……，
09:29
the pollen in their bloom can't fertilize themselves.
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同一朵花的花粉不能使自己的受精。
09:33
So in an apple orchard, for instance, you'll have rows of 10 apples
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如果在一个苹果园里，你有10行
09:36
of one variety, and then you have another apple tree
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同一个品种的苹果树，然后还有一棵苹果树
09:39
that's a different type of pollen.
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它有不同的花粉型。
09:41
And bees are very faithful.
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蜜蜂会非常忠诚。
09:42
When they're out pollinating or gathering pollen from one flower,
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当它们出去传粉或从某种花上采集花粉时，
09:46
they stay to that crop exclusively, in order to help generate.
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它们会专门针对那种植物来帮助它结果。
09:50
And of course, they're made to carry this pollen.
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当然，它们生下来就是搬运花粉的。
09:54
They build up a static electric charge and the pollen jumps on them
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它们在身上积累静电，这样花粉就会跳到它们身上，
09:57
and helps spread that pollen from bloom to bloom.
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它们就帮着把那个花粉丛一朵花带到另一朵花。
10:01
However, honeybees are a minority.
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尽管如此，蜜蜂只是少数派。
10:03
Honeybees are not native to America; they were introduced
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蜜蜂的老家不是美国；它们
10:06
with the colonialists.
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是被殖民者带来的。
10:07
And there are actually more species of bees
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实际上蜂的种类比
10:10
than there are mammals and birds combined.
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哺乳动物和鸟类加起来种类还多。
10:12
In Pennsylvania alone, we have been surveying bees for 150 years,
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单单在宾夕法尼亚州，我们已经对蜂类尽行了150年的调查，
10:17
and very intensely in the last three years.
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并且最近这三年的调查非常详细。
10:20
We have identified over 400 species of bees in Pennsylvania.
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在宾夕法尼亚州我们鉴定的蜂类已经超过400种。
10:25
Thirty-two species have not been identified or found in the state since 1950.
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其中32种是在1950年以后鉴定或发现的。
10:31
Now, that could be because we haven't been sampling right,
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那可能是因为以前采集方法不当，
10:34
but it does, I think, suggest that something's wrong
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但是，我想这确实让人觉得
10:36
with the pollinator force. And these bees are fascinating.
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传粉者们出了什么问题。这些蜂类们让人着迷。
10:39
We have bumblebees on the top.
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上面是熊蜂。
10:41
And bumblebees are what we call eusocial: they're not truly social,
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熊蜂是群居性的，但是它们不是真正的社会性昆虫，
10:44
because only the queen is, over winter.
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因为只有蜂后活过冬天。
10:47
We also have the sweat bees, and these are little gems flying around.
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还有汗蜂，它们就像是飞来飞去的小宝石。
10:50
They're like tiny little flies and they fly around.
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它们就像小苍蝇一样到处飞。
10:53
And then you have another type of bee, which we call kleptoparasites,
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另外我们还有另外一类蜂，叫做偷寄生蜂，
10:57
which is a very fancy way of saying, bad-minded, murdering --
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它还有个很有创意的名字：坏脾气的谋杀……
11:05
what's the word I'm looking for? Murdering --
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我在想那个词呢？
11:08
Audience: Bee?
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听众：蜂?
11:09
Dennis vanEngelsdorp: Bee. Okay, thanks.
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丹尼斯-范-恩格勒斯多普(Dennis vanEngelsdorp):蜂!是的，谢谢！
11:10
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
11:12
What these bees do is, they sit there. These solitary bees,
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这些蜂的做法就是守株待兔。这些独居蜂，
11:19
they drill a hole in the ground or drill a hole in a branch,
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它们在地面或者树枝上打好洞，
11:22
and they collect pollen and make it into a ball,
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收集来花粉做成花粉球，
11:24
and they lay an egg on it.
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然后在花粉球上产一枚卵。
11:26
Well, these bees hang out at that hole,
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那么，这些呆在洞外面的谋杀蜂，
11:27
and they wait for that mother to fly away, they go in, eat the egg,
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等到蜂妈妈飞走后跑到洞里吃掉里面的卵，
11:31
and lay their own egg there. So they don't do any work.
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并在那儿产下自己的卵。 所以它们是不劳而获。
11:34
And so, in fact, if you know you have these kleptoparasitic bees,
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然而，实际上，如果你发现周围有这些偷寄生蜂
11:39
you know that your environment is healthy,
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就说明环境是健康的，
11:41
because they're top-of-the-food-chain bees.
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因为它们是食物链顶端的蜂类。
11:44
And in fact, there is now a red list of pollinators
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目前，我们有一份红色名录
11:48
that we're worried have disappeared, and on top of that list
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记录着我们担心可能已经消失了的传粉动物种类，并且在那份名单的开头
11:52
are a lot of these kleptoparasites, but also these bumblebees.
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有很多种这些偷寄生蜂，和这些熊蜂。
11:55
And in fact, if you guys live on the West Coast,
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并且，如果你们生活在西海岸，
11:57
go to these websites here, and they're really looking for people
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去浏览一下这些网站，它们在找人
12:00
to look for some of these bumblebees, because we think
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去寻找一些种类的熊蜂，因为我们认为
12:03
some have gone extinct. Or some, the population has declined.
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某些种类已经灭绝了。 有些种群已经变小了。
12:07
And so it's not just honeybees that are in trouble,
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所以有麻烦的并不仅仅是蜜蜂，
12:10
but we don't understand these native pollinators
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我们对这些本土的传粉者
12:13
or all those other parts of our community.
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或者我们人类以外的东西都缺乏了解。
12:16
And of course, bees are not the only important factor here.
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当然，蜂类并不是这里唯一重要的要素。
12:20
There are other animals that pollinate, like bats,
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还有其它传粉动物，比如蝙蝠，
12:22
and bats are in trouble too.
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蝙蝠也有麻烦了。
12:24
And I'm glad I'm a bee man and not a bat man,
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我很庆幸我是个“蜂人”而不是“蝙蝠人”，
12:26
because there's no money to research the bat problems.
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因为没有资金支持蝙蝠问题的研究。
12:30
And bats are dying at an extraordinary rate.
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但是蝙蝠的死亡速度非常快。
12:33
White-nose syndrome has wiped out populations of bats.
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白鼻子综合症已经消灭了成群成群的蝙蝠。
12:36
If there's a cave in New York that had 15,000 bats in it,
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如果纽约的一个山洞里的15,000只蝙蝠，
12:41
and there are 1,000 left. That's like San Francisco
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只剩下1,000只了。 那(蝙蝠死亡的速度)就好像是圣-佛朗西斯科
12:45
becoming the population of half of this county in three years.
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的人口在三年内变成这个县城人口的一半。
12:50
And so that's incredible. And there's no money to do that.
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那是多么惊人啊。 我们没钱去解决那个问题。
12:52
But I'm glad to say that I think we know the cause
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但是我高兴因为我想我们知道
12:54
of all these conditions, and that cause is NDD:
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所有这些情况的原因，那就是NDD：
12:58
Nature Deficit Disorder.
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大自然缺失症。
13:00
And that is that I think that what we have in our society is,
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也就是，我觉得，我们的社会，
13:04
we forgot our connection with nature.
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我们忽视了和大自然的联系。
13:06
And I think if we reconnect to nature,
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我想如果重新我们亲近大自然，
13:09
we'll be able to have the resources and that interest
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我们就会有资源和兴趣
13:12
to solve these problems.
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来解决这些问题。
13:14
And I think that there is an easy cure for NDD.
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我认为有一个简单的方法就可以治疗NDD。
13:17
And that is, make meadows and not lawns.
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那就是，种植草甸而不是草坪。
13:21
And I think we have lost our connection,
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我觉得我们已经失去了和大自然的联系，
13:23
and this is a wonderful way of reconnecting to our environment.
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而这是一种把我们重新和周围的环境联系起来的好方法。
13:27
I've had the privilege of living by a meadow
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不久前我曾有幸在一片草甸旁生活了
13:29
for the last little while, and it is terribly engaging.
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一小段时间，非常迷人。
13:33
And if we look at the history of lawns, it's actually rather tragic.
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让我们审视一下草坪的历史，那简直是个悲剧。
13:38
It used to be, two, three hundred years ago,
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二三百年前草坪曾经
13:40
that a lawn was a symbol of prestige,
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象征荣誉和地位，
13:42
and so it was only the very rich that could keep these green
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所以那时候只有很富有的人才能享有那些绿色的草坪，
13:45
actually, deserts: they're totally sterile.
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实际上，是绿色沙漠：因为它们没有一点儿生机。
13:48
Americans spent, in 2001 -- 11 percent of all pesticide use was done on lawns.
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2001年，美国人在草坪上使用的杀虫剂占杀虫剂总使用量的11%。
13:53
Five percent of our greenhouse gases are produced by mowing our lawns.
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我们释放的温室气体中有5%来源于草坪修剪。
13:59
And so it's incredible the amount of resources we've spent
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所以我们花费了大量的资源
14:02
keeping our lawns, which are these useless biosystems.
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来养护我们的草坪 -- 那些没用的生物系统。
14:06
And so we need to rethink this idea.
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所以我们需要重新审视这一做法。
14:09
In fact, you know, the White House
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告诉你们，事实上白宫
14:11
used to have sheep in front in order to help fund
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前面被用来养羊以资助
14:13
the war effort in World War I, which probably is not a bad idea;
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第一次世界大战，那可能是个不错的主意；
14:16
it wouldn't be a bad idea.
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不是个坏主意。
14:17
I want to say this not because I'm opposed completely to mowing lawns.
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我说这些可不是因为我完全反对修剪草坪。
14:20
I think that there is perhaps some advantage to keeping lawns
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我觉得在小范围内种植草坪兴许还有些好处，
14:24
at a limited scale, and I think we're encouraged to do that.
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并且应该受到鼓励。
14:28
But I also want to reinforce some of the ideas we've heard here,
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但是我也要再强调一下刚才我的某些观点，
14:30
because having a meadow or living by a meadow is transformational.
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因为拥有一片草甸或者居住在草甸旁边是完全不一样的。
14:35
That it is amazing that connection we can have with what's there.
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亲近草甸真的很棒。
14:39
These milkweed plants have grown up in my meadow
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4年时间这些乳草植物已经在我的草甸里长大了。
14:41
over the last four years. Add to watch the different plants,
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除了能观赏不同的植物
14:45
or insects, that come to these flowers, to watch that --
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或者来拜访这些花的昆虫，欣赏它们，
14:49
and we've heard about, you know, this relationship you can have with wine,
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告诉你们，我们还听说你还能和葡萄酒联系起来，
14:52
this companion you can have as it matures
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你就有了一个不断长大
14:55
and as it has these different fragrances.
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并散发出这些不同的芳香的朋友。
14:57
And this is a companion,
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并且这个朋友，
14:59
and this is a relationship that never dries up.
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这种友谊永远不会干涸。
15:02
You never run out of that companion as you drink this wine, too.
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当你喝下这个葡萄酒你也永远不会离开那个朋友。
15:06
And I encourage you to look at that.
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请支持大家那么做。
15:09
Now, not all of us have meadows,
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虽然并不是每个人都有草甸，
15:11
or lawns that we can convert, and so you can always, of course,
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或者可供改变为草甸的草坪，那么你当然可以
15:14
grow a meadow in a pot.
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在花盆里种一小片草甸。
15:16
Bees apparently, can be the gateway to, you know, other things.
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很明显蜂类可以成为通向其它事物的一扇门。
15:19
So I'm not saying that you should plant a meadow of pot,
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所以我不是说你应该在花盆中种一片草甸，
15:23
but a pot in a meadow.
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而是在草甸里“种”一个花盆。
15:26
But you can also have this great community of city
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你们还可以组建这种很好的城市团体
15:29
or building-top beekeepers, these beekeepers that live --
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或者楼顶养蜂人团体，这些养蜂人生活在，
15:32
This is in Paris where these beekeepers live.
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这些养蜂人生活在巴黎。
15:35
And everyone should open a beehive,
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每个人都应该养上一窝蜂，每个人都应该养上一窝蜂，
15:37
because it is the most amazing, incredible thing.
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因为那是最有意思的事情。
15:40
And if we want to cure ourselves of NDD, or Nature Deficit Disorder,
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所以如果我们想治愈我们的NDD或者大自然缺乏症
15:43
I think this is a great way of doing it.
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我觉得养蜂是个很好的方法。
15:45
Get a beehive and grow a meadow,
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养一窝蜜蜂，种一片草甸，
15:47
and watch that life come back into your life.
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体验那些生命回到你的生活中。
15:50
And so with that, I think that what we can do, if we do this,
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如果那样的话，如果我们这么做，我想我们可以创造，
15:54
we can make sure that our future -- our more perfect future --
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我们可以保证我们的未来 -我们更加美好的未来-
15:57
includes beekeepers and it includes bees and it includes those meadows.
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有养蜂人、蜂和那些草甸。
16:02
And that journey -- that journey of transformation that occurs
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那个过程 –那个发生在你
16:05
as you grow your meadow and as you keep your bees
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种植草甸、饲养蜜蜂
16:08
or you watch those native bees there -- is an extremely exciting one.
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或者欣赏那些本土蜂类的时候发生转变的过程- 会非常非常的令人兴奋。
16:12
And I hope that you experience it
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我希望你们能经历那些
16:13
and I hope you tell me about it one day.
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并且有一天能向我谈论那些。
16:16
So thank you very much for being here.
Thank you very much.
Thank you very much.
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好！非常感谢大家光临。非常感谢。
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Dennis vanEngelsdorp - Bee expertDennis vanEngelsdorp is Acting State Apiarist for Pennsylvania's Department of Agriculture, studying colony collapse disorder -- the alarming, worldwide disappearance of worker bees and Western honey bees.
Why you should listen
"Imagine if one of every three cows died. The National Guard would be out." It's a grim premise, but a favorite of Dennis vanEngelsdorp, who in 2008 watched the same percentage of bees vanish in North America. A leading apiarist, vanEngelsdorp knows the disturbing consequences of the bee die-off. Colony collapse disorder (its official name) is complex and mysterious, driven by pesticides, toxins and disease, and threatens not only the existence of the insect but also the food they pollinate -- a third of what we eat.
But vanEngelsdorp is not a pessimist, however worrisome the situation. Since finding his love for bees in an undergraduate beekeeping course, he's steadily chewed through new degree programs, becoming an outspoken bee crusader, generating global buzz -- sorry -- for the fascinating critters: their workers' dance, their convenient chronic case of static cling ...
To fight recent losses, he's now advocating urban beekeeping and honeymaking (sadly, illegal in some cities), drive-by-night repopulation programs, and emergency queen bee delivery by express mail (legal -- really).
Dennis vanEngelsdorp | Speaker | TED.com