Taste3 2008
Dennis vanEngelsdorp: A plea for bees
鄧尼斯-範-恩格勒斯多普為蜜蜂求情
Filmed:
Readability: 3.4
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蜜蜂正在成群的消失。為什麼呢？養蜂帶頭人鄧尼斯-范-恩格勒斯多普給我們揭示了這些溫順的、被誤解的生物在大自然中的重要性和背後令人擔憂的消失之謎。
Dennis vanEngelsdorp - Bee expert
Dennis vanEngelsdorp is Acting State Apiarist for Pennsylvania's Department of Agriculture, studying colony collapse disorder -- the alarming, worldwide disappearance of worker bees and Western honey bees. Full bio
Dennis vanEngelsdorp is Acting State Apiarist for Pennsylvania's Department of Agriculture, studying colony collapse disorder -- the alarming, worldwide disappearance of worker bees and Western honey bees. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:16
What I'd like you to do is, just really quickly,
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我只想請大家迅速地，
00:18
is just, sort of, nod to the person on your right,
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稍微向你右邊的人點個頭，
00:21
and then nod to the person on your left.
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然後再向你左邊的人點個頭。
00:24
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
00:28
Now, chances are that over the last winter,
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注意啊！假如 一個人是一箱蜂的話，去年冬天，(蜜蜂死亡的)可能性就像，
00:32
if you had been a beehive, either you or one of the two people
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你或你朝著點頭的人中的一個
00:35
you just nodded at would have died.
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去世了一樣。
00:39
Now, that's an awful lot of bees.
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大家知道嗎！ 那可是相當多的蜜蜂。
00:43
And this is the second year in a row we have lost over 30 percent
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而且這才是 (蜂群開始死亡的)第二年我們就已經損失了超過30%蜂群，
00:47
of the colonies, or we estimate we've lost 30 percent of the colonies over the winter.
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或者我們看成 在一個冬天內我們損失了30%的蜂群。
00:51
Now, that's a lot, a lot of bees, and that's really important.
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天哪！那是許多，許多蜜蜂，那損失很大。
00:57
And most of those losses are because of things we know.
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大部分損失是 我們知道的原因造成的。
01:00
We know that there are these varroa mites that have introduced
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我們知道這些蜂蟎導致
01:03
and caused a lot of losses, and we also have this new phenomenon,
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和造成了大量損失，我們還有新的問題
01:06
which I talked about last year, Colony Collapse Disorder.
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就是去年我介紹過的蜂群崩潰失調症。
01:09
And here we see a picture on top of a hill in Central Valley last December.
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我們看一張去年12月中央峽谷的一個小山頂上的照片。
01:14
And below, you can see all these out yards,
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你能看到照片下部這些(房)外庭院，
01:16
or temporary yards, where the colonies are brought in until February,
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或者說臨時庭院，2月份之前蜂群被運到這裏，
01:21
and then they're shipped out to the almonds.
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後被船送到杏樹園中。
01:24
And one documentary writer, who was here and looked at this two months
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在我到這兒以後，一位紀實作家來到這兒做了兩個月的調查，
01:27
after I was here, described this not as beehives
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他/她筆下這些不是蜂箱
01:30
but as a graveyard, with these empty white boxes with no bees left in them.
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這裏是擺滿沒有蜜蜂的空空的白盒子的(蜜蜂的)墓地。
01:36
Now, I'm going to sum up a year's worth of work in two sentences
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現在，我來用兩句話總結一下一年來的工作，
01:40
to say that we have been trying to figure out
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告訴大家我們一直在努力尋找
01:42
what the cause of this is.
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造成這種結果的原因。
01:44
And what we know is that it's as if the bees have caught a flu.
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就我們所知蜜蜂好像是得了一場流感。
01:47
And this flu has wiped through the population of bees.
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並且這場流感已經在蜂群中氾濫。
01:52
In some cases, and in fact in most cases in one year,
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有的實際上是一年中的大部分流感
01:56
this flu was caused by a new virus to us,
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是由一種病毒引起的，這種病毒對我來說是新的
01:59
or newly identified by us, called Israeli Acute Paralysis virus.
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或者說最近近才被我們鑒定的，它叫以色列急性麻痹病毒。
02:03
It was called that because a guy in Israel first found it,
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這一名字的由來是因為以色列的一個傢伙首先發現了它，
02:05
and he now regrets profoundly calling it that disease, because,
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但是他現在很後悔給這種病起了那個名字，因為，
02:09
of course, there's the implication.
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很顯然，名字本身暗含著某種意思。
02:10
But we think this virus is pretty ubiquitous.
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但是我們認為這種病毒是無處不在的。
02:13
It's also pretty clear that the bees sometimes catch other viruses
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另外，毋庸置疑，蜜蜂有時候也會感染其他病毒
02:16
or other flus, and so the question we're still struggling with,
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或其他流感，所以我們還在艱難研究的，
02:20
and the question that keeps us up at night,
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還在令我們徹夜難眠的問題是
02:22
is why have the bees suddenly become so susceptible to this flu,
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為什麼這些蜜蜂突然變得對這場流感沒有抵抗力，
02:27
and why are they so susceptible to these other diseases?
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為什麼它們在這些其他疾病面前也如此不堪一擊？
02:32
And we don't have the answer to that yet,
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但是我們還沒有答案，
02:34
and we spend a lot of time trying to figure that out.
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雖然已經付出了很多時間來研究。
02:37
We think perhaps it's a combination of factors.
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我們認為這可能是多種因素共同造成的。
02:39
We know from the work of a very large and dynamic working team
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我們從一個龐大而活躍的工作組得知，
02:43
that, you know, we're finding a lot of different pesticides
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蜂巢中有很多種殺蟲劑，
02:47
in the hive, and surprisingly, sometimes the healthiest hives
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不可思議的是，有時候最健康的蜂巢
02:50
have the most pesticides. And so we discover all these
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有最多殺蟲的劑種類。我們發現的所有這些
02:53
very strange things that we can't begin to understand.
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非常奇怪的現象令我們費解。
02:57
And so this opens up the whole idea of looking at colony health.
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因此我們想到綜合研究蜂群健康狀況。
03:02
Now of course, if you lose a lot of colonies,
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毫無疑問，如果損失了很多群蜂，
03:05
beekeepers can replace them very quickly.
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養蜂人當然能很快進行補充。
03:07
And that's why we've been able to recover from a lot of loss.
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因此我們有能力從大量損失中恢復過來。
03:10
If we lost one in every three cows in the winter, you know,
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大家知道，如果我們在冬天損失三分之一的奶牛，
03:14
the National Guard would be out.
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應急部隊就要出動了。
03:15
But what beekeepers can do is, if they have one surviving colony,
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但是養蜂人怎麼辦呢，即使他們只剩下一個蜂群，
03:19
they can split that colony in two.
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他們還能將那個蜂群分成兩個。
03:22
And then the one half that doesn't have a queen, they can buy a queen.
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然後，給沒有蜂后的那半群蜂買一個蜂后。
03:25
It comes in the mail; it can come from Australia or Hawaii or Florida,
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蜂后是郵寄來的；而且不管它是來自澳大利亞還是夏威夷還是佛羅里達，
03:29
and you can introduce that queen.
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你都可以把它變成那半群蜂的蜂后。
03:31
And in fact, America was the first country
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實際上，美國是第一個
03:33
that ever did mail-delivery queens and in fact,
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通過郵件運送蜂后的國家，而且，
03:36
it's part of the postal code that you have to deliver queens by mail
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必須要通過郵件郵寄蜂后是郵政法的一部分
03:43
in order to make sure that we have enough bees in this country.
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這可以保證我們國家有足夠的蜜蜂。
03:48
If you don't just want a queen, you can buy, actually,
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如果你不只是想要一隻蜂后，你還可以買到
03:50
a three-pound package of bees, which comes in the mail, and of course,
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一包三磅重的蜜蜂。當然，
03:54
the Postal Office is always very concerned when they get,
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郵局會很小心的
03:57
you know, your three-pound packages of bees.
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處理你的三磅蜜蜂的。
03:59
And you can install this in your hive and replace that dead-out.
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你可以把這包蜜蜂放入蜂箱中更新死光的蜂群。
04:03
So it means that beekeepers are very good at replacing dead-outs,
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這意味著養蜂人非常擅長更新死光的蜂群，
04:07
and so they've been able to cover those losses.
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所以他們有承受那些損失的能力。
04:10
So even though we've lost 30 percent of the colonies every year,
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所以即使我們每年都損失30%的蜂群，
04:13
the same number of colonies have existed in the country,
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我們國家還依然會有
04:17
at about 2.4 million colonies.
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相同數量的蜂群，大約 2,400,000群蜜蜂。
04:20
Now, those losses are tragic on many fronts,
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雖然如此，那些損失在很多方面還是慘痛的，
04:24
and one of those fronts is for the beekeeper.
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其中一方面就是養蜂人的損失。
04:26
And it's really important to talk about beekeepers first,
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首先說說養蜂人是很重要的，
04:29
because beekeepers are among the most fascinating people you'll ever meet.
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因為他們將會是你遇到的最讓人著迷的人之一。
04:32
If this was a group of beekeepers, you would have everyone
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如果這兒有一群養蜂人，你會(從中)找到各種各樣的人，
04:35
from the card-carrying NRA member who's, you know, live free or die,
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從來福槍協會會員
04:40
to the, you know, the self-expressed quirky San Francisco
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到聖-佛朗西斯科後院中看起來怪怪的的豬官兒。
04:43
backyard pig farmer.
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（笑聲）
04:45
(Laughter)
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他們在同一屋簷下，
04:47
And you get all of these people in the same room,
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他們都很投入而且相處的很好，
04:50
and they're all engaged and they're getting along,
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他們是因為
04:54
and they're all there because of the passion for bees.
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喜歡蜜蜂而到一起的。
04:57
Now, there's another part of that community
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現在談談，養蜂人中另外一部分人
04:59
which are the commercial beekeepers,
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他們是商業養蜂人，
05:00
the ones who make their livelihood from beekeeping alone.
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也就是那些僅靠養蜂來養家糊口的養蜂人。
05:03
And these tend to be some of the most independent, tenacious,
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他們將可能是你碰到的人當中一些最獨立、最頑強、
05:11
intuitive, you know, inventive people you will ever meet.
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最感性、最富創造性的人。
05:15
They're just fascinating. And they're like that all over the world.
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他們很迷人，而且全世界的商業養蜂人都是那樣的。
05:18
I had the privilege of working in Haiti just for two weeks earlier this year.
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今年早些時候我很榮幸在海地工作了兩周。
05:22
And Haiti, if you've ever been there, is just a tragedy.
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海地，如果你去過那裏，你就知道他簡直是個悲劇。
05:25
I mean, there may be 100 explanations
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我是說，即使有100條理由解釋
05:27
for why Haiti is the impoverished nation it is,
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為什麼海地是那樣貧窮，
05:30
but there is no excuse to see that sort of squalor.
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它也沒有理由那樣的破敗不堪。
05:33
But you meet this beekeeper, and I met this beekeeper here,
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但是你會碰到這個養蜂人，我在那兒遇到了他，
05:36
and he is one of the most knowledgeable beekeepers I've ever met.
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他是我曾經遇到過的最有知識的養蜂人中的一個。
05:38
No formal education, but very knowledgeable.
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沒受過正規教育，但是卻有很多知識。
05:40
We needed beeswax for a project we were working on; he was so capable,
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我們的一個專案需要蜂蠟；他非常能幹，
05:45
he was able to render the nicest block of beeswax I have ever seen
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他做出了我所見過的最好的一塊兒蜂蠟，
05:49
from cow dung, tin cans and his veil, which he used as a screening,
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使用了牛糞、錫罐和他的蓋頭，他把蓋頭當作紗網使用，
05:54
right in this meadow. And so that ingenuity is inspiring.
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(他)就在這片草甸上(做蜂蠟塊的)。他的技術讓人很受啟發。
05:58
We also have Dave Hackenberg, who is the poster child of CCD.
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我們還有戴維-海肯伯格，他是蜂群崩潰失調症的代表人物。
06:01
He's the one who first identified this condition
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是他首先發現了蜂群崩潰失調症
06:03
and raised the alarm bells.
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並敲響了警鐘。
06:05
And he has a history of these trucks,
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他很早就使用這些卡車
06:07
and he's moved these bees up and down the coast.
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沿著海岸線上下轉運這些蜜蜂。
06:10
And a lot of people talk about trucks and moving bees,
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雖然許多人認為轉運蜜蜂
06:13
and that being bad, but we've done that for thousands of years.
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不好，但是轉運蜜蜂已經有數千年的歷史了。
06:16
The ancient Egyptians used to move bees up and down the Nile on rafts,
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古埃及人就曾就用筏子沿著尼羅河上下轉運蜜蜂，
06:19
so this idea of a movable bee force is not new at all.
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這說明運動的蜜蜂大軍一點兒也不新鮮。
06:25
And one of our real worries with Colony Collapse Disorder
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蜂群崩潰失調症讓我們真正憂心的原因之一
06:29
is the fact that it costs so much money to replace those dead-out colonies.
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是更新那些死亡的蜂群要花費大量的錢財。
06:33
And you can do that one year in a row,
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我們有能力更新一年，
06:36
you may be able to do it two years in a row.
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也許還能連著更新兩年。
06:38
But if you're losing 50 percent to 80 percent of your colonies,
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但是如果損失50-80%的蜂群，
06:42
you can't survive three years in a row. And we're really worried
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連續三年就垮了。我們確實很擔心
06:45
about losing this segment of our industry.
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損失掉這部分產業。
06:49
And that's important for many fronts,
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因為養蜂業在很多方面都很重要，
06:51
and one of them is because of that culture that's in agriculture.
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其中之一就是在農業上。
06:55
And these migratory beekeepers are the last nomads of America.
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這些遷徙的養蜂人是美國最後的遊牧者。
07:00
You know, they pick up their hives;
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大家知道，他們帶著蜂箱，
07:01
they move their families once or twice in a year.
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一年內搬一次或兩次家。
07:04
And if you look at Florida, in Dade City, Florida,
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你們看佛羅裏達州，達迪市
07:07
that's where all the Pennsylvania beekeepers go.
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是賓夕法尼亞州養蜂人的去處。
07:09
And then 20 miles down the road is Groveland,
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然後從達迪市順著這條路往下20英里是哥如福蘭德，
07:11
and that's where all the Wisconsin beekeepers go.
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那裏是所有威斯康辛州養蜂人的去處。
07:13
And if you're ever in Central Valley in February, you go to this café
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要是你二月份在中央峽谷，
07:18
at 10 o'clock in the morning, Kathy and Kate's.
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請在早上10點去這間咖啡館，店名是凱西和凱特之家。
07:21
And that's where all the beekeepers come after a night of moving bees
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那裏是所有養蜂人在忙了一夜將蜜蜂
07:24
into the almond groves.
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移到杏樹林
07:25
They all have their breakfast
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他們在那裏一邊吃早餐
07:26
and complain about everyone right there. And it's a great experience,
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一邊互相抱怨。那種經歷很棒，
07:31
and I really encourage you to drop in at that diner during that time,
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我真的鼓勵大家那時候去那個小餐館，
07:34
because that's quite essential American experience.
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因為那是必不可少的美國體驗。
07:37
And we see these families, these nomadic families, you know,
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我們再來看那些家庭，那些遊牧家庭，
07:41
father to son, father to son, and these guys are hurting.
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從父母到子女都在忙著侍弄蜜蜂。
07:45
And they're not people who like to ask for help,
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他們不喜歡求人，
07:48
although they are the most helpful people ever.
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但卻最樂於助人。
07:50
If there's one guy who loses all his bees because of a truck overhaul,
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比如有人因為卡車大修而損失了所有蜜蜂，
07:54
everyone pitches in and gives 20 hives
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養蜂人們都會過來送給他20群蜂
07:56
to help him replace those lost colonies.
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幫他彌補損失。
07:58
And so, it's a very dynamic, and I think,
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所以，我覺得這是一個很有活力、
08:00
historic and exciting community to be involved with.
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歷史而且讓人振奮的社區，很值得交往。
08:07
Of course, the real importance for bees is not the honey.
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當然，蜜蜂真正的重要性並不是蜂蜜。
08:10
And although I highly encourage you, all use honey.
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雖然我大力支持你們使用蜂蜜。
08:12
I mean, it's the most ethical sweetener,
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因為它是最“道德”的甜味劑，
08:15
and you know, it's a dynamic and fun sweetener.
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它是有生命的好甜味劑。
08:18
But we estimate that about one in three bites of food we eat
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而且據估計差不多在我們的每三口食物中就有一口
08:22
is directly or indirectly pollinated by honeybees.
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是直接或是間接由蜜蜂傳粉的。
08:27
Now, I want to just illustrate that in the fact
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現在，我想用事實證明它，
08:29
that if we look at the breakfast I had yesterday morning --
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看一下我昨天的早餐：
08:33
a little cranberry juice, some fruits, some granola,
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一點紅莓汁、一些水果和一些格蘭諾拉麥片，
08:36
I should have had whole wheat bread, I realized, but you know,
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我也意識到我應該吃全麥麵包，但是，
08:39
jam on my Wonderbread, and some coffee --
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麵包加果醬還有一些咖啡，
08:43
and had we taken out all those ingredients,
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如果我們把那些食物拿走
08:48
-- except for the almonds I wasn't going to pick out from the granola --
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只有杏肉我沒有從格蘭諾拉麥片中拿出去—
08:50
if we had taken out all those ingredients
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如果我們拿走那些
08:53
the bees had indirectly or directly pollinated,
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直接或間接由蜜蜂授粉的東西，
08:56
we wouldn't have much on our plate.
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我們的餐盤上就沒有多少東西了。
08:58
So if we did not have bees, it's not like we would starve,
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所以，如果沒有蜜蜂，我們好像還不至於挨餓，
09:01
but clearly our diet would be diminished.
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但毫無疑問的是我們的食譜將會縮小。
09:06
It's said that for bees, the flower is the fountain of life,
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人們說花是蜜蜂的生命之源，
09:09
and for flowers bees are the messengers of love.
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而蜜蜂是花愛的使者。
09:12
And that's a really great expression, because really,
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說的真是太好了，因為蜜蜂的確
09:15
bees are the sex workers for flowers. They are, you know --
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是花的“性工作者”。它們，要知道，
09:18
they get paid for their services.
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它們的服務是有償的。
09:20
They get paid by pollen and nectar,
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它們“收取”花粉和花蜜，
09:22
to move that male sperm, the pollen, from flower to flower.
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才來把雄性配子，也就是花粉， 從一朵花傳給另一朵花。
09:26
And there are flowers that are self-infertile. That means they can't --
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有些花不能自我受精。就是說它們不能--
09:29
the pollen in their bloom can't fertilize themselves.
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同一朵花的花粉不能使自己的受精。
09:33
So in an apple orchard, for instance, you'll have rows of 10 apples
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如果在一個蘋果園裏，你有10行
09:36
of one variety, and then you have another apple tree
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同一個品種的蘋果樹，然後還有一棵蘋果樹
09:39
that's a different type of pollen.
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它有不同的花粉型。
09:41
And bees are very faithful.
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蜜蜂會非常忠誠。
09:42
When they're out pollinating or gathering pollen from one flower,
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當它們出去傳粉或從某種花上採集花粉時，
09:46
they stay to that crop exclusively, in order to help generate.
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它們會專門針對那種植物來幫助它結果。
09:50
And of course, they're made to carry this pollen.
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當然，它們生下來就是搬運花粉的。
09:54
They build up a static electric charge and the pollen jumps on them
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它們在身上積累靜電，這樣花粉就會跳到它們身上，
09:57
and helps spread that pollen from bloom to bloom.
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它們就幫著把那個花粉叢一朵花帶到另一朵花。
10:01
However, honeybees are a minority.
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儘管如此，蜜蜂只是少數派。
10:03
Honeybees are not native to America; they were introduced
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蜜蜂的老家不是美國；它們
10:06
with the colonialists.
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是被殖民者帶來的。
10:07
And there are actually more species of bees
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實際上蜂的種類比
10:10
than there are mammals and birds combined.
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哺乳動物和鳥類加起來種類還多。
10:12
In Pennsylvania alone, we have been surveying bees for 150 years,
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單單在賓夕法尼亞州，我們已經對蜂類盡行了150年的調查，
10:17
and very intensely in the last three years.
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並且最近這三年的調查非常詳細。
10:20
We have identified over 400 species of bees in Pennsylvania.
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在賓夕法尼亞州我們鑒定的蜂類已經超過400種。
10:25
Thirty-two species have not been identified or found in the state since 1950.
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其中32種是在1950年以後鑒定或發現的。
10:31
Now, that could be because we haven't been sampling right,
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那可能是因為以前採集方法不當，
10:34
but it does, I think, suggest that something's wrong
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但是，我想這確實讓人覺得
10:36
with the pollinator force. And these bees are fascinating.
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傳粉者們出了什麼問題。這些蜂類們讓人著迷。
10:39
We have bumblebees on the top.
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上面是熊蜂。
10:41
And bumblebees are what we call eusocial: they're not truly social,
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熊蜂是群居性的，但是它們不是真正的社會性昆蟲，
10:44
because only the queen is, over winter.
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因為只有蜂後活過冬天。
10:47
We also have the sweat bees, and these are little gems flying around.
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還有汗蜂，它們就像是飛來飛去的小寶石。
10:50
They're like tiny little flies and they fly around.
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它們就像小蒼蠅一樣到處飛。
10:53
And then you have another type of bee, which we call kleptoparasites,
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另外我們還有另外一類蜂，叫做偷寄生蜂，
10:57
which is a very fancy way of saying, bad-minded, murdering --
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它還有個很有創意的名字：壞脾氣的謀殺--
11:05
what's the word I'm looking for? Murdering --
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我在想那個詞呢？
11:08
Audience: Bee?
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聽眾：蜂?
11:09
Dennis vanEngelsdorp: Bee. Okay, thanks.
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鄧尼斯-範-恩格勒斯多普:蜂!是的，謝謝！
11:10
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
11:12
What these bees do is, they sit there. These solitary bees,
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這些蜂的做法就是守株待兔。這些獨居蜂，
11:19
they drill a hole in the ground or drill a hole in a branch,
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它們在地面或者樹枝上打好洞，
11:22
and they collect pollen and make it into a ball,
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收集來花粉做成花粉球，
11:24
and they lay an egg on it.
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然後在花粉球上產一枚卵。
11:26
Well, these bees hang out at that hole,
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那麼，這些呆在洞外面的謀殺蜂，
11:27
and they wait for that mother to fly away, they go in, eat the egg,
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等到蜂媽媽飛走後跑到洞裏吃掉裏面的卵，
11:31
and lay their own egg there. So they don't do any work.
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並在那兒產下自己的卵。 所以它們是不勞而獲。
11:34
And so, in fact, if you know you have these kleptoparasitic bees,
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然而，實際上，如果你發現周圍有這些偷寄生蜂
11:39
you know that your environment is healthy,
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就說明環境是健康的，
11:41
because they're top-of-the-food-chain bees.
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因為它們是食物鏈頂端的蜂類。
11:44
And in fact, there is now a red list of pollinators
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目前，我們有一份紅色名錄
11:48
that we're worried have disappeared, and on top of that list
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記錄著我們擔心可能已經消失了的傳粉動物種類，並且在那份名單的開頭
11:52
are a lot of these kleptoparasites, but also these bumblebees.
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有很多種這些偷寄生蜂，和這些熊蜂。
11:55
And in fact, if you guys live on the West Coast,
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並且，如果你們生活在西海岸，
11:57
go to these websites here, and they're really looking for people
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去流覽一下這些網站，它們在找人
12:00
to look for some of these bumblebees, because we think
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去尋找一些種類的熊蜂，因為我們認為
12:03
some have gone extinct. Or some, the population has declined.
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某些種類已經滅絕了。 有些種群已經變小了。
12:07
And so it's not just honeybees that are in trouble,
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所以有麻煩的並不僅僅是蜜蜂，
12:10
but we don't understand these native pollinators
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我們對這些本土的傳粉者
12:13
or all those other parts of our community.
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或者我們人類以外的東西都缺乏瞭解。
12:16
And of course, bees are not the only important factor here.
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當然，蜂類並不是這裏唯一重要的要素。
12:20
There are other animals that pollinate, like bats,
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還有其他傳粉動物，比如蝙蝠，
12:22
and bats are in trouble too.
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蝙蝠也有麻煩了。
12:24
And I'm glad I'm a bee man and not a bat man,
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我很慶倖我是個“蜂人”而不是“蝙蝠人”，
12:26
because there's no money to research the bat problems.
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因為沒有資金支持蝙蝠問題的研究。
12:30
And bats are dying at an extraordinary rate.
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但是蝙蝠的死亡速度非常快。
12:33
White-nose syndrome has wiped out populations of bats.
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白鼻子綜合症已經消滅了成群成群的蝙蝠。
12:36
If there's a cave in New York that had 15,000 bats in it,
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如果紐約的一個山洞裏的15,000只蝙蝠，
12:41
and there are 1,000 left. That's like San Francisco
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只剩下1,000只了。 那(蝙蝠死亡的速度)就好像是聖-佛朗西斯科
12:45
becoming the population of half of this county in three years.
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的人口在三年內變成這個縣城人口的一半。
12:50
And so that's incredible. And there's no money to do that.
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那是多麼驚人啊。 我們沒錢去解決那個問題。
12:52
But I'm glad to say that I think we know the cause
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但是我高興因為我想我們知道
12:54
of all these conditions, and that cause is NDD:
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所有這些情況的原因，那就是NDD：
12:58
Nature Deficit Disorder.
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大自然缺失症。
13:00
And that is that I think that what we have in our society is,
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也就是，我覺得，我們的社會，
13:04
we forgot our connection with nature.
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我們忽視了和大自然的聯繫。
13:06
And I think if we reconnect to nature,
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我想如果重新我們親近大自然，
13:09
we'll be able to have the resources and that interest
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我們就會有資源和興趣
13:12
to solve these problems.
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來解決這些問題。
13:14
And I think that there is an easy cure for NDD.
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我認為有一個簡單的方法就可以治療NDD。
13:17
And that is, make meadows and not lawns.
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那就是，種植草甸而不是草坪。
13:21
And I think we have lost our connection,
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我覺得我們已經失去了和大自然的聯繫，
13:23
and this is a wonderful way of reconnecting to our environment.
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而這是一種把我們重新和周圍的環境聯繫起來的好方法。
13:27
I've had the privilege of living by a meadow
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不久前我曾有幸在一片草甸旁生活了
13:29
for the last little while, and it is terribly engaging.
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一小段時間，非常迷人。
13:33
And if we look at the history of lawns, it's actually rather tragic.
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讓我們審視一下草坪的歷史，那簡直是個悲劇。
13:38
It used to be, two, three hundred years ago,
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二三百年前草坪曾經
13:40
that a lawn was a symbol of prestige,
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象徵榮譽和地位，
13:42
and so it was only the very rich that could keep these green
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所以那時候只有很富有的人才能享有那些綠色的草坪，
13:45
actually, deserts: they're totally sterile.
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實際上，是綠色沙漠：因為它們沒有一點兒生機。
13:48
Americans spent, in 2001 -- 11 percent of all pesticide use was done on lawns.
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2001 年，美國人在草坪上使用的殺蟲劑占殺蟲劑總使用量的11%。
13:53
Five percent of our greenhouse gases are produced by mowing our lawns.
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我們釋放的溫室氣體中有5%來源於草坪修剪。
13:59
And so it's incredible the amount of resources we've spent
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所以我們花費了大量的資源
14:02
keeping our lawns, which are these useless biosystems.
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來養護我們的草坪 -- 那些沒用的生物系統。
14:06
And so we need to rethink this idea.
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所以我們需要重新審視這一做法。
14:09
In fact, you know, the White House
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告訴你們，事實上白宮
14:11
used to have sheep in front in order to help fund
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前面被用來養羊以資助
14:13
the war effort in World War I, which probably is not a bad idea;
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第一次世界大戰，那可能是個不錯的主意；
14:16
it wouldn't be a bad idea.
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不是個壞主意。
14:17
I want to say this not because I'm opposed completely to mowing lawns.
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我說這些可不是因為我完全反對修剪草坪。
14:20
I think that there is perhaps some advantage to keeping lawns
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我覺得在小範圍內種植草坪興許還有些好處，
14:24
at a limited scale, and I think we're encouraged to do that.
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並且應該受到鼓勵。
14:28
But I also want to reinforce some of the ideas we've heard here,
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但是我也要再強調一下剛才我的某些觀點，
14:30
because having a meadow or living by a meadow is transformational.
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因為擁有一 片草甸或者居住在草甸旁邊是完全不一樣的。
14:35
That it is amazing that connection we can have with what's there.
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親近草甸真的很棒。
14:39
These milkweed plants have grown up in my meadow
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4年時間這些乳草植物已經在我的草甸裏長大了。
14:41
over the last four years. Add to watch the different plants,
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除了能觀賞不同的植物
14:45
or insects, that come to these flowers, to watch that --
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或者來拜訪這些花的昆蟲，欣賞它們，
14:49
and we've heard about, you know, this relationship you can have with wine,
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告訴你們，我們還聽說你還能和葡萄酒聯繫起來，
14:52
this companion you can have as it matures
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你就有了一個不斷長大
14:55
and as it has these different fragrances.
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並散發出這些不同的芳香的朋友。
14:57
And this is a companion,
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並且這個朋友，
14:59
and this is a relationship that never dries up.
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這種友誼永遠不會乾涸。
15:02
You never run out of that companion as you drink this wine, too.
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當你喝下這個葡萄酒你也永遠不會離開那個朋友。
15:06
And I encourage you to look at that.
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請支持大家那麼做。
15:09
Now, not all of us have meadows,
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雖然並不是每個人都有草甸，
15:11
or lawns that we can convert, and so you can always, of course,
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或者可供改變為草甸的草坪，那麼你當然可以
15:14
grow a meadow in a pot.
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在花盆裏種一小片草甸。
15:16
Bees apparently, can be the gateway to, you know, other things.
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很明顯蜂類可以成為通向其他事物的一扇門。
15:19
So I'm not saying that you should plant a meadow of pot,
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所以我不是說你應該在花盆中種一片草甸，
15:23
but a pot in a meadow.
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而是在草甸裏“種”一個花盆。
15:26
But you can also have this great community of city
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你們還可以組建這種很好的城市團體
15:29
or building-top beekeepers, these beekeepers that live --
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或者樓頂養蜂人團體，這些養蜂人生活在，
15:32
This is in Paris where these beekeepers live.
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這些養蜂人生活在巴黎。
15:35
And everyone should open a beehive,
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每個人都應該養上一窩蜂，每個人都應該養上一窩蜂，
15:37
because it is the most amazing, incredible thing.
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因為那是最有意思的事情。
15:40
And if we want to cure ourselves of NDD, or Nature Deficit Disorder,
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所以如果我們想治癒我們的NDD或者大自然缺乏症
15:43
I think this is a great way of doing it.
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我覺得養蜂是個很好的方法。
15:45
Get a beehive and grow a meadow,
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養一窩蜜蜂，種一片草甸，
15:47
and watch that life come back into your life.
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體驗那些生命回到你的生活中。
15:50
And so with that, I think that what we can do, if we do this,
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如果那樣的話，如果我們這麼做，我想我們可以創造，
15:54
we can make sure that our future -- our more perfect future --
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我們可以保證我們的未來 -我們更加美好的未來-
15:57
includes beekeepers and it includes bees and it includes those meadows.
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有養蜂人、蜂和那些草甸。
16:02
And that journey -- that journey of transformation that occurs
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那個過程 –那個發生在你
16:05
as you grow your meadow and as you keep your bees
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種植草甸、飼養蜜蜂
16:08
or you watch those native bees there -- is an extremely exciting one.
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或者欣賞那些本土蜂類的時候發生轉變的過程- 會非常非常的令人興奮。
16:12
And I hope that you experience it
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我希望你們能經歷那些
16:13
and I hope you tell me about it one day.
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並且有一天能向我談論那些。
16:16
So thank you very much for being here.
Thank you very much.
Thank you very much.
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好！非常感謝大家光臨。非常感謝。
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Dennis vanEngelsdorp - Bee expertDennis vanEngelsdorp is Acting State Apiarist for Pennsylvania's Department of Agriculture, studying colony collapse disorder -- the alarming, worldwide disappearance of worker bees and Western honey bees.
Why you should listen
"Imagine if one of every three cows died. The National Guard would be out." It's a grim premise, but a favorite of Dennis vanEngelsdorp, who in 2008 watched the same percentage of bees vanish in North America. A leading apiarist, vanEngelsdorp knows the disturbing consequences of the bee die-off. Colony collapse disorder (its official name) is complex and mysterious, driven by pesticides, toxins and disease, and threatens not only the existence of the insect but also the food they pollinate -- a third of what we eat.
But vanEngelsdorp is not a pessimist, however worrisome the situation. Since finding his love for bees in an undergraduate beekeeping course, he's steadily chewed through new degree programs, becoming an outspoken bee crusader, generating global buzz -- sorry -- for the fascinating critters: their workers' dance, their convenient chronic case of static cling ...
To fight recent losses, he's now advocating urban beekeeping and honeymaking (sadly, illegal in some cities), drive-by-night repopulation programs, and emergency queen bee delivery by express mail (legal -- really).
Dennis vanEngelsdorp | Speaker | TED.com