TEDWomen 2010
Joan Halifax: Compassion and the true meaning of empathy
喬安‧荷里法斯︰同情心和同理心的真正意義
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佛學老師喬安‧荷里法斯與許多安寧照護中心裡的人與死刑犯共事，這些人多走在人生的最後階段。她與我們分享同情心和同理心的真正意義，這是她在面對死亡時所學到的。
Joan Halifax - Author, Zen priest
Known for her compassionate work with the terminally ill, Joan Halifax is a driving force of socially engaged Buddhism. Full bio
Known for her compassionate work with the terminally ill, Joan Halifax is a driving force of socially engaged Buddhism. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
I want to address the issue of compassion.
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我想要談談同情心
00:18
Compassion has many faces.
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同情心有很多面相。
00:21
Some of them are fierce; some of them are wrathful;
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這些面相中有些是激烈的，有些是憤怒的，
00:24
some of them are tender; some of them are wise.
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有些是溫柔的，有些是有智慧的。
00:27
A line that the Dalai Lama once said,
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達賴喇嘛曾說：
00:30
he said, "Love and compassion are necessities.
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「愛與同情是必須的。
00:33
They are not luxuries.
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他們不是奢侈品。
00:36
Without them,
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沒有他們，
00:38
humanity cannot survive."
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人類無法存活。」
00:40
And I would suggest,
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而我認為
00:42
it is not only humanity that won't survive,
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不只是人類不能存活，
00:45
but it is all species on the planet,
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地球上的所有的物種，
00:47
as we've heard today.
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都無法存活。
00:49
It is the big cats,
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不論是大型貓科動物
00:51
and it's the plankton.
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或是小浮游生物
00:54
Two weeks ago, I was in Bangalore in India.
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我兩周前在印度的班家羅爾
00:57
I was so privileged
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很榮幸能
00:59
to be able to teach in a hospice
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在班家羅爾郊區的一所
01:02
on the outskirts of Bangalore.
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安寧照護中心教學
01:04
And early in the morning,
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我在清晨
01:06
I went into the ward.
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進入安寧房
01:08
In that hospice,
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在那安寧照護中心
01:10
there were 31 men and women
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有31名男女
01:12
who were actively dying.
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正在面臨死亡
01:14
And I walked up to the bedside
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我走到一名年老女的女性
01:16
of an old woman
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床邊
01:18
who was breathing very rapidly, fragile,
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她的呼吸非常急促、虛弱
01:21
obviously in the latter phase
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我看得出來
01:23
of active dying.
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她的時間不多了
01:26
I looked into her face.
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我看了她的臉。
01:28
I looked into the face
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及她身旁
01:30
of her son sitting next to her,
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兒子的臉
01:32
and his face was just riven
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她兒子臉上
01:34
with grief and confusion.
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滿是憂傷與迷惘
01:37
And I remembered
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然後我想起
01:40
a line from the Mahabharata,
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印度史詩摩訶婆羅多中
01:43
the great Indian epic:
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的一段對話
01:46
"What is the most wondrous thing in the world, Yudhisthira?"
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「尤迪斯帝拉，世上什麼最奇妙?」
01:51
And Yudhisthira replied,
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尤迪斯帝拉答道：
01:53
"The most wondrous thing in the world
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「這世上最奇妙的是
01:56
is that all around us
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我們知道周遭所有人
01:59
people can be dying
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都可能死亡
02:01
and we don't realize
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但我們卻沒有意識到
02:03
it can happen to us."
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自己也可能死亡。」
02:13
I looked up.
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我看了看
02:17
Tending those 31 dying people
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照顧這些面臨死亡的31人是
02:20
were young women
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來自班家羅爾村莊的
02:22
from villages around Bangalore.
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年輕女士
02:24
I looked into the face of one of these women,
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我看了這些女士的臉
02:27
and I saw in her face
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我在她們臉上看到
02:30
the strength that arises
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自然的同情心顯現時
02:32
when natural compassion is really present.
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所顯露的能量
02:35
I watched her hands
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當她在為老人洗澡時
02:37
as she bathed an old man.
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的雙手
02:41
My gaze went to another young woman
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我又看了另外一名女士的雙手
02:45
as she wiped the face
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她正擦拭著
02:48
of another dying person.
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即將死亡的人的臉
02:50
And it reminded me
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這提醒了我
02:52
of something that I had just been present for.
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一件我才剛遇到的事
02:54
Every year or so,
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大約每隔一年
02:56
I have the privilege of taking clinicians
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我都有榮幸帶領一些醫生
02:58
into the Himalayas and the Tibetan Plateau.
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到喜馬拉雅和西藏台地
03:01
And we run clinics
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然後我們在這些
03:03
in these very remote regions
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沒有任何醫療機制的深山
03:05
where there's no medical care whatsoever.
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進行診療
03:08
And on the first day at Simikot in Humla,
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在尼泊爾的席米哥的前幾天
03:12
far west of Nepal,
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在拿博遙遠的西邊
03:14
the most impoverished region of Nepal,
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也就是拿博最落後的地方
03:17
an old man came in
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有一名老人緊抓著一堆破布
03:19
clutching a bundle of rags.
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走進來了診所
03:22
And he walked in, and somebody said something to him,
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他進來後有人跟他說了話
03:25
we realized he was deaf,
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但我們發現他是聾的
03:27
and we looked into the rags,
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然後我們看了那些破布
03:29
and there was this pair of eyes.
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我又看到了那滿是同情心的眼神
03:32
The rags were unwrapped
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那堆破布是從
03:34
from a little girl
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一為全身嚴重灼傷的女孩
03:36
whose body was massively burned.
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身上取下來的
03:41
Again,
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我又看見了
03:43
the eyes and hands
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那屬於觀世音菩薩的
03:45
of Avalokiteshvara.
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眼神和手
03:47
It was the young women, the health aids,
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這是一位年輕的女醫護人員眼神和手
03:50
who cleaned the wounds of this baby
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她清洗了這名嬰兒身上的傷口
03:53
and dressed the wounds.
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並為傷口包紮
03:55
I know those hands and eyes;
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我認識這雙手和眼睛
03:57
they touched me as well.
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他們也感動過我
03:59
They touched me at that time.
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不只在當時感動了我
04:01
They have touched me throughout my 68 years.
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他們在過去的68年間不斷地感動著我
04:04
They touched me when I was four
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他們在我四歲失去視力
04:06
and I lost my eyesight
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且半身癱瘓的時候
04:08
and was partially paralyzed.
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感動著我
04:10
And my family brought in
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當時我的家人帶來一位女士
04:12
a woman whose mother had been a slave
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她母親曾是奴隸，而她是來
04:14
to take care of me.
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照顧我的
04:17
And that woman
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那位女士
04:19
did not have sentimental compassion.
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的同情心不是來自感傷
04:21
She had phenomenal strength.
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她有非凡的力量
04:24
And it was really her strength, I believe,
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而我相信她那強大的力量
04:26
that became the kind of mudra and imprimatur
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成為一種啓發
04:29
that has been a guiding light in my life.
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成為我生命中的明燈
04:33
So we can ask:
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所以我們可以問：
04:36
What is compassion comprised of?
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同情心是什麼組成的？
04:40
And there are various facets.
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而那有非常多面向
04:42
And there's referential and non-referential compassion.
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同情心有來自經驗及非經驗的
04:45
But first, compassion is comprised
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但首先，同情心是由
04:47
of that capacity
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能夠洞悉
04:49
to see clearly
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受苦的意義
04:51
into the nature of suffering.
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的能力而來
04:53
It is that ability
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這個能力
04:55
to really stand strong
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讓我們能堅強得
04:57
and to recognize also
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瞭解到
04:59
that I'm not separate from this suffering.
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我們夜身處這些苦難中
05:01
But that is not enough,
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但光這些是不夠的
05:03
because compassion,
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因為同情心
05:05
which activates the motor cortex,
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會激發運動皮質區
05:07
means that we aspire,
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表示我們會想去改變
05:10
we actually aspire to transform suffering.
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我們真的會去改變這些苦難
05:13
And if we're so blessed,
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然後如果我們是蒙神祝福的
05:15
we engage in activities
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我們會身體力行
05:17
that transform suffering.
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來化解苦難
05:19
But compassion has another component,
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但同情心還有另一個要件
05:21
and that component is really essential.
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而且這要件很重要
05:24
That component
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這個要件是
05:26
is that we cannot be attached to outcome.
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我們不能有情感上的依附
05:29
Now I worked with dying people
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我和這些走在生命最後階段的人
05:32
for over 40 years.
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相處超過40年了
05:35
I had the privilege of working on death row
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我有幸在戒備最深嚴的地方
05:38
in a maximum security [prison] for six years.
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與死囚們共事了六年
05:41
And I realized so clearly
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我很清楚得瞭解到
05:43
in bringing my own life experience,
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而這是我經驗之談
05:45
from working with dying people
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與面臨死亡的人相處
05:47
and training caregivers,
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和訓練照護人員時
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that any attachment to outcome
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若對結果有情感的依附
05:52
would distort deeply
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會嚴重影響
05:54
my own capacity to be fully present
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我面對悲劇
05:57
to the whole catastrophe.
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的能力
06:00
And when I worked in the prison system,
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當我在監牢裡工作時
06:02
it was so clear to me, this:
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我更瞭解到
06:05
that many of us
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在我們當中
06:07
in this room,
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有很多人
06:09
and almost all of the men that I worked with on death row,
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和多數的死刑犯
06:12
the seeds of their own compassion had never been watered.
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心中同情心的種子從未被灌溉過
06:15
That compassion is actually
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同情心事實上是
06:17
an inherent human quality.
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人類與生俱來
06:20
It is there within every human being.
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每一個人都有的
06:23
But the conditions
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但能夠促使
06:25
for compassion to be activated,
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同情心萌芽
06:29
to be aroused,
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的狀況，
06:31
are particular conditions.
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是很特殊的
06:33
I had that condition, to a certain extent,
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在某種程度上，我小時候的一場大病
06:36
from my own childhood illness.
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給了我這樣的狀況
06:38
Eve Ensler, whom you'll hear later,
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等下我來告訴你們依夫‧恩斯勒
06:41
has had that condition activated
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她那驚人的同情心
06:43
amazingly in her
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如何在一連串
06:46
through the various waters of suffering
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的痛苦中
06:49
that she has been through.
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被啓發的
06:52
And what is fascinating
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更驚人的是
06:54
is that compassion has enemies,
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同情心是有敵人的
06:57
and those enemies are things like pity,
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敵人的名字就叫做遺憾
07:02
moral outrage,
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憤怒
07:05
fear.
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與害怕
07:07
And you know, we have a society, a world,
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如你們所知，我們的社會
07:10
that is paralyzed by fear.
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被恐懼癱瘓了
07:13
And in that paralysis, of course,
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在這樣的狀況下，當然的
07:15
our capacity for compassion
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我們同情的能力
07:17
is also paralyzed.
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也被癱瘓了
07:19
The very word terror
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恐怖這個辭
07:21
is global.
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存於全世界
07:23
The very feeling of terror is global.
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恐怖這個感覺是全世界都有的
07:26
So our work, in a certain way,
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所以我們的工作，在某些程度上
07:28
is to address this imago,
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就是解決這樣的意象
07:30
this kind of archetype
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這樣的原始的意念
07:32
that has pervaded the psyche
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這已經滲入全人類
07:34
of our entire globe.
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思想中了
07:38
Now we know from neuroscience
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我們從神經科學中瞭解到
07:41
that compassion has
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同情心
07:43
some very extraordinary qualities.
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有其與眾不同的特質
07:45
For example:
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舉例來說
07:47
A person who is cultivating compassion,
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一個正在培養同情心的人
07:50
when they are in the presence of suffering,
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當他正在面對苦痛時
07:53
they feel that suffering a lot more
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他會比其他人
07:56
than many other people do.
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更能感受到這些痛苦
07:58
However,
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但是
08:00
they return to baseline a lot sooner.
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他們也可以更快復原
08:03
This is called resilience.
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這叫做復原力
08:05
Many of us think that compassion drains us,
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我們之中很多人認為同情心會讓我們枯乾
08:08
but I promise you
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但我向你們保證
08:10
it is something that truly enlivens us.
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同情心絕對會讓我們充滿生命力
08:13
Another thing about compassion
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在來是
08:15
is that it really enhances what's called neural integration.
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同情心會促進神經整合
08:18
It hooks up all parts of the brain.
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將腦部的各個部份連接在一起
08:22
Another, which has been discovered
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還有就是，艾默理大學的研究人員
08:24
by various researchers
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及加州大學的研究人員
08:26
at Emory and at Davis and so on,
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發現
08:29
is that compassion enhances our immune system.
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慈悲心會增加免疫力
08:34
Hey,
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這很棒耶!
08:36
we live in a very noxious world.
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因為我們處在一個很毒的世界
08:38
(Laughter)
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【笑聲】
08:40
Most of us are shrinking
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多數人面對
08:42
in the face of psycho-social and physical poisons,
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心理和生理的毒物時
08:45
of the toxins of our world.
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不斷得在萎縮
08:48
But compassion, the generation of compassion,
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但同情心，及慈悲心的產生
08:50
actually mobilizes
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其實能活化我們的
08:53
our immunity.
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免疫力
08:56
You know, if compassion is so good for us,
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既然大家都知道同情心這麼好了
08:59
I have a question.
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讓我問你們一個問題
09:03
Why don't we train our children
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為何不訓練我們的孩子
09:05
in compassion?
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擁有同情心？
09:08
(Applause)
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【掌聲】
09:13
If compassion is so good for us,
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如果同情心這麼好，
09:16
why don't we train our health care providers in compassion
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為何不訓練我們的醫護人員慈悲心
09:20
so that they can do what they're supposed to do,
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如此他們就能把該做的事做好
09:23
which is to really transform suffering?
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他們的工作不就是化解苦難嗎？
09:26
And if compassion is so good for us,
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而且如果同情心這麼好
09:29
why don't we vote on compassion?
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何不投票給同情心？
09:33
Why don't we vote for people in our government
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何不在選舉時
09:37
based on compassion,
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投票給有同情心的人呢?
09:39
so that we can have
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如此我們就能
09:41
a more caring world?
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擁有一個充滿關懷的世界
09:44
In Buddhism,
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在佛教中，
09:46
we say, "it takes a strong back and a soft front."
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我們說：「需要一個強壯的背脊，但柔軟的顏面。」
09:49
It takes tremendous strength of the back
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我們背後需要有強大的力量
09:52
to uphold yourself in the midst of conditions.
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來讓我們立足於各種狀況
09:55
And that is the mental quality of equanimity.
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那也是能人處世泰然的能力
09:58
But it also takes a soft front --
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但我們需要柔軟的顏面
10:01
the capacity to really be open to the world as it is,
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需要能夠敞開心胸接受這世界
10:04
to have an undefended heart.
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能夠有個不俱防備的心靈
10:06
And the archetype of this in Buddhism
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而在佛教中這樣的榜樣
10:09
is Avalokiteshvara, Kuan-Yin.
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就是觀世音菩薩
10:11
It's a female archetype:
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這是個女性的典型
10:14
she who perceives
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她是個接受
10:16
the cries of suffering in the world.
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全世界苦難的人
10:23
She stands with 10,000 arms,
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她有一萬隻手
10:27
and in every hand,
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每隻手上
10:29
there is an instrument of liberation,
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都有一個用以解放的工具
10:32
and in the palm of every hand, there are eyes,
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每一隻手掌上都有眼睛
10:35
and these are the eyes of wisdom.
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而這些眼睛是智慧之眼
10:38
I say that, for thousands of years,
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數幾千年來
10:41
women have lived,
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所有存在過的女性們
10:43
exemplified, met in intimacy,
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都是例子，也親身接觸過
10:47
the archetype of Avalokitesvara,
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觀世音菩薩
10:50
of Kuan-Yin,
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的典型
10:52
she who perceives
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觀音感受著
10:54
the cries of suffering in the world.
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全世界的苦難
10:57
Women have manifested for thousands of years
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女性數千年來展現著
11:00
the strength arising from compassion
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由同情心而來的力量
11:04
in an unfiltered, unmediated way
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她們毫不逃避及掩飾的
11:07
in perceiving suffering
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感受著
11:09
as it is.
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苦難
11:13
They have infused societies with kindness,
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他們將慈愛注入社會
11:16
and we have really felt that
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而我們可以確實在
11:18
as woman after woman
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這過去一天半裡
11:20
has stood on this stage
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從接連上講台的女性
11:22
in the past day and a half.
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深深得感受到。
11:25
And they have actualized compassion
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而她們也將同情心
11:27
through direct action.
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化為實際行動
11:29
Jody Williams called it:
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喬迪·威廉斯說過
11:31
It's good to meditate.
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冥想是件好事
11:33
I'm sorry, you've got to do a little bit of that, Jody.
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但我想對喬迪說，你也必須做點別的
11:36
Step back, give your mother a break, okay.
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讓一步，讓你媽媽休息一下。好嗎？
11:39
(Laughter)
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【笑聲】
11:41
But the other side of the equation
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但這件事的另外一面是
11:43
is you've got to come out of your cave.
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你必須走出你的洞穴
11:45
You have to come into the world
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你必須走進這個世界
11:47
like Asanga did,
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像無著菩薩那樣
11:49
who was looking to realize Maitreya Buddha
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在洞穴中坐禪12年
11:52
after 12 years sitting in the cave.
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希望可以看見彌勒佛
11:55
He said, "I'm out of here."
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他最後說：「我要出關了。」
11:57
He's going down the path.
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他沿著路往下走
11:59
He sees something in the path.
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他看到路上有東西
12:01
He looks, it's a dog, he drops to his knees.
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原來是隻狗，他跪下看看
12:04
He sees that the dog has this big wound on its leg.
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看到這狗的腿上有一個大傷口
12:08
The wound is just filled with maggots.
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上面爬滿了蛆
12:11
He puts out his tongue
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他伸出了舌頭
12:14
in order to remove the maggots,
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為狗清除傷口上的蛆
12:16
so as not to harm them.
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以免傷著了蛆
12:19
And at that moment,
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在那一刻
12:21
the dog transformed
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狗變身成
12:23
into the Buddha of love and kindness.
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代表愛與慈祥的菩薩
12:27
I believe
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我認為
12:29
that women and girls today
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現代的婦女和女孩
12:31
have to partner in a powerful way with men --
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必須以充滿力量的方式於男性合作
12:35
with their fathers,
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與父親合作
12:37
with their sons, with their brothers,
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與兒子與兄弟合作
12:40
with the plumbers, the road builders,
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與水電工、建造道路的工人
12:42
the caregivers, the doctors, the lawyers,
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與醫護人員、醫生、律師
12:45
with our president,
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與國家元首
12:47
and with all beings.
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與所有人合作
12:49
The women in this room
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在場的所有婦女
12:51
are lotuses in a sea of fire.
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是火海中的蓮花
12:54
May we actualize that capacity
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讓我們把這樣的能力
12:56
for women everywhere.
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帶給各地的女性
12:58
Thank you.
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謝謝各位
13:00
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Joan Halifax - Author, Zen priestKnown for her compassionate work with the terminally ill, Joan Halifax is a driving force of socially engaged Buddhism.
Why you should listen
Activist, anthropologist, author, caregiver, ecologist, LSD researcher, teacher, and Zen Buddhism priest -- Joan Halifax is many things to many people. Yet they all seem to agree that no matter what role she plays, Halifax is consistently courageous and compassionate. Halifax runs the Upaya Zen Center in New Mexico, a Zen Peacemaker community she opened in 1990 after founding and leading the Ojai Foundation in California for ten years. Her practice focuses on socially engaged Buddhism, which aims to alleviate suffering through meditation, interfaith cooperation, and social service.
As director of the Project on Being With Dying, Halifax has helped caregivers cope with death and dying for more than three decades. Her book Being With Dying helps clergy, community activists, medical professionals, social workers and spiritual seekers remove fear from the end of life. Halifax is a distinguished invited scholar of the U.S. Library of Congress and the only woman and Buddhist on the Tony Blair Foundation’s Advisory Council.
Joan Halifax | Speaker | TED.com