TED2006
Helen Fisher: Why we love, why we cheat
海倫費雪解釋，我們為何戀愛、為何不忠
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人類學家海倫費雪選了一個微妙的話題 -- 愛 -- 並且解釋了愛的演化論、愛的生物化學基礎和它的社會性重要意義。最後提出警告說，抗憂鬱藥物的濫用可能引發一場潛在災難。
Helen Fisher - Anthropologist, expert on love
Anthropologist Helen Fisher studies gender differences and the evolution of human emotions. She’s best known as an expert on romantic love. Full bio
Anthropologist Helen Fisher studies gender differences and the evolution of human emotions. She’s best known as an expert on romantic love. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
今天要談的是兩大社會趨勢，在未來的一百年，
00:25
I'd like to talk today
about the two biggest social trends
about the two biggest social trends
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00:30
in the coming century,
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00:31
and perhaps in the next 10,000 years.
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甚至是未來的一萬年。
但我想從我對愛情的研究工作開始談起，
00:34
But I want to start
with my work on romantic love,
with my work on romantic love,
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00:38
because that's my most recent work.
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因為那是我最近的研究結果。
我和同事們把32位瘋狂陷入愛河的人們
00:41
What I and my colleagues did was put
32 people, who were madly in love,
32 people, who were madly in love,
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00:45
into a functional MRI brain scanner.
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放在MRI機器台上做了腦部掃描。
其中17位愛的瘋狂，愛有得到回應，
00:48
17 who were madly in love
and their love was accepted;
and their love was accepted;
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另15位愛得入骨，但被甩了。
00:51
and 15 who were madly in love
and they had just been dumped.
and they had just been dumped.
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所以我們先談談那個，
00:54
And so I want to tell you
about that first,
about that first,
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然後再說未來愛的趨勢如何。
00:57
and then go on into where
I think love is going.
I think love is going.
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01:01
(Laughter)
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01:03
"What 'tis to love?" Shakespeare said.
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「情為何物?」莎士比亞曾經問道。
我想,我們人類的祖先從很久以前就開始思索這個問題，
01:07
I think our ancestors --
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01:09
I think human beings have been
wondering about this question
wondering about this question
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他們在夜空下圍著營火，躺下仰望繁星，百萬年前就開始沉思這個問題。
01:13
since they sat around their campfires
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01:15
or lay and watched
the stars a million years ago.
the stars a million years ago.
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01:19
I started out by trying to figure out
what romantic love was
what romantic love was
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我的工作由研究愛情的本質為何開始，
我是從過去45年來的研究文獻著手--心理學範圍，
01:22
by looking at the last 45 years
of the psychological research
of the psychological research
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01:28
and as it turns out,
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結果發現，特定的一些事情會集中發生在愛意萌生時。
01:29
there's a very specific group of things
that happen when you fall in love.
that happen when you fall in love.
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第一件事，墜入愛河的人，
01:34
The first thing that happens is,
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01:36
a person begins to take on
what I call, "special meaning."
what I call, "special meaning."
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所有事物對他而言都有了「特殊意義」
一位卡車司機跟我說，
01:40
As a truck driver once said to me,
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他說：「這世界有了一個新的中心,我的瑪莉安,就是一切的中心。」
01:42
"The world had a new center,
and that center was Mary Anne."
and that center was Mary Anne."
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01:46
George Bernard Shaw said it differently.
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蕭伯納說的差不多，
他說：「愛的成分不過就是,在兩個女人中過度高估了其中一位」
01:48
"Love consists of overestimating
the differences
the differences
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01:51
between one woman and another."
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確實如此，一點也沒錯。
01:53
And indeed, that's what we do.
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01:55
(Laughter)
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01:58
And then you just focus on this person.
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然後你就這樣專心一意在一個人身上，
02:01
You can list what you
don't like about them,
don't like about them,
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你可以列出你不喜歡他們的那些事情，
但你會把不喜歡清單扔到腦後，單只看喜歡的部份。
02:04
but then you sweep that aside
and focus on what you do.
and focus on what you do.
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02:07
As Chaucer said, "Love is blind."
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喬叟說過：「愛是盲目的」
02:11
In trying to understand romantic love,
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當我嘗試著要釐清浪漫愛情，
02:13
I decided I would read poetry
from all over the world,
from all over the world,
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我想就先從拜讀全世界的情詩開始吧。
02:16
and I just want to give
you one very short poem
you one very short poem
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我介紹一首中國第八世紀的短詩，
02:19
from eighth-century China,
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因為它正是表達了男人對某位特定女人如何癡迷的完美案例。
02:20
because it's an almost perfect example
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02:22
of a man who is focused totally
on a particular woman.
on a particular woman.
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它形容十分貼切-當你瘋狂的愛上某人的時候，
02:26
It's a little bit like when you are
madly in love with somebody
madly in love with somebody
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當你走入停車場，
02:29
and you walk into a parking lot --
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就連你愛的對象的車，都和別的車子長得不一樣，
02:31
their car is different
from every other car in the parking lot.
from every other car in the parking lot.
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晚宴上他們所持的酒杯，也和別的玻璃杯都不一樣。
02:34
Their wine glass at dinner
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02:36
is different from every other wine glass
at the dinner party.
at the dinner party.
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02:39
And in this case, a man got hooked
on a bamboo sleeping mat.
on a bamboo sleeping mat.
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這位男子藉一張竹席而大發相思之情 (註:「鶯鶯傳」中的張生)
詩中這麼說，這是元稹的作品：
02:44
And it goes like this.
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02:45
It's by a guy called Yuan Zhen.
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「竹簟襯重茵，未忍都令捲。
02:48
"I cannot bear to put away
the bamboo sleeping mat.
the bamboo sleeping mat.
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憶昨初來日，看君自施展。」
02:51
The night I brought you home,
I watched you roll it out."
I watched you roll it out."
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睹物思人，對一張竹蓆難以忘情，
02:55
He became hooked on a sleeping mat,
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原因可能是大腦釋放旺盛的多巴胺，
02:57
probably because of elevated activity
of dopamine in his brain,
of dopamine in his brain,
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就像你我的大腦也是如此運作。
03:00
just like with you and me.
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但不只是特殊意義的產生而已，
03:02
But anyway, not only does this person
take on special meaning,
take on special meaning,
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你的注意力集中在他們身上，
03:05
you focus your attention on them.
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03:07
You aggrandize them.
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你還會誇張擴大你的對象，並且你精力無限，
03:09
But you have intense energy.
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就像一個玻里尼亞人曾說：「我想要一躍騰空。」
03:11
As one Polynesian said,
"I felt like jumping in the sky."
"I felt like jumping in the sky."
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你可以整夜無眠，漫步到天明。
03:15
You're up all night.
You're walking till dawn.
You're walking till dawn.
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一切順利如意時，你會比平常還要開心，
03:18
You feel intense elation
when things are going well;
when things are going well;
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進展不順，心情盪到谷底，
03:21
mood swings into horrible despair
when things are going poorly.
when things are going poorly.
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你的情緒完完全全隨之起伏。
03:24
Real dependence on this person.
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就像一位紐約商人所說：「只要是她喜歡的東西，我都喜歡。」
03:27
As one businessman in New York said to me,
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"Anything she liked, I liked."
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很簡單，愛情就是這麼簡單。
03:32
Simple. Romantic love is very simple.
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03:35
You become extremely sexually possessive.
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你在性方面極端地具有獨佔慾。
03:37
You know, if you're just sleeping
with somebody casually,
with somebody casually,
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如果你跟某人只是床伴，
03:40
you don't really care
if they're sleeping with somebody else.
if they're sleeping with somebody else.
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他們和別人睡的時候你不會介意。
但一旦你愛上對方，
03:43
But the moment you fall in love,
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你對他們的性佔有慾會極端強烈。
03:45
you become extremely
sexually possessive of them.
sexually possessive of them.
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我想這在人類物種的演化上中是有其目的，
03:47
I think there's a Darwinian
purpose to this.
purpose to this.
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03:50
The whole point of this
is to pull two people together
is to pull two people together
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目的就是要把兩個人拉近，連在一起，
非常強的拉近力，好讓他們可以組成兩人團隊養育嬰孩長大。
03:53
strongly enough to begin
to rear babies as a team.
to rear babies as a team.
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03:57
But the main characteristics
of romantic love are craving:
of romantic love are craving:
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但浪漫愛情的主要特徵是渴求，
04:00
an intense craving
to be with a particular person,
to be with a particular person,
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強烈的想要和某一特定對象長相左右的渴求，不只是性，更是於情感上的需求。
04:04
not just sexually, but emotionally.
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04:06
It would be nice to go to bed with them,
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你會很想要的是—和他們上床當然甚好，
但你更想要的是他們打電話給你，約你出去之類的。
04:10
but you want them to call you
on the telephone, to invite you out, etc.,
on the telephone, to invite you out, etc.,
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04:14
to tell you that they love you.
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你想聽見他們說我愛你。
04:17
The other main characteristic
is motivation.
is motivation.
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情的另一個特徵是原動力，
就像腦中有一台發電機開始運轉，讓你很想要這個人。
04:22
The motor in the brain begins to crank,
and you want this person.
and you want this person.
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04:25
And last but not least,
it is an obsession.
it is an obsession.
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最後但很重要的，愛情還是一種癡迷。
當我把這些人放在MRI掃描機台上之前，
04:28
Before I put these people
in the MRI machine,
in the MRI machine,
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04:32
I would ask them all kinds of questions.
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我問他們各式各樣的問題，
04:34
But my most important question
was always the same.
was always the same.
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但我最重要的問題總是同一個，
那就是：「你有多少時候，白天或晚上，會想到這個人呢？」
04:37
It was: "What percentage of the day
and night do you think about this person?"
and night do you think about this person?"
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他們總是回答：「整日、整夜，我無法停止想念他/她。」
04:42
And indeed, they would say,
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"All day. All night.
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04:46
I can never stop thinking
about him or her."
about him or her."
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04:49
And then, the very last question --
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然後,最後我會問他們的問題是 —
04:51
I would always have to work
myself up to this question,
myself up to this question,
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我總是必須花一番功夫才能問這個問題，
因為我不是心理醫師，
04:54
because I'm not a psychologist.
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我並不處理什麼心理創傷經驗，
04:55
I don't work with people
in any kind of traumatic situation.
in any kind of traumatic situation.
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但是我最後一個問題總是一樣，
04:59
My final question was always the same.
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我會問：「你是否願意為他/她而死?」
05:01
I would say,
"Would you die for him or her?"
"Would you die for him or her?"
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這些人總是回答說：「會呀！」
05:04
And, indeed, these people would say "Yes!"
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就像我問他能不能遞一下鹽罐子的輕鬆平常，
05:06
as if I had asked them to pass the salt.
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這讓我覺得十分驚訝。
05:08
I was just staggered by it.
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05:12
So we scanned their brains,
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進行大腦掃描時，我們給實驗者看一張愛人的照片，另外一張是尋常普通的相片，
05:15
looking at a photograph
of their sweetheart
of their sweetheart
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05:17
and looking at a neutral photograph,
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看這些照片之間，會有一個轉移注意力用的小活動，
05:18
with a distraction task in between.
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我們可以觀察大腦在高度運作時
05:20
So we could look at the same brain
when it was in that heightened state
when it was in that heightened state
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05:25
and when it was in a resting state.
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以及在休息狀態的一些狀況。
我們發現一些特殊活動在腦中許多不同部位發生，
05:28
And we found activity
in a lot of brain regions.
in a lot of brain regions.
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事實上最重要的活動是發生在
05:30
In fact, one of the most important
was a brain region
was a brain region
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一塊當人吸食古柯鹼而有快感時活躍的部位。
05:33
that becomes active
when you feel the rush of cocaine.
when you feel the rush of cocaine.
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事實上，實況就是如此。
05:37
And indeed, that's exactly what happens.
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05:40
I began to realize that romantic love
is not an emotion.
is not an emotion.
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我開始了解到浪漫愛情不是一種情緒。
過去我一直認為它是一系列的情緒，
05:45
In fact, I had always thought
it was a series of emotions,
it was a series of emotions,
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從高昂到低迷。
05:47
from very high to very low.
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05:49
But actually, it's a drive.
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但事實上，它是一種驅動力，直接從精神上發動出來的力量，
05:51
It comes from the motor of the mind,
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05:53
the wanting part of the mind,
the craving part of the mind.
the craving part of the mind.
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精神上想望和渴求的部分。
它像是
05:57
The kind of part of the mind
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05:58
when you're reaching
for that piece of chocolate,
for that piece of chocolate,
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你要吃那塊巧克力的想要，
你在工作上想得到升遷的想要，
06:01
when you want to win
that promotion at work.
that promotion at work.
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是大腦的驅動組，它是驅動的力量。
06:05
The motor of the brain.
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06:07
It's a drive.
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06:08
And in fact, I think it's more powerful
than the sex drive.
than the sex drive.
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事實上，我認為它比性慾的驅動力更強。
當你問某人要不要和你上床，他們說「不要」
06:11
You know, if you ask somebody
to go to bed with you,
to go to bed with you,
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06:14
and they say, "No, thank you,"
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顯然你不會因此而自殺或陷入憂鬱症，
06:15
you certainly don't kill yourself
or slip into a clinical depression.
or slip into a clinical depression.
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但是全世界都有人，因為在愛中被拒絕，而殺戮。
06:19
But certainly, around the world,
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06:22
people who are rejected
in love will kill for it.
in love will kill for it.
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人們為愛而生，為愛而殺，為愛而死。
06:27
People live for love.
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06:28
They kill for love.
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06:29
They die for love.
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06:31
They have songs, poems, novels,
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人為愛譜曲、賦詩、寫小說、刻雕像、繪畫、流傳了迷思和神話，
06:34
sculptures, paintings, myths, legends.
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世上超過175個社會，人們以此留下了這強大腦系統運作的證據。
06:38
In over 175 societies,
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people have left their evidence
of this powerful brain system.
of this powerful brain system.
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我認為這是地球上最強的一種力量，
06:45
I have come to think
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it's one of the most powerful
brain systems on Earth
brain systems on Earth
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它能帶來狂悲，也能帶來狂喜。
06:49
for both great joy and great sorrow.
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這讓我想到，愛情是三者其中之ㄧ，
06:52
And I've also come to think
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06:53
that it's one of three
basically different brain systems
basically different brain systems
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大腦為了適應求偶和繁殖，在演化過程中發展出三個不同的腦系統。
06:57
that evolved from mating and reproduction.
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第一是性慾驅動：追求性滿足，
06:59
One is the sex drive:
the craving for sexual gratification.
the craving for sexual gratification.
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07:03
W.H. Auden called it
an "intolerable neural itch,"
an "intolerable neural itch,"
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詩人奧登稱之為「難忍之癢」，
07:06
and indeed, that's what it is.
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真的，很貼切，
它一直不斷的騷擾你，就像饑餓感。
07:09
It keeps bothering you
a little bit, like being hungry.
a little bit, like being hungry.
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第二個腦系統是浪漫愛情，
07:13
The second of these three brain
systems is romantic love:
systems is romantic love:
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07:16
that elation, obsession of early love.
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那種在愛情一開始，得意、熱烈、呈癡迷狀態的浪漫。
07:18
And the third brain system is attachment:
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大腦中第三個系統是依存感，
是相伴已久的伴侶能帶給你的那種平穩、安全感。
07:21
that sense of calm and security
you can feel for a long-term partner.
you can feel for a long-term partner.
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07:25
And I think that the sex drive
evolved to get you out there,
evolved to get you out there,
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我認為性慾是驅動你出來，
尋找各式各樣可能的對象。
07:28
looking for a whole range of partners.
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就像，當你獨自一人在開車的時候，
07:30
You can feel it when you're just
driving along in your car.
driving along in your car.
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無意中你會注意到某個陌生人。
07:33
It can be focused on nobody.
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浪漫愛情的演化是為了要讓你在擇偶所花的精力上能產生焦點，
07:35
I think romantic love evolved
to enable you to focus your mating energy
to enable you to focus your mating energy
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07:38
on just one individual at a time,
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一次只專注在一個人上面，
07:40
thereby conserving mating time and energy.
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這樣做可以節省擇偶的時間和精力。
07:43
And I think that attachment,
the third brain system,
the third brain system,
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至於大腦中第三種系統：依存感，
它的演化產生是為了，讓你對某一個人類有大一點的寬容，(笑聲)
07:46
evolved to enable you to tolerate
this human being
this human being
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07:49
at least long enough to raise
a child together as a team.
a child together as a team.
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至少寬容的時間夠讓你們能合力把孩子撫養長大。
07:55
So with that preamble,
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有了這樣的前題，我要繼續談到兩大社會趨勢，
07:57
I want to go into discussing
the two most profound social trends.
the two most profound social trends.
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08:03
One of the last 10,000 years
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第一個趨勢存在已一萬年，第二個則是出現於過去這25年—
08:06
and the other,
certainly of the last 25 years,
certainly of the last 25 years,
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兩者將對於這三個大腦系統帶來巨大的衝擊。
08:10
that are going to have an impact
on these three different brain systems:
on these three different brain systems:
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這三個系統：性慾、浪漫愛情、和深切的依附感。
08:15
lust, romantic love
and deep attachment to a partner.
and deep attachment to a partner.
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第一是職業婦女，進入職場，
08:19
The first is women working,
moving into the workforce.
moving into the workforce.
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我看過了150 —130個社會，透過聯合國所公告的人口數字年鑑，
08:26
I've looked at 130 societies
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08:29
through the demographic yearbooks
of the United Nations.
of the United Nations.
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在世界上每個角落，130當中的129個，女性不只是進入工作市場，
08:31
Everywhere in the world,
129 out of 130 of them,
129 out of 130 of them,
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08:36
women are not only moving
into the job market --
into the job market --
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08:38
sometimes very, very slowly,
but they are moving into the job market --
but they are moving into the job market --
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有時候非常非常緩慢，但她們的確正在逐步進入職場，
08:42
and they are very slowly closing
that gap between men and women
that gap between men and women
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而且正慢慢地在經濟影響力，健康和教育程度上
08:46
in terms of economic power,
health and education.
health and education.
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追上男女之間的落差。
速度很慢，
08:50
It's very slow.
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08:51
For every trend on this planet,
there's a counter-trend.
there's a counter-trend.
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地球上每出現一個潮流，也會有個反潮流。
08:54
We all know of them, but nevertheless --
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我們都知道這是必然的，儘管如此，有句古老的阿拉伯俗語：
08:57
the Arabs say, "The dogs may bark,
but the caravan moves on."
but the caravan moves on."
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「狗就算吠，篷車照開。」
確實，篷車是繼續前行的。
09:03
And, indeed, that caravan is moving on.
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女性又再回到了工作職場中，
09:05
Women are moving back into the job market.
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而我說「再」回到了工作職場，因為這不是新鮮事。
09:08
And I say back into the job market,
because this is not new.
because this is not new.
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遠古世界曾經有百萬年，在非洲大草原上，
09:12
For millions of years,
on the grasslands of Africa,
on the grasslands of Africa,
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女人以外出採集蔬果為她們的工作，
09:15
women commuted to work
to gather their vegetables.
to gather their vegetables.
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帶回家供應晚餐的食物份量達60%到80%，
09:18
They came home with 60 to 80 percent
of the evening meal.
of the evening meal.
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09:22
The double income family was the standard.
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雙薪家庭對他們而言是常態。
09:25
And women were regarded
as just as economically,
as just as economically,
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女人在經濟、社會地位、性的方面和男人是平起平坐的。
09:29
socially and sexually powerful as men.
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09:32
In short, we're really
moving forward to the past.
moving forward to the past.
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簡言之，我們去向的前方其實是回到了古早以往。
之後，女人最不妙的發明就是「犁」。
09:37
Then, women's worst
invention was the plow.
invention was the plow.
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有了犁田的農業，男人變重要了，
09:42
With the beginning of plow agriculture,
men's roles became extremely powerful.
men's roles became extremely powerful.
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女人則失去了他們古老的採集者的工作。
09:46
Women lost their ancient
jobs as collectors,
jobs as collectors,
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但藉由工業革命和後工業革命，
09:50
but then with the industrial revolution
and the post-industrial revolution
and the post-industrial revolution
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女性又再度回到了就業市場。
09:54
they're moving back into the job market.
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簡言之，她們取得的是一百萬年前、一萬年前、
09:56
In short, they are acquiring the status
that they had a million years ago,
that they had a million years ago,
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或十萬年前，就已經存在的社會地位。
10:01
10,000 years ago, 100,000 years ago.
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10:04
We are seeing now one
of the most remarkable traditions
of the most remarkable traditions
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我們現在正目擊人類歷史上最鮮明的傳統特質重現，
10:09
in the history of the human animal.
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它會帶來一些衝擊，
10:13
And it's going to have an impact.
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關於女性在商業社群中帶來的衝擊效應，就又是另一篇演講了，
10:15
I generally give a whole lecture
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10:16
on the impact of women
on the business community.
on the business community.
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我在此只略提一二。然後我要講的是性和愛，
10:18
I'll say just a couple of things,
and then go on to sex and love.
and then go on to sex and love.
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兩性間有很大的差異，
10:22
There's a lot of gender differences;
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那些說男人和女人沒有差別的人，恐怕是自己未曾養育過一男和一女。
10:23
anybody who thinks men and women are alike
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10:26
simply never had a boy and a girl child.
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我不明白他們為何說男女沒什麼不同，
10:28
I don't know why they want to think
that men and women are alike.
that men and women are alike.
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我們確實有許多共通點，但也有許多
10:31
There's much we have in common,
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10:32
but there's a whole lot
that we do not have in common.
that we do not have in common.
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非共通點。
10:35
We are -- in the words of Ted Hughes,
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套一句詩人休斯說的，
10:37
"I think that we are like two feet.
We need each other to get ahead."
We need each other to get ahead."
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「人類生而有雙腳，雙腳彼此合作才能邁步向前 — 人類兩性也一樣，彼此需要。」
但在演化的過程中我們有了不一樣的大腦，
10:42
But we did not evolve
to have the same brain.
to have the same brain.
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10:45
And we're finding more and more
gender differences in the brain.
gender differences in the brain.
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許多的不同存在於兩性之間，就大腦而言。
我舉其中一二為例，然後接著再講性與愛。
10:49
I'll only just use a couple
and then move on to sex and love.
and then move on to sex and love.
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10:52
One of them is women's verbal ability.
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其中之ㄧ是女性的語言能力，女人比較會說話，
10:54
Women can talk.
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10:55
Women's ability to find the right word
rapidly, basic articulation
rapidly, basic articulation
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女性能比較快找到正確的措辭，基本修辭能力，
10:59
goes up in the middle
of the menstrual cycle,
of the menstrual cycle,
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在生理週期正中央時達到巔峰，此時雌激素最旺盛，
11:02
when estrogen levels peak.
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但即使在行經期間，她的口語表達能力也比一般男人較好，
11:03
But even at menstruation,
they're better than the average man.
they're better than the average man.
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女人就是會說話。
11:07
Women can talk.
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百萬年以來都如此進行，女人的工具就是言語文字。
11:09
They've been doing it for a million years;
words were women's tools.
words were women's tools.
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11:12
They held that baby
in front of their face,
in front of their face,
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她們端詳雙臂中懷抱的嬰兒，
逗弄、輕聲責罵、用言語教育孩子們，
11:14
cajoling it, reprimanding it,
educating it with words.
educating it with words.
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而的確，女性們正形成一股強有力的勢力，
11:18
And, indeed, they're becoming
a very powerful force.
a very powerful force.
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11:21
Even in places like India and Japan,
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甚至是在印度以及日本這些地方，
女性或許沒有很快速的進入一般職場，
11:27
where women are not moving rapidly
into the regular job market,
into the regular job market,
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11:30
they're moving into journalism.
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但她們進入了專業新聞領域，
11:32
And I think that the television
is like the global campfire.
is like the global campfire.
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我認為電視像是全球以之為中心的一團營火，
11:36
We sit around it and it shapes our minds.
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我們都環繞電視而坐，讓心智接收電視的教化。
11:40
Almost always, when I'm on TV,
the producer who calls me,
the producer who calls me,
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每次當我上電視，前來和我溝通
待會要說什麼內容的製作人幾乎全是女性。
11:44
who negotiates what we're going to say,
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11:47
is a woman.
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索忍尼辛曾說：
11:48
In fact, Solzhenitsyn once said,
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「好作家的功用，等同於另一個政府。」
11:50
"To have a great writer
is to have another government."
is to have another government."
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今天有54%的美國作家是女性，
11:54
Today 54 percent of people
who are writers in America are women.
who are writers in America are women.
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語言能力只是女性帶進工作職場
11:59
It's one of many,
many characteristics that women have
many characteristics that women have
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的許許多多專有特色之一。
12:02
that they will bring into the job market.
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女性還有絕佳人際溝通技巧、協商技巧
12:04
They've got incredible people skills,
negotiating skills.
negotiating skills.
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以及高度想像力。
12:09
They're highly imaginative.
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12:10
We now know the brain circuitry
of imagination, of long-term planning.
of imagination, of long-term planning.
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如今我們明白大腦中有想像力的線路，有長期規劃的線路。
女性是網路型思考者，
12:15
They tend to be web thinkers.
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12:17
Because the female parts
of the brain are better connected,
of the brain are better connected,
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因為女性大腦的連結程度比較好，
思考時會收集較多的資訊，
12:20
they tend to collect more
pieces of data when they think,
pieces of data when they think,
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也將資訊放進較複雜的架構中，因此看出更多的選項和後果。
12:23
put them into more complex patterns,
see more options and outcomes.
see more options and outcomes.
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她們是比較完整、能觀前顧後的思考者，我稱之為網路型思考者。
12:28
They tend to be contextual,
holistic thinkers,
holistic thinkers,
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12:32
what I call web thinkers.
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12:33
Men tend to -- and these are averages --
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男性則是 — 一般而言 — 捨棄他們認為多餘的，
12:35
tend to get rid of what they regard
as extraneous,
as extraneous,
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只看他們要做的，採取一種規律步驟型的思考方式。
12:38
focus on what they do,
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12:39
and move in a more
step-by-step thinking pattern.
step-by-step thinking pattern.
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兩種思考方式都很好，
12:45
They're both perfectly good
ways of thinking.
ways of thinking.
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人類同時需要這兩種思考方式才能邁步向前。
12:48
We need both of them to get ahead.
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12:50
In fact, there's many more
male geniuses in the world.
male geniuses in the world.
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事實上，世界上男性天才是比較多的，
12:53
And there's also many more
male idiots in the world.
male idiots in the world.
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但是男性的笨蛋也比較多。(笑聲)
12:56
(Laughter)
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當男性的大腦運作良好的時候，呈現的結果非常好。
12:58
When the male brain works well,
it works extremely well.
it works extremely well.
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我認為，我們正朝向一個協同共工的社會演進，
13:01
And what I really think
that we're doing is,
that we're doing is,
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13:04
we're moving towards
a collaborative society,
a collaborative society,
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在這社會中男性和女性的天賦都獲得彼此了解、
13:07
a society in which the talents
of both men and women
of both men and women
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13:09
are becoming understood
and valued and employed.
and valued and employed.
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珍惜和發揮。
13:13
But in fact, women moving
into the job market
into the job market
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事實上女性進入職場帶來的一個極大衝擊
13:16
is having a huge impact
on sex and romance and family life.
on sex and romance and family life.
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是在性、浪漫愛情及家庭生活方面。
最重要的是，女性的性自主開始覺醒。
13:22
Foremost, women are starting
to express their sexuality.
to express their sexuality.
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13:27
I'm always astonished
when people come to me and say,
when people come to me and say,
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我總是覺得驚訝當有人問我：
「為什麼男人都那麼愛出軌?」
13:30
"Why is it that men are so adulterous?"
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而我總說：「你憑什麼覺得是男性比較愛出軌呢?」
13:32
"Why do you think
more men are adulterous than women?"
more men are adulterous than women?"
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2713
「嗯，出軌的男性比較多啊!」
13:35
"Well, men are more adulterous!"
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我說：「那你認為這些出軌男人都是和誰上床了?」
13:36
And I say, "Who do you think
these men are sleeping with?"
these men are sleeping with?"
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這是 — 基本算術！ (笑聲)
13:39
(Laughter)
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1404
13:41
And -- basic math!
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無論如何，
13:42
Anyway.
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在西方世界，女孩們，嗯，
13:44
In the Western world,
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13:47
women start sooner at sex,
have more partners,
have more partners,
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女性較早開始有性生活，也有較多的對象經驗，
13:50
express less remorse
for the partners that they do,
for the partners that they do,
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分手時也較少悔恨自責。
13:53
marry later, have fewer children,
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晚婚、生育子女較少，不眷戀不幸福的婚姻，並追求幸福的婚姻，
13:56
leave bad marriages
in order to get good ones.
in order to get good ones.
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2905
13:59
We are seeing the rise
of female sexual expression.
of female sexual expression.
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我們正在見證女性的性自主意識抬頭，
再一次說，其實今日性意識表達正在演進形成的型態，
14:03
And, indeed, once again we're moving
forward to the kind of sexual expression
forward to the kind of sexual expression
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4721
可能在百萬年以前的非洲草原上就已經存在。
14:08
that we probably saw on the grasslands
of Africa a million years ago,
of Africa a million years ago,
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3684
14:11
because this is the kind
of sexual expression that we see
of sexual expression that we see
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因為今日現時我們所見的性表達
14:14
in hunting and gathering societies today.
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即是我們在狩獵和採集型社會中所見的型態。
14:17
We're also returning
to an ancient form of marriage equality.
to an ancient form of marriage equality.
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我們也正在回溯到過去的古老平等婚姻型態。
他們說21世紀，
14:22
They're now saying that the 21st century
277
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4556
14:26
is going to be the century of what
they call the "symmetrical marriage,"
they call the "symmetrical marriage,"
278
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3976
將要成為所謂「對稱式婚姻」的一個世紀，
14:30
or the "pure marriage,"
or the "companionate marriage."
or the "companionate marriage."
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或者是「同儕式婚姻」、「伴侶型婚姻」。
這是由平等伴侶組成的婚姻，
14:36
This is a marriage between equals,
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3568
14:39
moving forward to a pattern
281
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演進為一種和古老的人類精神能相互呼應的婚姻形式。
14:42
that is highly compatible
with the ancient human spirit.
with the ancient human spirit.
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14:46
We're also seeing a rise of romantic love.
283
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2539
我們也看到浪漫愛情主張的抬頭，
14:49
91 percent of American women
and 86 percent of American men
and 86 percent of American men
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91%美國女性以及86%美國男性表示，
一個對象即便每一項條件和他們所開列的都符合，若不愛對方，
14:53
would not marry somebody
who had every single quality
who had every single quality
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4603
14:58
they were looking for in a partner,
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1816
就不會跟對方結婚。
15:00
if they were not in love with that person.
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2763
一個探究了37個社會的研究顯示，世界各地的人，
15:03
People around the world,
in a study of 37 societies,
in a study of 37 societies,
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878290
3519
都希望與自己的配偶沉醉愛河。
15:06
want to be in love
with the person that they marry.
with the person that they marry.
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3637
媒妁之言的婚姻，現已逐漸式微了，
15:10
Indeed, arranged marriages are
on their way off this braid of human life.
on their way off this braid of human life.
290
885946
6054
15:20
I even think that marriages
might even become more stable
might even become more stable
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895618
2794
甚至未來的婚姻我認為有希望是更穩定的，
原因是這第二項偉大的趨勢。
15:23
because of the second great world trend.
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3754
第一項剛講過的，是女性進入工作職場；
15:27
The first one being women
moving into the job market,
moving into the job market,
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902214
2762
15:29
the second one being
the aging world population.
the aging world population.
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第二項，是全球人口的老化趨勢。
15:32
They're now saying that in America,
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2427
美國現在有此一說，
中年的分界應該拉長到85歲以前算中年，
15:35
that middle age should be regarded
as up to age 85.
as up to age 85.
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3651
因為在76到85歲這個高齡範圍中，
15:39
Because in that highest
age category of 76 to 85,
age category of 76 to 85,
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914642
4879
將近有40%的人身體上是沒有太大的毛病的，
15:44
as much as 40 percent of people
have nothing really wrong with them.
have nothing really wrong with them.
298
919545
3431
15:47
So we're seeing there's a real
extension of middle age.
extension of middle age.
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3382
所以我們能看到中年的定義將會擴張。
15:51
For one of my books,
I looked at divorce data in 58 societies.
I looked at divorce data in 58 societies.
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5262
當為我的一本書研究找資料時，我看了58個社會的離婚統計，
15:56
And as it turns out, the older you get,
the less likely you are to divorce.
the less likely you are to divorce.
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結果是年紀愈大，離婚可能性愈低。
美國離婚率現已趨於穩定，
16:01
So the divorce rate right now
is stable in America,
is stable in America,
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3601
甚至開始降低，
16:05
and it's actually beginning to decline.
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2334
16:07
It may decline some more.
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942579
1602
有可能還會再降低更多。
我甚至認為由於威而鋼、雌激素療法、骨盆腔替換手術的普及，
16:11
I would even say that with Viagra,
305
947133
3999
16:15
estrogen replacement, hip replacements
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951156
3815
以及女人們鮮明有趣的個性
16:19
and the incredibly interesting women
307
954995
1981
16:21
-- women have never been
as interesting as they are now.
as interesting as they are now.
308
957000
3105
— 女性在歷史上未曾有過如此的一個時代，
女性們未曾像今日這般，受良好教育、豐富內涵、能力強。
16:24
Not at any time on this planet
have women been so educated,
have women been so educated,
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960129
3458
16:28
so interesting, so capable.
310
963611
1947
因此如果要我說,人類演化史上若是
16:30
And so I honestly think that if there
really was ever a time in human evolution
really was ever a time in human evolution
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5379
有哪個時機會創造出最好的婚姻，那就是，現在。
16:36
when we have the opportunity to make
good marriages, that time is now.
good marriages, that time is now.
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3865
16:41
However, there's always kinds
of complications in this.
of complications in this.
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3201
但是，這其中還有些複雜化的因素，
這三個大腦系統：性慾、浪漫愛情、長期依存感，
16:44
These three brain systems
-- lust, romantic love and attachment --
-- lust, romantic love and attachment --
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4717
它們並不總是一起配合作用的，
16:49
don't always go together.
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1354
但它們確實是可以配合作用的。所以啦，
16:50
They can go together, by the way.
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1699
這可以解釋為什麼很多一夜情都不是一夜就結束，
16:52
That's why casual sex isn't so casual.
317
987583
1952
因為高潮時體內多巴胺會大量產生，
16:54
With orgasm you get a spike of dopamine.
318
989559
2269
而多巴胺是與愛情浪漫感相關的激素，
16:56
Dopamine's associated with romantic love,
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991852
2096
一不小心，你就這樣和一夜情的對象墜入情網了，
16:58
and you can just
fall in love with somebody
fall in love with somebody
320
993972
2023
17:00
who you're just having casual sex with.
321
996019
1863
在高潮來時，體內催產素和血管加壓素大量分泌，
17:02
With orgasm, then you get a real rush
of oxytocin and vasopressin --
of oxytocin and vasopressin --
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997906
3436
這些激素讓人產生依賴及歸屬感，
17:06
those are associated with attachment.
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2031
這就是為什麼和某人會有天人合一的感覺，
17:08
This is why you can feel such a sense
of cosmic union with somebody
of cosmic union with somebody
324
1003421
3959
在你和對方做愛之後。
17:12
after you've made love to them.
325
1007404
1849
這三個大腦系統：性慾、浪漫愛情和依附感，
17:14
But these three brain systems:
lust, romantic love and attachment,
lust, romantic love and attachment,
326
1009277
4699
17:18
aren't always connected to each other.
327
1014000
2481
並不總是好好的彼此連結；
17:21
You can feel deep attachment
to a long-term partner
to a long-term partner
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1017000
3251
你可能對長期伴侶感到深深的依附感，
同時強烈的感受對另一個人的愛戀，
17:25
while you feel intense
romantic love for somebody else,
romantic love for somebody else,
329
1020275
4092
然後還對這兩人以外的其他人感到性衝動。
17:29
while you feel the sex drive for people
unrelated to these other partners.
unrelated to these other partners.
330
1024391
5453
簡言之，我們可以同時愛上好幾個人，
17:35
In short, we're capable of loving
more than one person at a time.
more than one person at a time.
331
1030312
5029
事實上，當你夜晚躺在床上，
17:40
In fact, you can lie in bed at night
332
1035714
1992
你的心思可以從一個你深深依賴歸屬的對象，
17:42
and swing from deep feelings
of attachment for one person
of attachment for one person
333
1037730
3246
17:45
to deep feelings
of romantic love for somebody else.
of romantic love for somebody else.
334
1041000
3432
飄盪到你瘋狂癡迷的的另一個人身上。
大腦裡頭好像有個會議正在進行，
17:49
It's as if there's a committee meeting
going on in your head
going on in your head
335
1044456
2881
決定要怎麼辦。
17:52
as you are trying to decide what to do.
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1047361
3127
所以我不認為我們是一種為快樂而生的動物，
17:55
So I don't think, honestly,
337
1050512
1635
17:56
we're an animal
that was built to be happy;
that was built to be happy;
338
1052171
2015
我們是一種為繁衍後代而生的動物。
17:59
we are an animal
that was built to reproduce.
that was built to reproduce.
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1054210
2268
我想我們尋找到的快樂，是我們自己創造的。
18:01
I think the happiness we find, we make.
340
1056502
2935
18:04
And I think, however,
341
1059461
3482
而且我相信，我們有能力創造良好的伴侶關係。
18:07
we can make good relationships
with each other.
with each other.
342
1062967
2667
18:10
So I want to conclude with two things.
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1066000
2105
所以我要用兩件事來做總結，
我要先提出一個擔憂，
18:12
I want to conclude with a worry,
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1068129
2047
一個擔憂，搭配一個有趣的故事，做為結束。
18:15
and with a wonderful story.
345
1070200
2929
抗憂鬱症藥品，是我所憂心的事。
18:19
The worry is about antidepressants.
346
1074287
2689
美國每年開出超過一億張以上抗憂鬱症藥處方籤，
18:23
Over 100 million prescriptions
of antidepressants
of antidepressants
347
1078631
5132
18:28
are written every year
in the United States.
in the United States.
348
1083787
2821
這些藥品變得垂手可得，
18:31
And these drugs are going generic.
349
1087100
2565
18:34
They are seeping around the world.
350
1089689
2483
滲透到全世界。
我認識一位女孩子接受抗憂鬱藥治療，血清素補充療法，
18:37
I know one girl who's been
on these antidepressants,
on these antidepressants,
351
1092743
5233
18:42
SSRIs, serotonin-enhancing
antidepressants -- since she was 13.
antidepressants -- since she was 13.
352
1098000
3976
從13歲開始接受SSRI，血清素補充抗憂鬱藥物治療。
18:46
She's 23. She's been on them
ever since she was 13.
ever since she was 13.
353
1102000
2976
現在她23歲。她從13歲開始服用這些藥物。
18:49
I've got nothing against people
who take them short term,
who take them short term,
354
1105000
3516
對於短期服用我沒有什麼意見，
18:53
when they're going
through something horrible.
through something horrible.
355
1108540
2223
當人正經歷一些非常糟糕的時期時，
18:55
They want to commit suicide
or kill somebody else.
or kill somebody else.
356
1110787
2355
甚至想要自殺或殺人的時候，
我建議他們吃藥。
18:57
I would recommend it.
357
1113166
1068
但愈來愈多的美國人是長期服用，
18:59
But more and more people
in the United States
in the United States
358
1114258
2459
19:01
are taking them long term.
359
1116741
2384
實際上，這些藥物是用來提升血清素，
19:03
And indeed, what these drugs do
is raise levels of serotonin.
is raise levels of serotonin.
360
1119149
5365
血清素提高，就抑制了多巴胺的活動。
19:09
And by raising levels of serotonin,
you suppress the dopamine circuit.
you suppress the dopamine circuit.
361
1124974
4821
19:14
Everybody knows that.
362
1129819
1562
很多人都知道，
19:16
Dopamine is associated with romantic love.
363
1131944
2895
多巴胺和浪漫愛情是緊密相關的，
19:21
Not only do they suppress
the dopamine circuit,
the dopamine circuit,
364
1136627
3150
這些藥物不僅只是抑制了多巴胺，也滅除了性慾動力，
19:24
but they kill the sex drive.
365
1139801
1867
沒有性慾動力，也就不會有性高潮，
19:27
And when you kill the sex drive,
you kill orgasm.
you kill orgasm.
366
1142316
3824
沒有性高潮，那隨之而來大量使人有依附感的的化學物質也隨之消失。
19:30
And when you kill orgasm,
367
1146164
1191
19:32
you kill that flood of drugs
associated with attachment.
associated with attachment.
368
1147379
3867
這些物質運作在腦內是互相關聯的，
19:36
The things are connected in the brain.
369
1151712
2264
19:38
And when you tamper with one brain system,
370
1154000
2656
當你破壞其中一種運作的機制，
其他的也被連帶破壞了。
19:41
you're going to tamper with another.
371
1156680
1945
19:43
I'm just simply saying that a world
without love is a deadly place.
without love is a deadly place.
372
1159000
4754
我要說的就是，這世界若沒有了愛，將是一片死寂之地。
19:49
So now --
373
1164738
1002
所以... (掌聲) 謝謝。
19:50
(Applause)
374
1165764
4212
19:54
Thank you.
375
1170000
1703
接下來我要講一個故事，然後，加一點小注釋。
19:56
I want to end with a story.
376
1171727
1485
19:58
And then, just a comment.
377
1173839
1300
我研究浪漫愛情和性慾和依附感這主題有30年了，
20:01
I've been studying romantic love
and sex and attachment for 30 years.
and sex and attachment for 30 years.
378
1176741
4779
我自己是同卵雙胞胎；我對人之間的相似性特別有興趣，
20:08
I'm an identical twin;
I am interested in why we're all alike.
I am interested in why we're all alike.
379
1183774
3516
為何你我相像，為何伊拉克人、日本人、
20:12
Why you and I are alike,
why the Iraqis and the Japanese
why the Iraqis and the Japanese
380
1187925
3051
20:15
and the Australian Aborigines
and the people of the Amazon River
and the people of the Amazon River
381
1191000
3000
澳洲原住民和亞馬遜河居民，我們全都很相像？
20:18
are all alike.
382
1194024
1000
20:20
And about a year ago,
383
1195777
2309
大約一年前，一家網路約會網站公司 Match.com 找到我，
20:22
an Internet dating service,
Match.com, came to me
Match.com, came to me
384
1198110
2985
問我能否為他們設計一個網路交友配對網站。
20:25
and asked me if I would design
a new dating site for them.
a new dating site for them.
385
1201119
3652
20:29
I said, "I don't know anything
about personality. You know?
about personality. You know?
386
1204795
2802
我說：「我對個性這回事一無所知，
20:32
I don't know. Do you think
you've got the right person?"
you've got the right person?"
387
1207621
2720
我不確定，你們真的找對人了嗎?」
他們肯定，「對的」
20:35
They said, "Yes."
388
1210365
1040
這讓我深思，為什麼你愛了這個人不去愛那個人，
20:36
It got me thinking
about why it is that you fall in love
about why it is that you fall in love
389
1211429
3023
20:39
with one person rather than another.
390
1214476
1732
這是我現在的研究計畫，會是我下一本書的內容。
20:41
That's my current project;
it will be my next book.
it will be my next book.
391
1216232
3443
為什麼你愛了這人不去愛那個人，原因有許多，
20:45
There's all kinds of reasons
392
1220262
1539
20:46
that you fall in love
with one person rather than another.
with one person rather than another.
393
1221825
2753
時機很重要、近水樓台很重要、
20:49
Timing is important.
Proximity is important.
Proximity is important.
394
1224602
3286
神秘感很重要，當你愛上某個有點神秘感的人，
20:52
Mystery is important.
395
1227912
1380
20:54
You fall in love with somebody
who's somewhat mysterious,
who's somewhat mysterious,
396
1229316
2729
一部分原因是神秘感會刺激大腦產生更多多巴胺，
20:56
in part because mystery
elevates dopamine in the brain,
elevates dopamine in the brain,
397
1232069
2678
可能就推動你跨過愛情萌芽的一個門檻。
20:59
probably pushes you
over that threshold to fall in love.
over that threshold to fall in love.
398
1234771
2766
你會愛上一個在你的「愛情圖譜」中條件符合的人，
21:02
You fall in love with somebody
399
1237561
1429
21:03
who fits within
what I call your "love map,"
what I call your "love map,"
400
1239014
2095
這圖譜上放的條件是你從小到大無意識間慢慢建立起來的一張特徵清單。
21:05
an unconscious list of traits
401
1241133
2147
21:08
that you build in childhood
as you grow up.
as you grow up.
402
1243304
2314
並且我認為，你會受
21:10
And I also think
that you gravitate to certain people,
that you gravitate to certain people,
403
1245642
3042
特定的人所吸引，事實上，是因對方大腦系統正好和你是互補型的，
21:13
actually, with somewhat
complementary brain systems.
complementary brain systems.
404
1248708
3268
21:16
And that's what I'm now
contributing to this.
contributing to this.
405
1252000
2287
那就是我現在正在研究的方向。
現在我要說一個故事，
21:19
But I want to tell you
a story, to illustrate.
a story, to illustrate.
406
1254311
3665
21:22
I've been carrying on here
about the biology of love.
about the biology of love.
407
1258000
2976
目前為止，我一直講到愛的生物學，
我也想表達一點「愛的文化學」—
21:26
I wanted to show you a little bit
about the culture of it, too,
about the culture of it, too,
408
1261709
3687
愛的神奇。
21:30
the magic of it.
409
1265420
1167
21:32
It's a story that was told to me
410
1268000
3349
這是個我輾轉聽到的故事，
21:36
by somebody who had
heard it just from one --
heard it just from one --
411
1271373
2461
可能是真人實事，
21:38
probably a true story.
412
1273858
1118
有一位研究生—我在Rutgers執教，而我兩位同事—
21:41
It was a graduate student --
I'm at Rutgers and my two colleagues --
I'm at Rutgers and my two colleagues --
413
1276508
3468
21:44
Art Aron is at SUNY Stony Brook.
414
1280000
1976
Art Aaron 是在 SUNY Stonybrook，
21:46
That's where we put our people
in the MRI machine.
in the MRI machine.
415
1282000
2371
那是我們進行MRI掃描機台測驗的地方。
21:49
And this graduate student was madly
in love with another graduate student,
in love with another graduate student,
416
1285000
4563
這位研究生瘋狂的愛上另一位研究生，
但是她不愛他。
21:54
and she was not in love with him.
417
1289587
2373
有一次他們一起去北京參加會議，
21:58
And they were
all at a conference in Beijing.
all at a conference in Beijing.
418
1293206
2255
這位研究生從我們所做的研究中知道，如果你和某人去玩些新奇的事物，
22:01
And he knew from our work
419
1296485
3034
22:04
that if you go and do something
very novel with somebody,
very novel with somebody,
420
1299543
4408
大腦中的多巴胺會增多，
22:08
you can drive up
the dopamine in the brain,
the dopamine in the brain,
421
1303975
2001
22:10
and perhaps trigger this brain
system for romantic love.
system for romantic love.
422
1306000
3693
有機會觸動大腦點起浪漫愛情之火。
22:14
(Laughter)
423
1309717
2157
所以他決定動手實作，
22:16
So he decided he'd put science to work.
424
1311898
3886
邀請這位女孩和他來一趟黃包車之旅。
22:21
And he invited this girl to go off
on a rickshaw ride with him.
on a rickshaw ride with him.
425
1316624
3334
22:25
And sure enough -- I've never been in one,
426
1320809
2069
當然，我沒坐過黃包車，
22:27
but apparently they go
all around the buses and the trucks
all around the buses and the trucks
427
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但顯然他們沿途要閃過許多巴士、卡車，
很驚險很吵很興奮。
22:30
and it's crazy and it's noisy
and it's exciting.
and it's exciting.
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他想這必定能讓多巴胺增多，
22:33
He figured that this would drive up
the dopamine,
the dopamine,
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然後，她就會愛上他了。
22:35
and she'd fall in love with him.
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於是他們上了路，她時而尖叫，時而緊摟他，
22:37
So off they go and she's squealing
and squeezing him
and squeezing him
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笑聲不斷的共度非常好的一段時光。
22:42
and laughing and having a wonderful time.
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22:44
An hour later they get down
off of the rickshaw,
off of the rickshaw,
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一小時候他們從黃包車上下來了，
22:48
and she throws her hands up and she says,
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女孩子高舉雙手興奮的說，「搭黃包車真是好玩!」
22:51
"Wasn't that wonderful?"
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「你看你看，那個拉黃包車的司機，真的是，多帥啊!」
22:54
And, "Wasn't that rickshaw
driver handsome!"
driver handsome!"
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22:57
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)(掌聲)
23:00
(Applause)
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23:06
There's magic to love!
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愛的魔力！
23:07
(Applause)
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百萬年前開始，我們演化了三種基本的需求動力，
23:09
But I will end by saying
that millions of years ago,
that millions of years ago,
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23:13
we evolved three basic drives:
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性慾動力、浪漫愛情動力、以及和長期伴侶互相依存，
23:15
the sex drive, romantic love
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23:18
and attachment to a long-term partner.
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這些迴路深植在人體大腦中，
23:20
These circuits are deeply
embedded in the human brain.
embedded in the human brain.
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人類存活多久，這些迴路也將存活多久，
23:24
They're going to survive
as long as our species survives
as long as our species survives
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存活在這莎士比亞說「終究將歸於死亡的皮囊」中。
23:28
on what Shakespeare called
"this mortal coil."
"this mortal coil."
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謝謝大家。 (掌聲)
23:31
Thank you.
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23:32
Chris Anderson: Helen Fisher!
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23:33
(Applause)
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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Helen Fisher - Anthropologist, expert on loveAnthropologist Helen Fisher studies gender differences and the evolution of human emotions. She’s best known as an expert on romantic love.
Why you should listen
Fisher's several books lay bare the mysteries of our most treasured emotion: its evolution, its biochemical foundations and its vital importance to human society. Fisher describes love as a universal human drive (stronger than the sex drive; stronger than thirst or hunger; stronger perhaps than the will to live), and her many areas of inquiry shed light on timeless human mysteries like why we choose one partner over another. Her classic study, Anatomy of Love, first published in 1992, has just been re-issued in a fully updated edition, including her recent neuroimaging research on lust, romantic love and attachment as well as discussions of sexting, hooking up, friends with benefits, other contemporary trends in courtship and marriage, and a dramatic current trend she calls “slow love.”
Helen Fisher | Speaker | TED.com