TEDxJaffa 2013
Guy Hoffman: Robots with "soul"
蓋伊·霍夫曼: 有“靈魂”的機器人
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Readability: 3.8
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一個動畫製作者、爵士音樂家、機器人專家做出來的機器人是什麼樣？是愛玩、會互動、好奇心重的機器人。蓋伊·霍夫曼 (Guy Hoffman) 展示了他的機器人家族的樣品影片 —— 包括兩個喜歡和人類一起創作的音樂家機器人。（攝製於TEDxJaffa）
Guy Hoffman - Roboticist
Can robots and humans interact the way that human beings interact with each other? Guy Hoffman researches embodied cognition and intelligence in robots. Full bio
Can robots and humans interact the way that human beings interact with each other? Guy Hoffman researches embodied cognition and intelligence in robots. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
My job is to design, build and study
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我的工作是設計、建造和研究
00:15
robots that communicate with people.
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那些能夠與人交流的機器人。
00:17
But this story doesn't start with robotics at all,
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不過這個故事不是從機器人說起，
00:18
it starts with animation.
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而是要從動畫說起。
00:20
When I first saw Pixar's "Luxo Jr.,"
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當我第一次看到皮克斯的
《頑皮跳跳燈》電影時，
《頑皮跳跳燈》電影時，
00:23
I was amazed by how much emotion
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我驚呆了，
00:25
they could put into something
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一個如此微不足道的檯燈
00:27
as trivial as a desk lamp.
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竟能表現如此多的感情。
00:29
I mean, look at them -- at the end of this movie,
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你看看他們啊！電影結尾的時候，
00:31
you actually feel something for two pieces of furniture.
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你真的開始喜歡上這兩件小小的家具了。
00:33
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
00:35
And I said, I have to learn how to do this.
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我對自己說，我要學會做這樣的東西。
00:37
So I made a really bad career decision.
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所以我在職涯上做了一個很差的決定，
00:41
And that's what my mom was like when I did it.
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我做出這個決定的時候，我媽媽就是這樣的。
00:43
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
00:45
I left a very cozy tech job in Israel
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我辭去了在以色列一個軟體公司的
00:48
at a nice software company and I moved to New York
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一份舒服的技術工作，而搬到了紐約
00:50
to study animation.
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去學習動畫。
00:51
And there I lived
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在那裡
00:52
in a collapsing apartment building
in Harlem with roommates.
in Harlem with roommates.
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我和我的室友住在哈林區
一棟即將坍塌的公寓樓裡。
一棟即將坍塌的公寓樓裡。
00:55
I'm not using this phrase metaphorically,
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這並不是比喻，
00:57
the ceiling actually collapsed one day
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有一天我們客廳的天花板
00:59
in our living room.
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真的塌下來了，
01:00
Whenever they did those news stories
about building violations in New York,
about building violations in New York,
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每次新聞報導紐約的違章建築時，
01:03
they would put the report in front of our building.
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他們都會跑到我們的大樓下進行採訪。
01:05
As kind of like a backdrop
to show how bad things are.
to show how bad things are.
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就好像讓你看看現場有多糟糕一樣。
01:08
Anyway, during the day I went to school and at night
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言歸正傳，我白天上學，
01:10
I would sit and draw frame by frame
of pencil animation.
of pencil animation.
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晚上我不停地一幅一幅地用鉛筆畫著畫。
01:14
And I learned two surprising lessons --
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我學到了兩個令人驚訝的事情 --
01:16
one of them was that
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其中一個是：
01:19
when you want to arouse emotions,
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當你想要喚起某些情感時，
01:21
it doesn't matter so much how something looks,
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外觀並不算太重要，
01:22
it's all in the motion -- it's in the timing
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關鍵是動作 -- 物體運動的時機。
01:25
of how the thing moves.
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關鍵是動作 -- 物體運動的時機。
01:26
And the second, was something
one of our teachers told us.
one of our teachers told us.
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第二個是一位老師告訴我們的。
01:30
He actually did the weasel in Ice Age.
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他製作了電影《冰原歷險記》的黃鼠狼。
01:32
And he said:
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他說：
01:33
"As an animator you are not
a director, you're an actor."
a director, you're an actor."
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“作為一個動畫製作者，
你不是一個導演，而是一個演員。”
你不是一個導演，而是一個演員。”
01:37
So, if you want to find the
right motion for a character,
right motion for a character,
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所以如果你要為一個角色
找到正確的肢體語言，
找到正確的肢體語言，
01:40
don't think about it, go use your body to find it --
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不要想，用你的身體找到它，
01:42
stand in front of a mirror, act it out
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站在鏡子面前，在攝影機前，演出來，
01:44
in front of a camera -- whatever you need.
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做出你需要做的。
01:45
And then put it back in your character.
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然後再把這個動作放在你的角色上。
01:48
A year later I found myself at MIT
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一年以後，我去了麻省理工學的
01:50
in the robotic life group, it was one of the first groups
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機器人生命小組，
01:52
researching the relationships
between humans and robots.
between humans and robots.
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這是最早開始研究人類和
機器人關係的小組之一。
機器人關係的小組之一。
01:55
And I still had this dream to make
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我依然有個夢想
01:57
an actual, physical Luxo Jr. lamp.
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做出真正的、真實的頑皮跳跳燈。
02:00
But I found that robots didn't move at all
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但是我發現機器人
02:01
in this engaging way that I was used to
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完全不按照動畫課程中那種
02:03
for my animation studies.
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引人入勝的方式移動。
02:04
Instead, they were all --
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相反的，他們都 --
02:06
how should I put it, they were all kind of robotic.
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該怎麼說呢？他們都有點兒機器人。
02:09
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
02:11
And I thought, what if I took whatever
I learned in animation school,
I learned in animation school,
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我就想，如果我可以把
我在動畫學校學到的東西
我在動畫學校學到的東西
02:14
and used that to design my robotic desk lamp.
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應用在設計我的機器人檯燈會怎樣？
02:17
So I went and designed frame by frame
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因此我一幅一幅的設計，
02:19
to try to make this robot
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試圖讓這個機器人
02:21
as graceful and engaging as possible.
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盡量優雅且有吸引力。
02:24
And here when you see the robot interacting with me
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這裡你可以看到這個桌子上的機器人
02:26
on a desktop.
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在跟我互動，
02:27
And I'm actually redesigning the robot so,
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我其實是在重新設計這個機器人，
02:30
unbeknownst to itself,
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而這個機器人完全不知道，
02:31
it's kind of digging its own grave by helping me.
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它幫我，其實是在自掘墳墓呢。
02:34
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
02:36
I wanted it to be less of a mechanical structure
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比起把它做成一個照明的機械，
02:38
giving me light,
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比起把它做成一個照明的機械，
02:39
and more of a helpful, kind of quiet apprentice
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我更想要一個能幫忙的、安靜的學徒，
02:42
that's always there when you need
it and doesn't really interfere.
it and doesn't really interfere.
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隨時滿足你的需求卻不打擾你。
02:46
And when, for example, I'm looking for a battery
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比如，當我要找一個我怎麼也
02:47
that I can't find,
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找不到的電池時，
02:49
in a subtle way, it will show me where the battery is.
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它可以巧妙地提醒我電池在哪裡。
02:53
So you can see my confusion here.
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你看到我的困惑了嗎？
02:56
I'm not an actor.
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我不是一個演員。
03:00
And I want you to notice how the same
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我希望你們注意到，
03:02
mechanical structure can at one point,
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同一個機械如何在前一刻
03:04
just by the way it moves seem gentle and caring --
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非常溫柔，充滿關懷，
03:07
and in the other case, seem
violent and confrontational.
violent and confrontational.
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下一刻又顯得非常暴力，有進攻性。
03:10
And it's the same structure,
just the motion is different.
just the motion is different.
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一模一樣的結構，改變的僅僅是動作。
03:19
Actor: "You want to know something?
Well, you want to know something?
Well, you want to know something?
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演員：”你想知道嗎？你真的想知道嗎？
03:25
He was already dead!
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他已經死了！
03:26
Just laying there, eyes glazed over!"
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他就躺在那裡，目光呆滯！ “
03:30
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
03:31
But, moving in graceful ways is just one
building block of this whole structure
building block of this whole structure
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但是，以一種優雅的方式移動只是這整個
03:34
called human-robot interaction.
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人類機器人互動結構的一塊基石。
03:36
I was at the time doing my Ph.D.,
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那時候我正在攻讀博士學位，
03:38
I was working on human robot teamwork;
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我在一個研究人類機器人的團隊，
03:40
teams of humans and robots working together.
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也就是人類和機器人一起合作。
03:42
I was studying the engineering,
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我在學習團隊合作的工程學，
03:43
the psychology, the philosophy of teamwork.
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心理學和哲學。
03:46
And at the same time I found myself
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同時，我意識到我自己
03:47
in my own kind of teamwork situation
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和我的一個好朋友，他今天也在這裡，
03:49
with a good friend of mine who is actually here.
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碰到了一個團隊合作的情境。
03:51
And in that situation we can easily imagine robots
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在那個情境中，我們很容易想像
03:54
in the near future being there with us.
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不久的將來機器人會和我們在一起。
03:56
It was after a Passover seder.
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那是在一個逾越節家宴結束後，
03:58
We were folding up a lot of folding chairs,
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我們要收起大量的折疊椅，
04:00
and I was amazed at how quickly
we found our own rhythm.
we found our own rhythm.
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我對於我們迅速找到了
各自的節奏感到驚訝。
各自的節奏感到驚訝。
04:03
Everybody did their own part.
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每個人都做了自己的那部分，
04:04
We didn't have to divide our tasks.
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無需分工，
04:06
We didn't have to communicate verbally about this.
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無需特意口頭溝通。
04:08
It all just happened.
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就這樣發生了。
04:10
And I thought,
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於是我想，
04:10
humans and robots don't look at all like this.
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人類和機器人的互動卻完全不是這樣。
04:12
When humans and robots interact,
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當人類和機器人互動的時候，
04:14
it's much more like a chess game.
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就好像他們在下棋。
04:15
The human does a thing,
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人類走一步，
04:16
the robot analyzes whatever the human did,
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機器人對此分析一下，
04:18
then the robot decides what to do next,
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然後機器人決定接下來怎麼做，
04:20
plans it and does it.
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計劃好，走下一步。
04:21
And then the human waits, until it's their turn again.
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這時候人類就等著，
直到再次輪到他們玩為止。
直到再次輪到他們玩為止。
04:23
So, it's much more like a chess game
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所以，人類和機器人的互動更像下棋，
04:24
and that makes sense because chess is great
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這很好理解，因為
04:27
for mathematicians and computer scientists.
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對數學家和電腦科學家來說，
04:28
It's all about information analysis,
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它們都是關於資料分析、
04:30
decision making and planning.
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決策和計劃。
04:33
But I wanted my robot to be less of a chess player,
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但比起下棋，我更希望我的機器人
04:37
and more like a doer
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是一個行動者，
04:39
that just clicks and works together.
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可以和人類有默契地一起工作。
04:41
So I made my second horrible career choice:
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於是我在我的職涯上
做了第二個糟糕的決定：
做了第二個糟糕的決定：
04:44
I decided to study acting for a semester.
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我決定學習一學期的表演課程。
04:47
I took off from a Ph.D. I went to acting classes.
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我放下了我的博士課程，去上了表演課。
04:50
I actually participated in a play,
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我還參與了一個戲劇，
04:52
I hope theres no video of that around still.
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希望現在已經找不到那段影片了。
04:55
And I got every book I could find about acting,
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我看遍每一本關於表演的書，
04:58
including one from the 19th century
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其中包括一本從圖書館裡借來的
05:00
that I got from the library.
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19世紀的書。
05:01
And I was really amazed because my
name was the second name on the list --
name was the second name on the list --
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我震驚地發現我的名字是
借閱者名單上的第二個，
借閱者名單上的第二個，
05:04
the previous name was in 1889. (Laughter)
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先前的一個名字是1889年。
（笑聲）
（笑聲）
05:07
And this book was kind of waiting for 100 years
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這本書已經躺了100年了，
05:09
to be rediscovered for robotics.
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只為了藉機器人之名被重新發現。
05:12
And this book shows actors
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這本書教演員
05:13
how to move every muscle in the body
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如何調動他們身體上的每塊肌肉
05:16
to match every kind of emotion
that they want to express.
that they want to express.
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來表達他們想要表達的情感。
05:18
But the real revelation was
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真正讓我受到啟示的是
05:20
when I learned about method acting.
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方法演技。
05:22
It became very popular in the 20th century.
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它在20世紀的時候非常流行。
05:24
And method acting said, you don't have
to plan every muscle in your body.
to plan every muscle in your body.
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方法演技指出，你不需要
安排你的每一塊肌肉，
安排你的每一塊肌肉，
05:27
Instead you have to use your body
to find the right movement.
to find the right movement.
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相反，你可以用你的身體找到對的動作。
05:29
You have to use your sense memory
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你應該運用你的感覺記憶，
05:31
to reconstruct the emotions and kind of
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去重新建構情感，
05:33
think with your body to find the right expression.
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用你的身體找到對的表情。
05:36
Improvise, play off yor scene partner.
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即興發揮，根據你的場景搭配。
05:38
And this came at the same time
as I was reading about this trend
as I was reading about this trend
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這個時候我也正讀到
05:41
in cognitive psychology called embodied cognition.
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認知心理學中的體現認知，
05:45
Which also talks about the same ideas --
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這也談到同樣的觀點 --
05:46
We use our bodies to think,
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我們用我們的身體思考，
05:48
we don't just think with our brains
and use our bodies to move.
and use our bodies to move.
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我們並不是用大腦思考，用身體表現，
05:50
but our bodies feed back into our brain
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而是我們的身體反饋給大腦
05:52
to generate the way that we behave.
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並做出相對應的動作，
05:55
And it was like a lightning bolt.
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這對我好像一道靈光，
05:56
I went back to my office.
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我馬上回了我的辦公室。
05:57
I wrote this paper -- which I never really published
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我寫了一篇論文，從來也沒發表過，
06:00
called "Acting Lessons for Artificial Intelligence."
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叫做《人工智慧的表演課》。
06:03
And I even took another month
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我甚至花了一個月的時間
06:04
to do what was then the first theater play
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去做當時第一部由人類和機器人
06:07
with a human and a robot acting together.
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一起主演的戲劇。
06:08
That's what you saw before with the actors.
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你之前看到的演員和
機器人的表演就是這部戲劇。
機器人的表演就是這部戲劇。
06:12
And I thought:
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當時我就想：
06:13
How can we make an artificial intelligence model --
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我們怎樣可以做出一個人工智慧 --
06:16
computer, computational model --
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電腦、程式模型 --
06:18
that will model some of these ideas of improvisation,
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能夠即興發揮、
06:20
of taking risks, of taking chances,
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會冒險、會投機
06:23
even of making mistakes.
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甚至會犯錯。
06:24
Maybe it can make for better robotic teammates.
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它可能會是更好的機器人隊友。
06:27
So I worked for quite a long time on these models
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因此我花了很多時間去研究這些模型，
06:30
and I implemented them on a number of robots.
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我試用在幾個機器人身上。
06:32
Here you can see a very early example
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這裡你可以看到一個早期的例子，
06:34
with the robots trying to use this
embodied artificial intelligence,
embodied artificial intelligence,
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這個機器人試圖運用體現人工智慧
06:38
to try to match my movements
as closely as possible,
as closely as possible,
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盡量地模仿我的動作，
06:40
sort of like a game.
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就好像遊戲一樣。
06:42
Let's look at it.
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我們來看一下。
06:47
You can see when I psych it out, it gets fooled.
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你可以看到我可以糊弄它。
06:51
And it's a little bit like what you might see actors do
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有點像你看到的演員們
06:54
when they try to mirror each other
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互相模仿對方
06:55
to find the right synchrony between them.
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只為了找到他們之間的默契。
06:58
And then, I did another experiment,
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然後，我又做了另外一個實驗，
07:00
and I got people off the street
to use the robotic desk lamp,
to use the robotic desk lamp,
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我從大街上拉人來使用這個機器人檯燈，
07:04
and try out this idea of embodied
artificial intelligence.
artificial intelligence.
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試驗體現人工智慧。
07:08
So, I actually used two kinds
of brains for the same robot.
of brains for the same robot.
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其實，同樣的機器人我用了兩種大腦，
07:12
The robot is the same lamp that you saw,
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機器人就是你看到的這個檯燈，
07:14
and I put in it two brains.
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我給了它兩種大腦。
07:15
For one half of the people,
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對一半的人，
07:17
I put in a brain that's kind of the traditional,
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我放入了一個傳統的、
07:20
calculated robotic brain.
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機械計算的大腦。
07:21
It waits for its turn, it analyzes everything, it plans.
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它會等待，會分析，會計劃，
07:24
Let's call it the calculated brain.
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我們暫且稱它為“會計算的大腦”。
07:26
The other got more the stage actor, risk taker brain.
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給另一半人則是那個
舞台演員、愛冒險的大腦，
舞台演員、愛冒險的大腦，
07:29
Let's call it the adventurous brain.
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我們暫且稱它為“愛冒險的大腦”，
07:31
It sometimes acts without knowing
everything it has to know.
everything it has to know.
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有的時候它在並不知道
所有事情的情況下行動，
所有事情的情況下行動，
07:34
It sometimes makes mistakes and corrects them.
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有的時候它會犯錯然後去糾正。
07:36
And I had them do this very tedious task
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我讓他們完成一項無比乏味的任務，
07:39
that took almost 20 minutes
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這個任務要花近20分鐘，
07:41
and they had to work together.
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他們必須一起合作完成，
07:42
Somehow simulating like a factory job
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有點類似在工廠工作，
07:44
of repetitively doing the same thing.
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機械地重複一件事情。
07:47
And what I found was that people actually loved
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我發現人們非常喜歡
07:49
the adventurous robot.
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那個“愛冒險的機器人”。
07:50
And they thought it was more intelligent,
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他們覺得它非常聰明，
07:52
more committed, a better member of the team,
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更投入，是一個很好的團隊成員，
07:54
contributed to the success of the team more.
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一起幫助團隊成功。
07:56
They even called it 'he' and 'she,'
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他們甚至稱它為“他”和“她”，
07:58
whereas people with the calculated brain called it 'it.'
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而另外那些人稱那個
“會計算的機器人”為“它”，
“會計算的機器人”為“它”，
08:01
And nobody ever called it 'he' or 'she'.
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沒有人稱它為“他”或“她”。
08:03
When they talked about it after the task
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任務完成後，
08:05
with the adventurous brain,
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那些與“會冒險的大腦”互動的人說：
08:07
they said, "By the end, we were good
friends and high-fived mentally."
friends and high-fived mentally."
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“最後，我們成了好朋友，
還在心靈上擊掌了。”
還在心靈上擊掌了。”
08:11
Whatever that means.
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不管那是啥意思
08:12
(Laughter) Sounds painful.
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（笑聲）
聽上去很痛的樣子
聽上去很痛的樣子
08:16
Whereas the people with the calculated brain
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然而，那些與“會計算的大腦”互動的人
08:18
said it was just like a lazy apprentice.
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則說“它就像一個懶徒弟，
08:21
It only did what it was supposed
to do and nothing more.
to do and nothing more.
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只會做最基本的。 “
08:23
Which is almost what people expect robots to do,
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這基本上和同人對機器人期待一樣，
08:26
so I was surprised that people
had higher expectations
had higher expectations
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所以我有些驚訝，比起那些機器人專家，
08:28
of robots, than what anybody in robotics
thought robots should be doing.
thought robots should be doing.
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人們居然對機器人有更高的期望。
08:34
And in a way, I thought, maybe it's time --
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但從另一個角度，我想該是時候了 --
08:36
just like method acting changed the way
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就像方法演技改變了
08:38
people thought about acting in the 19th century,
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19世紀人們思考表演的方式一樣，
08:40
from going from the very calculated,
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改變這種通過精確計算的
08:42
planned way of behaving,
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行為方式，
08:43
to a more intuitive, risk-taking,
embodied way of behaving.
embodied way of behaving.
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而轉向一種更直覺的、冒險的、
用身體表現的行為方式。
用身體表現的行為方式。
08:47
Maybe it's time for robots
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也許應該是
08:48
to have the same kind of revolution.
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機器人革命的時刻了。
08:52
A few years later,
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幾年後，
08:53
I was at my next research job
at Georgia Tech in Atlanta,
at Georgia Tech in Atlanta,
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2508
我在亞特蘭大的喬治理工大學做研究，
08:55
and I was working in a group
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我在一個研究機器人音樂家的
08:56
dealing with robotic musicians.
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1282
小組工作。
08:58
And I thought, music, that's the perfect place
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我想，音樂是正好是
09:00
to look at teamwork, coordination,
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研究團隊合作、協調、
09:03
timing, improvisation --
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時機和即興表演的領域，
09:05
and we just got this robot playing marimba.
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2536
我們有這個玩馬林巴的機器人。
09:07
Marimba, for everybody who was like me,
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和我一樣對樂器不在行的朋友，馬林巴是
09:09
it was this huge, wooden xylophone.
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2845
一個巨大的木琴。
09:12
And, when I was looking at this,
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當我看著這個，
09:15
I looked at other works in
human-robot improvisation --
human-robot improvisation --
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2594
又看了那些人類和機器人的即興互動，
09:17
yes, there are other works in
human-robot improvisation --
human-robot improvisation --
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沒錯，還有人和機器人的即興互動
09:20
and they were also a little bit like a chess game.
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也都差不多像是一個下棋的互動。
09:22
The human would play,
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人類走一步，
09:23
the robot would analyze what was played,
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機器人對此分析，
09:26
would improvise their own part.
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2212
然後決定下一步。
09:28
So, this is what musicians called
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音樂家們稱其為
09:30
a call and response interaction,
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呼叫和應答互動，
09:31
and it also fits very well, robots
and artificial intelligence.
and artificial intelligence.
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這對機器人和人工智慧很合適。
09:35
But I thought, if I use the same ideas I used
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但是我想，如果我可以運用
09:37
in the theater play and in the teamwork studies,
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戲劇表演和團隊合作中的研究發現，
09:40
maybe I can make the robots jam together
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也許我可以讓這些機器人
09:42
like a band.
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組成一個樂隊，
09:44
Everybody's riffing off each other,
nobody is stopping it for a moment.
nobody is stopping it for a moment.
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每個人都在即興發揮，
沒有人需要停下來。
沒有人需要停下來。
09:48
And so, I tried to do the same
things, this time with music,
things, this time with music,
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於是這次我嘗試用音樂做試驗，
09:51
where the robot doesn't really know
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機器人並不知道
09:52
what it's about to play.
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975
它會演奏什麼，
09:53
It just sort of moves its body
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它就這樣移動它的身體，
09:54
and uses opportunities to play,
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找機會演奏，
09:56
And does what my jazz teacher
when I was 17 taught me.
when I was 17 taught me.
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做出我在17歲時爵士老師教我的事情。
09:59
She said, when you improvise,
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她說，當你在即興表演時，
10:00
sometimes you don't know what you're doing
255
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1661
有時你並不知道你在做什麼，
10:02
and you're still doing it.
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1015
但是你還是繼續做。
10:03
And so I tried to make a robot that doesn't actually
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1430
於是我嘗試做一個不知道自己在做什麼
10:05
know what it's doing, but it's still doing it.
258
592864
1945
卻仍然繼續做的機器人。
10:07
So let's look at a few seconds
from this performance.
from this performance.
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讓我們來看一下這個表演的一個小片段。
10:09
Where the robot listens to the human musician
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機器人聽音樂家演奏
10:12
and improvises.
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1803
然後即興發揮。
10:14
And then, look at how the human musician also
262
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2373
接著，看音樂家如何
10:17
responds to what the robot is doing, and picking up
263
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1787
回應機器人的行為，
10:18
from its behavior.
264
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2820
接續機器人的演奏，
10:21
And at some point can even be surprised
by what the robot came up with.
by what the robot came up with.
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有時甚至被機器人的表現驚訝。
10:26
(Music)
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（音樂）
11:12
(Applause)
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5031
（掌聲）
11:17
Being a musician is not just about making notes,
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1986
做一個音樂家不僅僅是演出音符，
11:19
otherwise nobody would ever go see a live show.
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否則沒有人會去看現場表演了。
11:21
Musicians also communicate with their bodies,
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1923
音樂家也用他們的身體交流，
11:23
with other band members, with the audience,
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1947
和他們的樂隊成員，和觀眾，
11:25
they use their bodies to express the music.
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他們用他們的身體來表現音樂。
11:27
And I thought, we already have
a robot musician on stage,
a robot musician on stage,
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於是我想，我們已經有一個
在舞台上的機器人音樂家，
在舞台上的機器人音樂家，
11:30
why not make it be a full-fledged musician.
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為什麼不把它打造成
一個真正的音樂家呢？
一個真正的音樂家呢？
11:33
And I started designing a socially expressive head
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2516
於是我開始為機器人設計一個
11:35
for the robot.
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1549
可以表現情感的頭部。
11:37
The head does't actually touch the marimba,
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頭部並不會碰到馬林巴，
11:38
it just expresses what the music is like.
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它只是用來表現音樂是什麼樣的。
11:40
These are some napkin sketches
from a bar in Atlanta,
from a bar in Atlanta,
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688348
3080
這草圖的紙巾來自亞特蘭大某處一個酒吧，
11:43
that was dangerously located exactly halfway
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2622
很可怕的是，酒吧就正好位落在
11:46
between my lab and my home. (Laughter)
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實驗室和我家的正中間。
（笑聲）
（笑聲）
11:47
So I spent, I would say on average,
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1416
所以我大概平均
11:49
three to four hours a day there.
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每天有3到4個小時的時間在那裡，
11:52
I think. (Laughter)
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我覺得（笑聲）
11:54
And I went back to my animation
tools and tried to figure out
tools and tried to figure out
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2979
我重新拾起了我的動畫工具，試圖想像
11:57
not just what a robotic musician would look like,
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2182
不僅僅一個機器人音樂家的樣子，
12:00
but especially what a robotic
musician would move like.
musician would move like.
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2808
而是一個機器人音樂家
會如何移動它的身體，
會如何移動它的身體，
12:02
To sort of show that it doesn't like
what the other person is playing --
what the other person is playing --
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3300
來告訴人們它不喜歡其他人的演奏，
12:06
and maybe show whatever beat it's feeling
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還有它自己當下感覺到的節奏。
12:08
at the moment.
290
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1649
還有它自己當下感覺到的節奏。
12:10
So we ended up actually getting the money
to build this robot, which was nice.
to build this robot, which was nice.
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4527
幸運的是，我們還獲得了
一筆打造機器人的資金。
一筆打造機器人的資金。
12:14
I'm going to show you now the
same kind of performance,
same kind of performance,
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2210
接下來我給大家看一下同樣的表演
12:17
this time with a socially expressive head.
293
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2342
換成一個有情感表現的頭。
12:19
And notice one thing --
294
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1964
請注意一點：
12:21
how the robot is really showing us
295
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1696
這個機器人如何
12:23
the beat it's picking up from the human.
296
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1864
它從人類的節奏顯示出律動
12:24
We're also giving the human a sense
that the robot knows what it's doing.
that the robot knows what it's doing.
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4016
我們也讓人感覺到
這個機器人知道它在做什麼。
這個機器人知道它在做什麼。
12:28
And also how it changes the way it moves
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1380
還有當它的獨奏開始時，
12:30
as soon as it starts its own solo.
299
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2540
它是如何做出回應的。
12:32
(Music)
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3920
（音樂）
12:36
Now it's looking at me to make sure I'm listening.
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2901
它正看著我確保我有在聽。
12:39
(Music)
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21100
（音樂）
13:00
And now look at the final chord of the piece again,
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3627
我們看一下這段的最後一個和絃，
13:04
and this time the robot communicates with its body
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2839
當機器人正忙於做它自己的事情時
13:07
when it's busy doing its own thing.
305
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2137
它用它的身體進行溝通
13:09
And when it's ready
306
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1612
當準備好的時候
13:11
to coordinate the final chord with me.
307
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3352
它跟我一起演奏最後的旋律。
13:14
(Music)
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12929
（音樂）
13:27
(Applause)
309
795128
5778
（掌聲）
13:33
Thanks. I hope you see how much this totally not --
310
800906
4357
謝謝。我希望你能看到
13:37
how much this part of the body
that doesn't touch the instrument
that doesn't touch the instrument
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2681
它的頭部雖然不碰到樂器
13:40
actually helps with the musical performance.
312
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3366
其實有助於音樂表演
13:43
And at some point, we are in Atlanta,
so obviously some rapper
so obviously some rapper
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3220
既然我們在亞特蘭大，
13:46
will come into our lab at some point.
314
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1869
就不會說沒有饒舌歌手參與我們的實驗。
13:48
And we had this rapper come in
315
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2240
這個饒舌歌手來了之後，
13:50
and do a little jam with the robot.
316
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2573
我們讓他和這個機器人一起表演。
13:53
And here you can see the robot
317
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2702
這裡你可以看到這個機器人
13:56
basically responding to the beat and --
318
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1229
對節奏的回應，
13:57
notice two things. One, how irresistible it is
319
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2854
請注意兩點。第一，當這個機器人在搖頭晃腦的時候，
14:00
to join the robot while it's moving its head.
320
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2513
你是不是也很想加入其中，
14:02
and you kind of want to move
your own head when it does it.
your own head when it does it.
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和它一起晃動你的頭部
14:04
And second, even though the rapper
is really focused on his iPhone,
is really focused on his iPhone,
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第二，雖然這個饒舌歌手
非常專注於它的 iPhone，
非常專注於它的 iPhone，
14:08
as soon as the robot turns to him, he turns back.
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當機器人轉向它的時候，他也馬上轉回來。
14:11
So even though it's just in
the periphery of his vision --
the periphery of his vision --
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雖然僅僅是在他的視線邊緣
14:13
it's just in the corner of his eye --
it's very powerful.
it's very powerful.
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他的眼角的餘光裡，仍然非常有影響力。
14:15
And the reason is that we can't ignore
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這是因為我們無法忽視
14:18
physical things moving in our environment.
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我們周邊物體的移動。
14:19
We are wired for that.
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我們天生會這樣做。
14:21
So, if you have a problem with maybe your partners
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所以，如果你不喜歡你的另一半
14:24
looking at the iPhone too much
or their smartphone too much,
or their smartphone too much,
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太過專注於他的 iPhone 或智慧手機，
14:27
you might want to have a robot there
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也許你需要一個機器人
14:29
to get their attention. (Laughter)
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來獲得他們的注意力。
（笑聲）
（笑聲）
14:30
(Music)
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（音樂）
14:50
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
14:57
Just to introduce the last robot
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最後再為大家介紹一下
14:59
that we've worked on,
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我們最近在打造的一個機器人。
15:01
that came out of something kind
of surprising that we found:
of surprising that we found:
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說來也奇怪，我們發現
15:03
At some point people didn't care anymore
about the robot being so intelligent,
about the robot being so intelligent,
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到了某個階段，人們不再對那些聰明的、
15:06
and can improvise and listen,
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會即興表演、會聆聽、
15:08
and do all these embodied intelligence
things that I spent years on developing.
things that I spent years on developing.
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會做那些我花了多年研究的
身體智慧表演的機器人
感興趣了。
身體智慧表演的機器人
感興趣了。
15:12
They really liked that the robot was
enjoying the music. (Laughter)
enjoying the music. (Laughter)
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他們真的很喜歡那個會享受音樂的機器人。
（笑聲）
（笑聲）
15:16
And they didn't say that the
robot was moving to the music,
robot was moving to the music,
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他們沒有說這個機器人
是隨著音樂扭動身體，
是隨著音樂扭動身體，
15:18
they said that the robot was enjoying the music.
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而是說這個機器人在享受音樂。
15:20
And we thought, why don't we take this idea,
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於是我們想，為什麼不借用這個想法呢，
15:22
and I designed a new piece of furniture.
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因此我設計了一件新的小家具。
15:25
This time it wasn't a desk
lamp; it was a speaker dock.
lamp; it was a speaker dock.
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這次不是一個檯燈，而是一個揚聲器底座，
15:27
It was one of those things you
plug your smartphone in.
plug your smartphone in.
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就是你可以把你的智慧手機放上去的那種。
15:31
And I thought, what would happen
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於是我想，如果這個揚聲器底座
15:32
if your speaker dock didn't
just play the music for you,
just play the music for you,
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不僅可以為你放音樂，
15:35
but it would actually enjoy it too. (Laughter)
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還可以享受音樂，會怎樣？
（笑聲）
（笑聲）
15:37
And so again, here are some animation tests
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這是一些早期的的
15:39
from an early stage. (Laughter)
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動畫嘗試。（笑聲)
15:44
And this is what the final product looked like.
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這是最終的成品的樣子。
15:59
("Drop It Like It's Hot")
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（饒舌音樂 "Drop It Like It's Hot"）
16:21
So, a lot of bobbing head.
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不停的點頭
16:24
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
16:27
A lot of bobbing heads in the audience,
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有很多觀眾也在不停點頭，
16:29
so we can still see robots influence people.
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因此我們可以看到機器人可以影響人。
16:32
And it's not just fun and games.
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當然這一切不僅僅只是娛樂和遊戲。
16:35
I think one of the reasons I care so much
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我覺得自己非常熱衷研究
16:37
about robots that use their body to communicate
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那些可以用身體溝通、
16:39
and use their body to move --
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用身體移動的機器人，原因是 --
16:41
and I'm going to let you in on a little
secret we roboticists are hiding --
secret we roboticists are hiding --
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我告訴你一個只有我們
機器人專家才知道的秘密 --
機器人專家才知道的秘密 --
16:44
is that every one of you is
going to be living with a robot
going to be living with a robot
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我們每一個人都會在生命的某個階段
16:47
at some point in their life.
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需要機器人，
16:49
Somewhere in your future there's
going to be a robot in your life.
going to be a robot in your life.
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你未來的某個階段會有個機器人。
16:51
And if not in yours, then in your children's lives.
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如果不是你的未來，
那就是你孩子的未來。
那就是你孩子的未來。
16:53
And I want these robots to be --
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我希望這些機器人
16:55
to be more fluent, more engaging, more graceful
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比現在可以更流暢、更吸引人、更優雅。
16:59
than currently they seem to be.
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比現在可以更流暢、更吸引人、更優雅。
17:00
And for that I think that maybe robots
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因此，我覺得機器人
17:02
need to be less like chess players
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不應該是像一個下棋玩家，
17:04
and more like stage actors and more like musicians.
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而應該更像一個舞台演員或者音樂家。
17:06
Maybe they should be able to
take chances and improvise.
take chances and improvise.
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它們應該可以冒險，會即興表演，
17:09
And maybe they should be able to
anticipate what you're about to do.
anticipate what you're about to do.
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甚至會預料到你接下來會做什麼。
17:12
And maybe they need to be able to make mistakes
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它們也應該可以犯錯
17:14
and correct them,
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並且改正，
17:16
because in the end we are human.
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因為到頭來，我們只是人類。
17:18
And maybe as humans, robots
that are a little less than perfect
that are a little less than perfect
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也許對人類而言，不完美的機器人
17:21
are just perfect for us.
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才是完美的。
17:23
Thank you.
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謝謝！
17:24
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Guy Hoffman - RoboticistCan robots and humans interact the way that human beings interact with each other? Guy Hoffman researches embodied cognition and intelligence in robots.
Why you should listen
As co-director of the IDC Media Invention Lab, Guy Hoffman researches robots with soul. He explores the humanity of robots -- how they think, feel, act, and move, as they interact with humans. He and his team staged the world’s first human-robot theater piece, as well as the first human-robot jazz duet, improv and all.
Hoffman’s work has been named one of TIME Magazine’s Best Inventions of the Year, and in 2010 and 2012, he was listed as one of Israel’s most promising researchers under 40.
Guy Hoffman | Speaker | TED.com