TED2014
David Chalmers: How do you explain consciousness?
大衛．齊爾莫斯: 如何解釋意識？
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意識是我們存在的根基。哲學家大衛．齊爾莫斯認為：宇宙中沒有比意識更直接，然而卻又更神秘的現象。他分享了許多關於人們腦袋中所播放的電影的許多事。
David Chalmers - Philosopher
In his work, David Chalmers explores the “hard problem of consciousness" -- the quest to explain our subjective experience. Full bio
In his work, David Chalmers explores the “hard problem of consciousness" -- the quest to explain our subjective experience. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
Right now
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現在
00:14
you have a movie playing inside your head.
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你的大腦裡正播放一部電影，
00:17
It's an amazing multi-track movie.
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一部很棒的多軌道電影，
00:20
It has 3D vision and surround sound
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它有3D視覺特效與環繞音效，
00:23
for what you're seeing and hearing right now,
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為你帶了一場視聽盛宴，
00:26
but that's just the start of it.
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但是還不只如此。
00:28
Your movie has smell and taste and touch.
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你還能聞到、嚐到、觸摸到，
00:33
It has a sense of your body,
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它與你的身體感官融為一體，
00:36
pain, hunger, orgasms.
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痛覺、飢餓、高潮，
00:40
It has emotions,
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它還有感情、
00:42
anger and happiness.
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憤怒與開心，
00:46
It has memories, like scenes from your childhood
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它擁有回憶，像是兒時情景
00:50
playing before you.
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在你面前播放著，
00:52
And it has this constant voiceover narrative
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在你的意識流裏
00:57
in your stream of conscious thinking.
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還有似近似遠的旁白解說。
01:01
At the heart of this movie is you
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這部電影的主角是你，
01:06
experiencing all this directly.
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直接經歷所有一切。
01:11
This movie is your stream of consciousness,
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這部電影就是你的意識流，
對於內在世界甚至與外在世界
01:16
the subject of experience
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01:18
of the mind and the world.
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主觀的精神體驗。
01:23
Consciousness is one of the fundamental facts
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意識是人類存在
01:25
of human existence.
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的幾個重要基礎之一，
01:27
Each of us is conscious.
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我們每一個人都具備意識。
01:30
We all have our own inner movie,
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我們都主演一部內在的電影，
01:33
you and you and you.
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你、你，還有你。
01:36
There's nothing we know about more directly.
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沒有比意識更直接的感受了，
01:39
At least, I know about my consciousness directly.
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至少我能直接理解我意識，
01:43
I can't be certain that you guys are conscious.
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但我無法確知你們是否都有意識。
01:47
Consciousness also is what makes life worth living.
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意識賦予存在意義，
01:50
If we weren't conscious, nothing in our lives
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如果我們沒有意識，
01:54
would have meaning or value.
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生命中的一切便失去意義和價值，
01:57
But at the same time, it's the most
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這是宇宙之中
01:58
mysterious phenomenon in the universe.
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最神秘令人費解的現象。
02:03
Why are we conscious?
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為何我們擁有意識？
02:06
Why do we have these inner movies?
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為何我們擁有這些內心世界的電影？
02:07
Why aren't we just robots
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為何我們不像機器人一樣，
02:10
who process all this input,
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只是簡單的輸入資料，
02:12
produce all that output,
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輸出資料，
02:14
without experiencing the inner movie at all?
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對內在的感受全然不覺？
02:18
Right now, nobody knows the answers
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這個問題至今
02:20
to those questions.
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沒有解答。
02:22
I'm going to suggest that to integrate consciousness
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我認為研究意識這一門科學，
02:26
into science, some radical ideas may be needed.
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我們需要建立一些基礎概念，
02:31
Some people say a science of consciousness
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許多人認為對意識進行研究
02:33
is impossible.
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是不可能的，
02:35
Science, by its nature, is objective.
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科學的本質是客觀的，
02:39
Consciousness, by its nature, is subjective.
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意識的本質卻是主觀的，
02:43
So there can never be a science of consciousness.
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所以不可能以客觀的科學
研究主觀的意識，
研究主觀的意識，
02:47
For much of the 20th century, that view held sway.
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這是二十世紀普遍存在的論點。
02:50
Psychologists studied behavior objectively,
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心理學以客觀方法研究人類的行為，
02:54
neuroscientists studied the brain objectively,
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神經學家以客觀方法研究大腦，
02:58
and nobody even mentioned consciousness.
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卻沒有任何人提及意識，
03:02
Even 30 years ago, when TED got started,
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甚至在三十年前 TED 剛開始的時候，
03:04
there was very little scientific work
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當時關於意識的研究
03:07
on consciousness.
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也是少之又少。
03:09
Now, about 20 years ago,
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大約二十年前，
03:11
all that began to change.
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改變開始了。
03:14
Neuroscientists like Francis Crick
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神經科學家，比如 Francis Crick，
03:17
and physicists like Roger Penrose
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以及物理學家比如 Roger Penrose
03:20
said now is the time for science
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認為現在該是科學家
03:22
to attack consciousness.
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著手研究意識的時候了，
03:25
And since then, there's been a real explosion,
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真正的探索至此開始，
03:27
a flowering of scientific work
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隨之而來的是意識研究的
03:29
on consciousness.
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黃金時代，
03:31
And this work has been wonderful. It's been great.
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研究成果斐然，
03:33
But it also has some fundamental
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但至今仍存在著
03:35
limitations so far.
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幾個根本上的研究限制。
03:39
The centerpiece
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近年來
03:40
of the science of consciousness in recent years
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關於意識的研究
03:43
has been the search for correlations,
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主要集中在研究
03:45
correlations between certain areas of the brain
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某些腦區同
種特定意識狀態之間的聯繫。
03:49
and certain states of consciousness.
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03:53
We saw some of this kind of work
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Nancy Kanwisher 讓我們
03:54
from Nancy Kanwisher and the wonderful work
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了解了一些這樣的研究，
03:55
she presented just a few minutes ago.
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幾分鐘前她在演說中分享了研究成果，
03:59
Now we understand much better, for example,
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現在我們（對於意識）更加了解了，比如
04:02
the kinds of brain areas that go along with
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某些腦區同
04:05
the conscious experience of seeing faces
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面部識別有關，
04:08
or of feeling pain
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有的與痛覺有關，
04:11
or of feeling happy.
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還有的與快感有關，
04:14
But this is still a science of correlations.
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但這只是說明它們有相關性，
04:16
It's not a science of explanations.
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還不能夠解釋原因。
04:20
We know that these brain areas
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我們知道這些腦區
04:22
go along with certain kinds of conscious experience,
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與某些意識經驗有關聯，
04:26
but we don't know why they do.
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但不知道為何有關聯。
04:30
I like to put this by saying
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我認為
04:32
that this kind of work from neuroscience
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某些神經學研究
04:36
is answering some of the questions
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的確解釋了一些關於
04:37
we want answered about consciousness,
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意識的疑問，
04:39
the questions about what certain brain areas do
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找出了那些特定的腦區的作用
04:43
and what they correlate with.
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以及它們之間的相關性，
04:45
But in a certain sense, those are the easy problems.
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但在某種意義上，這些只是簡單的疑問，
04:48
No knock on the neuroscientists.
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並沒有難倒神經學家。
04:51
There are no truly easy
problems with consciousness.
problems with consciousness.
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事實上，關於意識的問題都不簡單，
04:53
But it doesn't address the real mystery
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即便如此，還是沒有
04:58
at the core of this subject:
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解決核心的問題：
05:00
why is it that all that physical processing in a brain
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為什麼大腦中的物理過程
05:04
should be accompanied by consciousness at all?
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會和意識產生聯繫？
05:07
Why is there this inner subjective movie?
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為什麼會存在主觀的內心電影？
05:10
Right now, we don't really have a bead on that.
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現在我們對此還沒有很好的解答。
05:13
And you might say,
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或許你會說
05:15
let's just give neuroscience a few years.
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再多給神經科學多一些時間，
05:19
It'll turn out to be another emergent phenomenon
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它最終會向我們說明
意識也是一種湧現現象，
意識也是一種湧現現象，
05:23
like traffic jams, like hurricanes,
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就像交通堵塞、龍捲風，
05:28
like life, and we'll figure it out.
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就像生命，我們會搞清楚的。
05:30
The classical cases of emergence
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所有湧現現象的經典案例都是
05:32
are all cases of emergent behavior,
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應急行為的表現，
05:36
how a traffic jam behaves,
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交通堵塞是如何形成的，
05:38
how a hurricane functions,
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龍捲風如何運作，
05:40
how a living organism reproduces
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生物體如何繁殖，
05:42
and adapts and metabolizes,
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適應環境，新陳代謝，
05:45
all questions about objective functioning.
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所有疑問都是關於客觀機能的。
05:48
You could apply that to the human brain
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你可以把它應用到人類大腦上
05:51
in explaining some of the behaviors
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去解釋人類大腦的某些行為
05:52
and the functions of the human brain
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和功能
05:54
as emergent phenomena:
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和湧現發象很像：
05:55
how we walk, how we talk, how we play chess,
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我們如何走、如何交談、如何下棋，
06:00
all these questions about behavior.
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這些問題都是關於行為的，
06:02
But when it comes to consciousness,
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但是當談到意識時，
06:04
questions about behavior
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關於行為的問題
06:06
are among the easy problems.
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就是一個簡單的問題。
06:09
When it comes to the hard problem,
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難的問題是
06:10
that's the question of why is it
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為什麼
06:13
that all this behavior
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這些行為
06:14
is accompanied by subjective experience?
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都伴隨著主觀體驗？
06:17
And here, the standard paradigm
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對此，湧現現象的
06:19
of emergence,
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標準範例，
06:21
even the standard paradigms of neuroscience,
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甚至是神經科學的標準範例，
06:24
don't really, so far, have that much to say.
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目前來講，也沒有什麼好說的。
06:28
Now, I'm a scientific materialist at heart.
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我本質上是一名科學唯物主義者，
06:32
I want a scientific theory of consciousness
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我想要一種行得通的
關於意識的科學理論，
06:36
that works,
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06:38
and for a long time, I banged my head
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長期以來
我想破了腦袋
06:41
against the wall
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06:42
looking for a theory of consciousness
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尋找一種行得通的
06:44
in purely physical terms
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但從物理角度
解釋意識的理論，
06:46
that would work.
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06:47
But I eventually came to the conclusion
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但我最終得出一個結論
06:49
that that just didn't work for systematic reasons.
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由於系統原因，它不會奏效。
06:53
It's a long story,
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說來話長，
06:55
but the core idea is just that what you get
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但是思想的核心就是
06:58
from purely reductionist explanations
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你從物理方面，在基於大腦方面
07:00
in physical terms, in brain-based terms,
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通過純粹的還原解釋得到的
07:03
is stories about the functioning of a system,
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都是關於系統的運行，
07:05
its structure, its dynamics,
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它的結構、活力、
07:07
the behavior it produces,
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產生的行為
07:09
great for solving the easy problems —
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很適合解決簡單問題，
07:11
how we behave, how we function —
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比如我們的行為如何活動，
07:14
but when it comes to subjective experience —
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但涉及到主觀體驗時，
07:17
why does all this feel like
something from the inside? —
something from the inside? —
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為什麼這些都像是來自內部？
07:21
that's something fundamentally new,
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這是個全新的
07:23
and it's always a further question.
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更進一步的問題。
07:27
So I think we're at a kind of impasse here.
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我覺得我們有點兒卡在這了，
07:32
We've got this wonderful, great chain of explanation,
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我們有一套美妙的解釋鏈，
07:35
we're used to it, where physics explains chemistry,
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我們習慣了用物理解釋化學，
07:39
chemistry explains biology,
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用化學解釋生物學，
07:42
biology explains parts of psychology.
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用生物學解釋心理學的一部分。
07:46
But consciousness
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但是意識
07:48
doesn't seem to fit into this picture.
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似乎並不符合這一情形，
07:50
On the one hand, it's a datum
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一方面它是一個已知數，
07:52
that we're conscious.
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就是我們是有意識的，
07:54
On the other hand, we don't know how
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另一方面我們不知道
07:55
to accommodate it into our
scientific view of the world.
scientific view of the world.
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如何讓它符合科學的世界觀，
07:59
So I think consciousness right now
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所以現在我認為意識
08:01
is a kind of anomaly,
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是一種反常事物，
08:04
one that we need to integrate
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我們需要整合
08:06
into our view of the world, but we don't yet see how.
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我們的世界觀，但如今還沒有找到方法，
08:10
Faced with an anomaly like this,
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面對這樣的異常事物，
08:12
radical ideas may be needed,
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可能需要激進的想法，
08:15
and I think that we may need one or two ideas
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我認為，我們在科學地
08:18
that initially seem crazy
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抓住意識之前，
08:20
before we can come to grips with consciousness
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可能需要一兩個
08:23
scientifically.
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最初看起來瘋狂的點子。
08:25
Now, there are a few candidates
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現在對於這些瘋狂的想法是什麼，
08:27
for what those crazy ideas might be.
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已經有了一些選項。
08:29
My friend Dan Dennett, who's here today, has one.
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我的朋友 Dan Dennet
有一個想法，他今天也來了，
有一個想法，他今天也來了，
08:34
His crazy idea is that there is no hard problem
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他認為關於意識
08:36
of consciousness.
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完全沒有什麼難題。
08:38
The whole idea of the inner subjective movie
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主觀電影這一觀點
08:41
involves a kind of illusion or confusion.
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涉及到一種幻覺或困惑，
08:46
Actually, all we've got to do is explain
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實際上我們需要做的就是解釋
08:48
the objective functions, the behaviors of the brain,
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客觀功能大腦的行為活動，
08:51
and then we've explained everything
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然後就解釋了一切
08:53
that needs to be explained.
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需要被解釋的
08:55
Well I say, more power to him.
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要我說賜予他更多力量吧。
08:58
That's the kind of radical idea
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我們需要探索
09:00
that we need to explore
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這種激進的想法，
09:02
if you want to have a purely reductionist
187
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如果你想得出純簡化論的關於
09:04
brain-based theory of consciousness.
188
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意識的基於大腦的理論。
09:08
At the same time, for me and for many other people,
189
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2071
同時，對我和其他人來說，
09:10
that view is a bit too close to simply
190
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1827
這個觀點有些接近簡單地
09:12
denying the datum of consciousness
191
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直接否定有關意識的已知資料，
09:14
to be satisfactory.
192
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1503
而不能令人滿意，
09:15
So I go in a different direction.
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因此我選擇了另外一個方向。
09:18
In the time remaining,
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在剩下的時間裡，
09:19
I want to explore two crazy ideas
195
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我想探討兩個我認為
09:22
that I think may have some promise.
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可能有希望的想法。
09:26
The first crazy idea
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第一個瘋狂的想法就是
09:28
is that consciousness is fundamental.
198
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4625
意識是一種基本概念。
09:32
Physicists sometimes take
some aspects of the universe
some aspects of the universe
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物理學家有時會把宇宙中的某些方面
09:35
as fundamental building blocks:
200
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2160
作為一種基本概念：
09:37
space and time and mass.
201
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空間、時間，和質量。
09:41
They postulate fundamental laws governing them,
202
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他們假定一些基本定律來約束它們，
09:45
like the laws of gravity or of quantum mechanics.
203
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比如重力定律，或量子力學定律，
09:49
These fundamental properties and laws
204
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2310
這些基本性質和定律
09:51
aren't explained in terms of anything more basic.
205
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3217
並不能解釋一些更基礎的東西，
09:54
Rather, they're taken as primitive,
206
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這相當於以它們為基礎，
09:57
and you build up the world from there.
207
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3379
然後在構建其他。
10:00
Now sometimes, the list of fundamentals expands.
208
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5099
現在這張基本定律的清單不時會擴大，
10:05
In the 19th century, Maxwell figured out
209
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2457
19世紀 Maxwell 發現
10:08
that you can't explain electromagnetic phenomena
210
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3168
不能用當時存在的基本概念——
10:11
in terms of the existing fundamentals —
211
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2351
空間、時間、質量、牛頓定律
10:13
space, time, mass, Newton's laws —
212
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3069
來解釋電磁現象，
10:16
so he postulated fundamental laws
213
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2571
因此他設定了電磁現象的
10:19
of electromagnetism
214
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1814
基本定律，
10:21
and postulated electric charge
215
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2411
設定電荷作為
10:23
as a fundamental element
216
611746
1768
這些定律的
10:25
that those laws govern.
217
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2959
基本元素。
10:28
I think that's the situation we're in
218
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3283
我認為這與我們在
10:31
with consciousness.
219
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1610
研究意識上的情形是一樣的，
10:33
If you can't explain consciousness
220
621366
2485
如果你不能用現有的
10:35
in terms of the existing fundamentals —
221
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2418
基本概念來解釋意識、
10:38
space, time, mass, charge —
222
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2671
空間、時間、質量、電荷，
10:40
then as a matter of logic,
you need to expand the list.
you need to expand the list.
223
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3430
那麼從邏輯上來講就應該擴展清單。
10:44
The natural thing to do is to postulate
224
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2476
自然就應該假設意識
10:46
consciousness itself as something fundamental,
225
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3256
為某種根本的東西，
10:50
a fundamental building block of nature.
226
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3032
自然界中最基本的一部分。
10:53
This doesn't mean you suddenly
can't do science with it.
can't do science with it.
227
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2968
這不意味著突然就不能用它來研究科學，
10:56
This opens up the way for you to do science with it.
228
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3598
它為你研究科學開闢了一條新路，
10:59
What we then need is to study
229
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1904
我們需要做的就是研究
11:01
the fundamental laws governing consciousness,
230
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2953
控制意識的基本定律、
11:04
the laws that connect consciousness
231
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2380
那些將意識與其他基本概念，
11:06
to other fundamentals: space, time, mass,
232
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2801
空間、時間、質量
11:09
physical processes.
233
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2936
相聯繫的概念。
11:12
Physicists sometimes say
234
660674
2182
物理學家有時會說
11:14
that we want fundamental laws so simple
235
662856
2880
我們希望基本定律簡單地
11:17
that we could write them on the front of a t-shirt.
236
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3802
能讓我們印在T恤上，
11:21
Well I think something like that is the situation
237
669538
1721
我想對意識的研究
11:23
we're in with consciousness.
238
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1868
也同樣如此。
11:25
We want to find fundamental laws so simple
239
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2750
我們希望基本定律簡單的
11:27
we could write them on the front of a t-shirt.
240
675877
2087
能讓我們印在T恤上。
11:29
We don't know what those laws are yet,
241
677964
1575
我們現在還不知道這些定律，
11:31
but that's what we're after.
242
679539
4027
但這是我們接下來要做的。
11:35
The second crazy idea
243
683566
2417
第二個瘋狂的想法是
11:37
is that consciousness might be universal.
244
685983
3478
意識也許是普遍存在的。
11:41
Every system might have some degree
245
689461
3061
每個系統都有
11:44
of consciousness.
246
692522
3725
某種程度的意識，
11:48
This view is sometimes called panpsychism:
247
696247
2961
這種觀點被稱作泛心論，
11:51
pan for all, psych for mind,
248
699208
3002
一切皆有心理活動，
11:54
every system is conscious,
249
702210
1771
每個系統都是有意識的，
11:55
not just humans, dogs, mice, flies,
250
703981
4247
不僅僅是人類、狗、老鼠、蒼蠅，
12:00
but even Rob Knight's microbes,
251
708228
2577
甚至 Rob Knight 的微生物，
12:02
elementary particles.
252
710805
2187
基本粒子都有意識，
12:04
Even a photon has some degree of consciousness.
253
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2713
甚至一個光子都有某種程度的意識。
12:07
The idea is not that photons are intelligent
254
715705
3779
這一觀點並不表明光子擁有智慧
12:11
or thinking.
255
719484
1077
或更夠思考，
12:12
It's not that a photon
256
720561
1430
不是說一個光子會
12:13
is wracked with angst
257
721991
1445
陷入深深地焦慮，
12:15
because it's thinking, "Aww, I'm always
buzzing around near the speed of light.
buzzing around near the speed of light.
258
723436
3292
因為它想著：「我總是以光速跑來跑去，
12:18
I never get to slow down and smell the roses."
259
726728
2992
從未停下來輕嗅玫瑰。」
12:21
No, not like that.
260
729720
2144
並不是這樣。
12:23
But the thought is maybe photons might have
261
731864
3048
而是表明光子也可能有
12:26
some element of raw, subjective feeling,
262
734912
2623
一些原始的主觀體驗，
12:29
some primitive precursor to consciousness.
263
737535
4152
一些原始的意識的前兆，
12:33
This may sound a bit kooky to you.
264
741687
2854
這對你來說可能有些奇怪，
12:36
I mean, why would anyone think such a crazy thing?
265
744541
2783
為什麼會有人思考這種瘋狂的事呢？
12:39
Some motivation comes from the first crazy idea,
266
747324
3560
一些動機來自第一個瘋狂的想法，
12:42
that consciousness is fundamental.
267
750884
2146
即意識是基本概念。
12:45
If it's fundamental, like space and time and mass,
268
753030
4375
如果它同空間、時間、質量一樣是基本概念，
12:49
it's natural to suppose that it might be universal too,
269
757405
2665
那自然也可以假定它具有普遍性，
12:52
the way they are.
270
760070
1900
同其他基本概念一樣。
12:53
It's also worth noting that although the idea
271
761970
1949
還有一點值得注意的是，
12:55
seems counterintuitive to us,
272
763919
2024
雖然這個想法對我們來說是反直覺的，
12:57
it's much less counterintuitive to people
273
765943
2744
但對於來自其他文化的人來說
13:00
from different cultures,
274
768687
1731
沒那麼反直覺，
13:02
where the human mind is seen as much more
275
770418
1520
那裡人的心靈同自然
13:03
continuous with nature.
276
771938
3072
緊密相連。
13:07
A deeper motivation comes from the idea that
277
775010
3734
從這個想法中得到的更深一層動機是
13:10
perhaps the most simple and powerful way
278
778744
2009
也許找出將意識同物理過程
13:12
to find fundamental laws connecting consciousness
279
780753
2234
相聯繫的
13:14
to physical processing
280
782987
1980
最簡單有效的方法就是
13:16
is to link consciousness to information.
281
784967
3095
將意識與資訊相結合。
13:20
Wherever there's information processing,
282
788062
2011
有資訊處理的地方
13:22
there's consciousness.
283
790073
1065
就有意識，
13:23
Complex information processing, like in a human,
284
791138
2540
複雜的資訊處理，比如人類的
13:25
complex consciousness.
285
793688
1532
複雜的意識，
13:27
Simple information processing,
286
795220
2129
簡單的資訊處理，
13:29
simple consciousness.
287
797349
1958
就有簡單的意識。
13:31
A really exciting thing is in recent years
288
799307
2331
近年來最令人興奮的是
13:33
a neuroscientist, Giulio Tononi,
289
801638
3265
神經學家 Giulio Tononi
13:36
has taken this kind of theory
290
804903
1243
採用了這種理論
13:38
and developed it rigorously
291
806146
2075
並將其嚴格按照
13:40
with a mathematical theory.
292
808221
1849
數學理論發展。
13:42
He has a mathematical measure
293
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1517
他有一個關於資訊整合的
13:43
of information integration
294
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1730
數學測量，
13:45
which he calls phi,
295
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1919
他稱之為 phi，
13:47
measuring the amount of information
296
815236
1607
用來測量一個系統中
13:48
integrated in a system.
297
816843
1620
資訊整合的量。
13:50
And he supposes that phi goes along
298
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2369
他推測 phi 同
13:52
with consciousness.
299
820832
1438
意識相關
13:54
So in a human brain,
300
822270
1321
所以在人類大腦中
13:55
incredibly large amount of information integration,
301
823591
2519
有令人難以置信的資訊整合數量，
13:58
high degree of phi,
302
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2034
高度的 phi 值，
14:00
a whole lot of consciousness.
303
828144
1549
大量的意識。
14:01
In a mouse, medium degree
of information integration,
of information integration,
304
829693
3693
老鼠有中等程度的資訊整合數量，
14:05
still pretty significant,
305
833386
1019
但數目仍然龐大，
14:06
pretty serious amount of consciousness.
306
834405
2025
有大量的意識。
14:08
But as you go down to worms,
307
836430
2265
但降至蠕蟲、
14:10
microbes, particles,
308
838695
3477
微生物、粒子，
14:14
the amount of phi falls off.
309
842172
1534
phi 的值就會跌落，
14:15
The amount of information integration falls off,
310
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2433
資訊整合數量下降，
14:18
but it's still non-zero.
311
846139
1448
但並沒有降至零。
14:19
On Tononi's theory,
312
847587
1939
在 Tononi 的理論中，
14:21
there's still going to be a non-zero degree
313
849526
2207
意識程度也不會
14:23
of consciousness.
314
851733
1829
降至為零。
14:25
In effect, he's proposing a fundamental law
315
853562
2539
事實上他提出了一個
關於意識的基本定律，
關於意識的基本定律，
14:28
of consciousness: high phi, high consciousness.
316
856101
3384
phi 值越高，意識程度越高。
14:31
Now, I don't know if this theory is right,
317
859485
2622
現在我不清楚這個理論是否正確，
14:34
but it's actually perhaps the leading theory right now
318
862107
3211
但它實際上是意識科學的
14:37
in the science of consciousness,
319
865318
1386
前沿理論，
14:38
and it's been used to integrate a whole range
320
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2231
並且它被用於整合
14:40
of scientific data,
321
868935
2387
各方面的科學數據，
14:43
and it does have a nice property
that it is in fact simple enough
that it is in fact simple enough
322
871322
2243
並有一個優勢，就是它實際上十分簡單，
14:45
you can write it on the front of a t-shirt.
323
873565
3495
可以印在T恤上。
14:49
Another final motivation is that
324
877060
2625
另一個最終動機就是
14:51
panpsychism might help us to integrate
325
879685
2051
泛心論可以幫助我們將
14:53
consciousness into the physical world.
326
881736
3214
意識和物理世界相結合。
14:56
Physicists and philosophers have often observed
327
884950
3177
物理學家和哲學家經常發現
15:00
that physics is curiously abstract.
328
888127
2441
物理學十分深奧抽象，
15:02
It describes the structure of reality
329
890568
2148
它用一連串方程式去
15:04
using a bunch of equations,
330
892716
2084
描述現實結構，
15:06
but it doesn't tell us about the reality
331
894800
3024
但又不告訴我們
15:09
that underlies it.
332
897824
1568
構成它的現實基礎。
15:11
As Stephen Hawking puts it,
333
899392
1897
正如 Stephen Hawking 所說，
15:13
what puts the fire into the equations?
334
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4054
什麼把火放入了方程式？
15:17
Well, on the panpsychist view,
335
905343
2618
從泛心論者來看，
15:19
you can leave the equations of physics as they are,
336
907961
2639
物理方程式可以是它現在的樣子，
15:22
but you can take them to be describing
337
910600
1564
也可以用它們來描述
15:24
the flux of consciousness.
338
912164
1674
意識的量。
15:25
That's what physics really is ultimately doing,
339
913838
2038
這是物理學最終要做的，
15:27
describing the flux of consciousness.
340
915876
2329
描述意識的量，
15:30
On this view, it's consciousness
341
918205
1653
從這一角度
是意識把火放進了方程式。
15:31
that puts the fire into the equations.
342
919858
4246
15:36
On that view, consciousness doesn't dangle
343
924104
1660
從那種觀點來看
15:37
outside the physical world
344
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1676
意識不是晃蕩在物理世界之外
15:39
as some kind of extra.
345
927440
1418
某種剝離出來的東西，
15:40
It's there right at its heart.
346
928858
3456
它就在物理世界的核心。
15:44
This view, I think, the panpsychist view,
347
932314
2874
我認為這種泛心論觀點
15:47
has the potential to transfigure our relationship
348
935188
3301
有改變我們與自然關係的
15:50
to nature,
349
938489
1495
潛質，
15:51
and it may have some pretty serious social
350
939984
2235
並有可能產生一些嚴重的
15:54
and ethical consequences.
351
942219
3693
社會倫理影響，
15:57
Some of these may be counterintuitive.
352
945912
2159
其中一些可能是違背直覺的。
16:00
I used to think I shouldn't eat anything
353
948071
3071
我過去認為自己不應該吃
16:03
which is conscious,
354
951142
2462
任何有生命的東西，
16:05
so therefore I should be vegetarian.
355
953604
2604
因此我成為素食主義者，
16:08
Now, if you're a panpsychist and you take that view,
356
956208
2567
現在如果你是泛心論者並同意這一觀點，
16:10
you're going to go very hungry.
357
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2730
你就要挨餓了。
16:13
So I think when you think about it,
358
961505
1288
所以當你思考它的時候，
16:14
this tends to transfigure your views,
359
962793
2167
會使你有改變觀點的傾向，
16:16
whereas what matters for ethical purposes
360
964960
2243
但對於倫理目標和
16:19
and moral considerations,
361
967203
1274
道德考量來說，
16:20
not so much the fact of consciousness,
362
968477
3077
最重要的不是關於意識的事實，
16:23
but the degree and the complexity of consciousness.
363
971554
3956
而是意識的程度和複雜性。
16:27
It's also natural to ask about consciousness
364
975510
1938
最然也會探討
16:29
in other systems, like computers.
365
977448
3050
其他系統中的意識，比如電腦。
16:32
What about the artificially intelligent system
366
980498
1789
電影《她》中的人工智慧 Samantha
16:34
in the movie "Her," Samantha?
367
982287
3442
是什麼情況？
16:37
Is she conscious?
368
985729
1400
她有意識嗎？
16:39
Well, if you take the informational,
369
987129
1431
如果你用這種資訊性的
16:40
panpsychist view,
370
988560
1180
泛心論的觀點來看，
16:41
she certainly has complicated information processing
371
989740
3471
她能進行複雜的資訊處理
16:45
and integration,
372
993211
1421
和整合，
16:46
so the answer is very likely yes, she is conscious.
373
994632
2667
答案很有可能是，她有意識。
16:49
If that's right, it raises pretty serious
374
997299
2938
如果答案正確，
那麼不管開發智能計算機系統，
16:52
ethical issues about both the ethics
375
1000237
2365
16:54
of developing intelligent computer systems
376
1002602
3521
還是關閉它們
都會引發很嚴重的倫理問題。
16:58
and the ethics of turning them off.
377
1006123
2736
17:00
Finally, you might ask about the consciousness
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最後你可能問
17:03
of whole groups,
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集體意識、
17:05
the planet.
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星球的意識、
17:07
Does Canada have its own consciousness?
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加拿大有自己的意識嗎？
17:10
Or at a more local level,
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或從地方層面來說，
17:12
does an integrated group
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一個組合的整體
17:13
like the audience at a TED conference,
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比如 TED 演講的觀眾
17:15
are we right now having a
collective TED consciousness,
collective TED consciousness,
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擁有集體 TED 意識嗎？
17:19
an inner movie
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這個 TED 集體的
17:20
for this collective TED group
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內在電影
17:23
which is distinct from the inner movies
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與我們每個人的
17:24
of each of our parts?
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內在電影不同嗎？
17:26
I don't know the answer to that question,
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我不知道這個問題的答案，
17:28
but I think it's at least one
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但我認為至少它
17:29
worth taking seriously.
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值得重視。
17:32
Okay, so this panpsychist vision,
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泛心論者的觀點
17:34
it is a radical one,
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十分激進，
17:36
and I don't know that it's correct.
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我不知道它是否正確，
17:38
I'm actually more confident about
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我其實對第一個瘋狂的想法
17:40
the first crazy idea,
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更有信心，
17:41
that consciousness is fundamental,
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即意識是一種基本概念，
17:44
than about the second one,
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而不是第二個想法，
17:45
that it's universal.
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意識是普遍存在的。
17:48
I mean, the view raises any number of questions,
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我的意思是，這個觀點引發了很多問題，
17:50
has any number of challenges,
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有很多挑戰，
17:51
like how do those little bits
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比如那些意識的片段
17:53
of consciousness add up
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是如何疊加成
17:54
to the kind of complex consciousness
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我們熟知並喜愛的
17:57
we know and love.
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複雜意識的。
17:59
If we can answer those questions,
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如果我們你回答這些問題，
18:00
then I think we're going to be well on our way
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那我們就能在通往嚴肅意識理論的
18:02
to a serious theory of consciousness.
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道路上順利走下去。
18:05
If not, well, this is the hardest problem perhaps
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如果不能，這些也許就是科學和
18:08
in science and philosophy.
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哲學上最難的問題。
18:10
We can't expect to solve it overnight.
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我們不能期待一個晚上就解決，
18:14
But I do think we're going to figure it out eventually.
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但我想我們最終會解決它，
18:17
Understanding consciousness is a real key, I think,
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理解意識
是理解宇宙和我們自己的關鍵，
18:20
both to understanding the universe
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18:23
and to understanding ourselves.
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18:25
It may just take the right crazy idea.
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這也許只需要
採取正確的瘋狂想法。
採取正確的瘋狂想法。
18:28
Thank you.
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謝謝。
18:30
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
David Chalmers - PhilosopherIn his work, David Chalmers explores the “hard problem of consciousness" -- the quest to explain our subjective experience.
Why you should listen
David Chalmers is a philosopher at the Australian National University and New York University. He works in philosophy of mind and in related areas of philosophy and cognitive science. While he's especially known for his theories on consciousness, he's also interested (and has extensively published) in all sorts of other issues in the foundations of cognitive science, the philosophy of language, metaphysics and epistemology.
Chalmers placed the "hard problem" of consciousness firmly on the philosophical map. He famously challenges materialist conceptions of mind, arguing for an "explanatory gap" between our brains’ physical properties and our minds’ qualia. Elsewhere he has championed the notion of the "extended mind," which argues that the mind is not confined to skin or skull, but plausibly may extend beyond them.
David Chalmers | Speaker | TED.com