TEDWomen 2015
Mary Robinson: Why climate change is a threat to human rights
瑪麗·羅賓遜: 為什麼氣候變遷是人權威脅
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氣候變遷並不公平。富裕國家有辦法對抗上升的海平面及枯萎的農田，全球窮人卻因為危險的暴風雨、饑荒及失去土地而顛沛流離，人權受威脅。瑪麗·羅賓遜要求我們參與全球氣候正義行動。
Mary Robinson - Global leader
Mary Robinson served as president of Ireland from 1990 to 1997, and as UN High Commissioner for Human Rights from 1997 to 2002. She now leads a foundation devoted to climate justice. Full bio
Mary Robinson served as president of Ireland from 1990 to 1997, and as UN High Commissioner for Human Rights from 1997 to 2002. She now leads a foundation devoted to climate justice. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:19
A question I'm often asked is,
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別人常問我一個問題，
00:21
where did I get my passion
for human rights and justice?
for human rights and justice?
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就是我對人權及正義的
熱情從何而來？
熱情從何而來？
00:26
It started early.
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這從很早就開始了。
00:28
I grew up in the west of Ireland,
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我在西愛爾蘭長大，
00:30
wedged between four brothers,
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夾在四個兄弟之間，
00:32
two older than me and two younger than me.
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兩個哥哥、兩個弟弟。
00:35
So of course I had to be
interested in human rights,
interested in human rights,
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所以想當然爾我對人權、
00:38
and equality and justice,
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平等及正義產生興趣，
00:41
and using my elbows!
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當然還要會用我的手肘！
00:43
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
00:45
And those issues stayed
with me and guided me,
with me and guided me,
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這些議題隨著我、帶領我成長，
00:48
and in particular,
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特別是在
00:49
when I was elected the first
woman President of Ireland,
woman President of Ireland,
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我當選為愛爾蘭第一位女總統，
00:54
from 1990 to 1997.
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任期在 1990 到 1997 年間。
00:57
I dedicated my presidency
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我在位期間，
01:00
to having a space for those who felt
marginalized on the island of Ireland,
marginalized on the island of Ireland,
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致力給予愛爾蘭島上
覺得被邊緣化的人生存空間，
覺得被邊緣化的人生存空間，
01:05
and bringing together communities
from Northern Ireland
from Northern Ireland
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並促使北愛爾蘭社群
01:08
with those from the Republic,
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與共和國社群和解，
01:10
trying to build peace.
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試著建立和平。
01:12
And I went as the first Irish president
to the United Kingdom
to the United Kingdom
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我是第一位拜訪英國的
愛爾蘭總統，
愛爾蘭總統，
01:17
and met with Queen Elizabeth II,
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會晤女王伊莉莎白二世，
01:20
and also welcomed to my
official residence --
official residence --
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並在我的官邸──
01:24
which we call "Áras an Uachtaráin,"
the house of the president --
the house of the president --
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我們稱之為「總統的房子」──
01:28
members of the royal family,
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接待皇室成員，
01:30
including, notably, the Prince of Wales.
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特別包括王儲查爾斯王子。
01:33
And I was aware that at the time
of my presidency,
of my presidency,
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我知道在我當總統期間，
01:40
Ireland was a country beginning
a rapid economic progress.
a rapid economic progress.
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愛爾蘭的經濟開始快速發展。
01:45
We were a country that was benefiting
from the solidarity of the European Union.
from the solidarity of the European Union.
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我們是歐盟團結的受益者。
01:53
Indeed, when Ireland first joined
the European Union in 1973,
the European Union in 1973,
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確實，愛爾蘭於 1973 年
首次加入歐盟時，
首次加入歐盟時，
01:58
there were parts of the country
that were considered developing,
that were considered developing,
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部分地區可說是正在發展，
02:02
including my own beloved
native county, County Mayo.
native county, County Mayo.
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包括我心愛的家鄉，梅奧郡。
02:06
I led trade delegations
here to the United States,
here to the United States,
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我曾領導商務代表團來訪美國，
02:10
to Japan, to India,
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還有日本、印度，
02:13
to encourage investment,
to help to create jobs,
to help to create jobs,
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鼓勵投資、幫助創造就業機會、
02:17
to build up our economy,
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增進經濟發展，
02:18
to build up our health system,
our education --
our education --
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加強醫療系統、教育──
02:20
our development.
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各種發展。
02:22
What I didn't have to do as president
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但我身為總統不用做的
02:26
was buy land on mainland Europe,
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是去歐洲大陸買塊地，
02:30
so that Irish citizens could go there
because our island was going underwater.
because our island was going underwater.
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讓愛爾蘭公民去那裡，
因為我們的島就要沉到水裡去了。
因為我們的島就要沉到水裡去了。
02:37
What I didn't have to think about,
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我都不用考慮──
02:39
either as president
or as a constitutional lawyer,
or as a constitutional lawyer,
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無論我是總統
還是憲法專門律師──
還是憲法專門律師──
因為氣候變遷的影響
造成的領土主權問題。
造成的領土主權問題。
02:42
was the implications
for the sovereignty of the territory
for the sovereignty of the territory
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02:45
because of the impact of climate change.
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02:49
But that is what President Tong,
of the Republic of Kiribati,
of the Republic of Kiribati,
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但那是吉里巴斯共和國
湯安諾總統
湯安諾總統
02:54
has to wake up every morning
thinking about.
thinking about.
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每天早上醒來都要考慮的問題。
02:57
He has bought land in Fiji
as an insurance policy,
as an insurance policy,
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他必須在斐濟買塊地當保單，
03:02
what he calls, "migration with dignity,"
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他稱之為「有尊嚴的遷移」，
03:06
because he knows that his people
may have to leave their islands.
may have to leave their islands.
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因為他知道他的人民有一天
必須棄島而去。
必須棄島而去。
03:12
As I listened to President Tong
describing the situation,
describing the situation,
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我在聽湯總統描述情況的時候，
03:17
I really felt that this was a problem
that no leader should have to face.
that no leader should have to face.
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我真的覺得這不是
領導人應該面對的問題。
領導人應該面對的問題。
03:24
And as I heard him speak
about the pain of his problems,
about the pain of his problems,
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我在聽他訴說這個問題
帶來的痛苦時，
帶來的痛苦時，
03:29
I thought about Eleanor Roosevelt.
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我就想到愛蓮娜·羅斯福。
03:33
I thought about her
and those who worked with her
and those who worked with her
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我想到她和與她一同在
03:38
on the Commission on Human Rights,
which she chaired in 1948,
which she chaired in 1948,
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聯合國人權委員會工作的人，
她於 1948 年當主席，
她於 1948 年當主席，
03:43
and drew up the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights.
Declaration of Human Rights.
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並起草《世界人權宣言》。
03:48
For them, it would have been unimaginable
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他們大概無法想像
03:51
that a whole country
could go out of existence
could go out of existence
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一整個國家
會因為人為的氣候變遷而消失。
03:56
because of human-induced climate change.
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03:59
I came to climate change not as
a scientist or an environmental lawyer,
a scientist or an environmental lawyer,
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我不是以科學家或環境律師
開始關注氣候變遷，
開始關注氣候變遷，
04:04
and I wasn't really impressed
by the images of polar bears
by the images of polar bears
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北極熊或冰河融化的照片
也沒有特別打動我。
也沒有特別打動我。
04:08
or melting glaciers.
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04:10
It was because of the impact on people,
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我是因為這對人民的衝擊，
04:14
and the impact on their rights --
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對他們權力的衝擊──
04:17
their rights to food and safe water,
health, education and shelter.
health, education and shelter.
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他們有權力獲得食物、乾淨的水、
健康、教育及安身之處。
健康、教育及安身之處。
04:22
And I say this with humility,
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我以謙卑的心說出這些，
04:26
because I came late
to the issue of climate change.
to the issue of climate change.
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因為我太晚關注
氣候變遷這個議題。
氣候變遷這個議題。
04:30
When I served
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我擔任
04:32
as UN High Commissioner for Human Rights
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聯合國人權事務高級專員
04:34
from 1997 to 2002,
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是在 1997 到 2002 年間，
04:37
climate change wasn't
at the front of my mind.
at the front of my mind.
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當時氣候變遷在我心中
沒什麼地位，
沒什麼地位，
04:39
I don't remember making
a single speech on climate change.
a single speech on climate change.
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我不記得我針對氣候變遷
說過任何一場演講。
說過任何一場演講。
04:43
I knew that there was another
part of the United Nations --
part of the United Nations --
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我知道聯合國有另一個部分──
04:46
the UN Convention on Climate Change --
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聯合國氣候變化綱要公約──
04:49
that was dealing with
the issue of climate change.
the issue of climate change.
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專門處理氣候變遷議題。
04:52
It was later when I started
to work in African countries
to work in African countries
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我是在之後，開始在非洲國家
04:57
on issues of development and human rights.
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處理發展及人權問題時，
才開始注意到。
才開始注意到。
05:00
And I kept hearing
this pervasive sentence:
this pervasive sentence:
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我一直聽到大家都在說這句話：
05:03
"Oh, but things are so much worse now,
things are so much worse."
things are so much worse."
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「噢！但現在情況更糟了，更糟了！」
05:08
And then I explored what was behind that;
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所以我就探究了背後的情況；
05:11
it was about changes in the climate --
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原來是氣候變化──
05:15
climate shocks, changes in the weather.
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氣候衝擊，天氣改變。
05:18
I met Constance Okollet,
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我遇見康絲坦，
05:20
who had formed a women's group
in Eastern Uganda,
in Eastern Uganda,
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她在東烏干達組織了
一個婦女團體，
一個婦女團體，
05:24
and she told me that
when she was growing up,
when she was growing up,
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她告訴我她成長的年代，
05:26
she had a very normal life in her village
and they didn't go hungry,
and they didn't go hungry,
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她在村莊裡過著相當正常的生活，
而且都不會挨餓，
而且都不會挨餓，
05:31
they knew that the seasons would come
as they were predicted to come,
as they were predicted to come,
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他們很確定四季會變化如常，
他們知道何時播種、何時收割，
05:36
they knew when to sow
and they knew when to harvest,
and they knew when to harvest,
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05:39
and so they had enough food.
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所以他們有充足的食物。
05:42
But, in recent years,
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但是最近幾年，
05:44
at the time of this conversation,
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就是我們對談的時候，
05:46
they had nothing
but long periods of drought,
but long periods of drought,
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他們什麼都沒有，
只有長期的旱災，
只有長期的旱災，
05:49
and then flash flooding,
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及隨之而來的暴洪，
05:51
and then more drought.
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然後就是更多的旱災。
05:53
The school had been destroyed,
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學校被摧毀，
05:54
livelihoods had been destroyed,
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生活被摧毀，
05:56
their harvest had been destroyed.
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他們的收穫也被摧毀。
05:58
She forms this women's group
to try to keep her community together.
to try to keep her community together.
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她成立了這個婦女團體，
試著不讓她的社區分崩離析。
試著不讓她的社區分崩離析。
06:03
And this was a reality
that really struck me,
that really struck me,
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這個事實真的給我重重的一擊，
06:08
because of course,
Constance Okollet wasn't responsible
Constance Okollet wasn't responsible
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因為當然，康絲坦無須
06:12
for the greenhouse gas emissions
that were causing this problem.
that were causing this problem.
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為排放溫室氣體
造成這個問題負上責任。
造成這個問題負上責任。
06:16
Indeed, I was very struck
about the situation in Malawi
about the situation in Malawi
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真的，我對今年一月
馬拉威的情況甚感驚訝。
馬拉威的情況甚感驚訝。
06:20
in January of this year.
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06:22
There was an unprecedented
flooding in the country,
flooding in the country,
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這個國家發生了一場空前的洪水，
06:26
it covered about a third of the country,
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淹沒了三分之一的國土，
06:28
over 300 people were killed,
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300 餘人因此喪命，
06:30
and hundreds of thousands
lost their livelihoods.
lost their livelihoods.
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成千上萬人流離失所。
06:34
And the average person in Malawi
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普通馬拉威人
06:37
emits about 80 kg of CO2 a year.
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每年排放約 80 公斤的二氧化碳。
06:43
The average US citizen emits
about 17.5 metric tons.
about 17.5 metric tons.
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普通美國人的排放量
則約 17.5 噸。
則約 17.5 噸。
06:49
So those who are suffering
disproportionately
disproportionately
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所以為此受到無比痛苦的人，
06:52
don't drive cars, don't have electricity,
don't consume very significantly,
don't consume very significantly,
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不開車、不用電、也不怎麼消費，
06:59
and yet they are feeling more and more
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然而他們卻覺得愈來愈受
07:02
the impacts of the changes in the climate,
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氣候變遷的衝擊。
07:07
the changes that are preventing them
from knowing how to grow food properly,
from knowing how to grow food properly,
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這樣的變遷讓他們不知道
該如何適當種植食物，
該如何適當種植食物，
07:11
and knowing how
to look after their future.
to look after their future.
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該如何展望未來。
07:15
I think it was really
the importance of the injustice
the importance of the injustice
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我想真的是不公義的重要性
07:23
that really struck me very forcibly.
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強烈的衝擊我。
07:26
And I know that we're not able
to address some of that injustice
to address some of that injustice
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我知道我們無法解決那些不公義，
07:33
because we're not on course
for a safe world.
for a safe world.
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因為我們沒有走向安全的世界。
07:36
Governments around the world agreed
at the conference in Copenhagen,
at the conference in Copenhagen,
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全世界的政府都在
哥本哈根大會上同意，
哥本哈根大會上同意，
07:43
and have repeated it
at every conference on climate,
at every conference on climate,
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也在每一場氣候變遷
會議上不斷看到，
會議上不斷看到，
07:46
that we have to stay
below two degrees Celsius
below two degrees Celsius
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我們的暖化程度
07:50
of warming above pre-Industrial standards.
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與工業革命前的標準相比，
不可超過攝氏 2 度。
不可超過攝氏 2 度。
07:53
But we're on course
for about four degrees.
for about four degrees.
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我們卻朝著上升 4 度去。
07:56
So we face an existential threat
to the future of our planet.
to the future of our planet.
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所以我們面對著
地球未來的存亡關頭。
地球未來的存亡關頭。
08:01
And that made me realize
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這使我瞭解
08:03
that climate change is the greatest threat
to human rights in the 21st century.
to human rights in the 21st century.
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氣候變遷的確是 21 世紀
人權最大的威脅。
人權最大的威脅。
08:09
And that brought me then
to climate justice.
to climate justice.
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這因而引起我關注氣候正義。
08:13
Climate justice responds
to the moral argument --
to the moral argument --
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氣候正義能回答道德爭論──
08:17
both sides of the moral argument --
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無論是氣候變遷爭論的哪一方。
08:19
to address climate change.
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08:21
First of all,
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首先，
08:23
to be on the side of those who are
suffering most and are most effected.
suffering most and are most effected.
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站在最痛苦最受影響的一方。
08:27
And secondly,
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第二，
08:28
to make sure that they're not left behind
again, when we start to move
again, when we start to move
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我們要確保在開始行動時，
開始以氣候行動對付氣候變遷時，
不能再遺忘他們，
不能再遺忘他們，
08:33
and start to address climate change
with climate action,
with climate action,
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08:36
as we are doing.
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就像我們現在所為。
08:39
In our very unequal world today,
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今天在這個非常不平等的世界，
08:42
it's very striking how many
people are left behind.
people are left behind.
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你會很驚訝有多少人被遺忘了。
08:46
In our world of 7.2 billion people,
about 3 billion are left behind.
about 3 billion are left behind.
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世界 72 億人口中，
有 30 億人被遺忘。
有 30 億人被遺忘。
08:53
1.3 billion don't have access
to electricity,
to electricity,
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13 億人沒有電可用，
08:57
and they light their homes
with kerosene and candles,
with kerosene and candles,
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他們以煤油及蠟燭點亮房屋，
09:01
both of which are dangerous.
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這兩者都很危險。
09:02
And in fact they spend a lot of their
tiny income on that form of lighting.
tiny income on that form of lighting.
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事實上他們大部分的收入，
都花在這種照明方式上。
都花在這種照明方式上。
09:09
2.6 billion people cook on open fires --
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26 億人以露天爐灶煮飯，
09:13
on coal, wood and animal dung.
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燒煤、木頭或動物糞便。
09:17
And this causes
about 4 million deaths a year
about 4 million deaths a year
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這造成每年四百萬人口死亡，
09:22
from indoor smoke inhalation,
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因為吸入室內煙霧，
09:24
and of course, most of those
who die are women.
who die are women.
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當然，大部分的死者是婦女。
09:28
So we have a very unequal world,
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所以我們有個非常不平等的世界，
09:33
and we need to change
from "business as usual."
from "business as usual."
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我們必須改變「一切如常」的想法。
09:39
And we shouldn't underestimate
the scale and the transformative nature
the scale and the transformative nature
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我們不應該低估
我們所需的改變規模
及其轉變能力。
及其轉變能力。
09:45
of the change which will be needed,
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09:47
because we have to go to zero
carbon emissions by about 2050,
carbon emissions by about 2050,
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因為我們的碳排放量
必須在 2050 年達到零，
必須在 2050 年達到零，
09:54
if we're going to stay below
two degrees Celsius of warming.
two degrees Celsius of warming.
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才能讓暖化程度如預期
保持低於攝氏 2 度。
保持低於攝氏 2 度。
09:58
And that means we have to leave
about two-thirds of the known resources
about two-thirds of the known resources
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那意味著我們必須停止開採
大約三分之二的已知資源，
大約三分之二的已知資源，
10:04
of fossil fuels in the ground.
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即化石燃料。
10:06
It's a very big change,
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這是很大的改變。
10:08
and it means that obviously,
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而且這意味著，
10:10
industrialized countries
must cut their emissions,
must cut their emissions,
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顯然工業化國家必須減少排放量，
10:13
must become much more energy-efficient,
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必須變得更加節能，
10:15
and must move as quickly as possible
to renewable energy.
to renewable energy.
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必須盡快發展使用再生能源。
10:20
For developing countries
and emerging economies,
and emerging economies,
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對開發中國家及新興經濟體而言，
10:24
the problem and the challenge
is to grow without emissions,
is to grow without emissions,
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問題及挑戰在於零排放成長，
10:29
because they must develop;
they have very poor populations.
they have very poor populations.
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因為他們必須開發，
他們的居民非常貧窮。
他們的居民非常貧窮。
10:32
So they must develop without emissions,
and that is a different kind of problem.
and that is a different kind of problem.
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所以他們必須開發，又要零排放，
這是不同類型的問題。
這是不同類型的問題。
10:38
Indeed, no country in the world
has actually grown without emissions.
has actually grown without emissions.
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確實，世界上沒有任何一個國家
可以做到零排放成長。
可以做到零排放成長。
10:44
All the countries have developed
with fossil fuels,
with fossil fuels,
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所有國家的開發都靠化石燃料，
10:46
and then may be moving
to renewable energy.
to renewable energy.
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然後或許能轉變成依靠再生能源。
10:48
So it is a very big challenge,
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所以這是非常大的挑戰，
10:51
and it requires the total support
of the international community,
of the international community,
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這需要國際社會全面支持，
10:55
with the necessary finance and technology,
and systems and support,
and systems and support,
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提供必要的資金和技術，
系統及支援，
系統及支援，
11:00
because no country can make itself safe
from the dangers of climate change.
from the dangers of climate change.
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因為沒有一個國家能在
氣候變遷的危險下自掃門前雪。
氣候變遷的危險下自掃門前雪。
11:08
This is an issue that requires
complete human solidarity.
complete human solidarity.
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這個議題需要人類全面團結。
11:13
Human solidarity, if you like,
based on self-interest --
based on self-interest --
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人類團結，你也可以說是
基於自我利益，
基於自我利益，
11:16
because we are all in this together,
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因為我們同在一艘船上，
11:18
and we have to work together
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我們必須合作
11:20
to ensure that we reach
zero carbon by 2050.
zero carbon by 2050.
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以確保我們在 2050 年
達到零碳排放量。
達到零碳排放量。
11:26
The good news is that change is happening,
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好消息是改變已經開始，
11:29
and it's happening very fast.
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而且發展得很快。
11:32
Here in California,
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在加州這裡，
11:33
there's a very ambitious
emissions target to cut emissions.
emissions target to cut emissions.
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設定非常遠大的目標，
以減少溫室氣體排放。
以減少溫室氣體排放。
11:37
In Hawaii, they're passing legislation
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在夏威夷，他們剛剛通過立法，
11:40
to have 100 percent
renewable energy by 2045.
renewable energy by 2045.
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要在 2045 年達到
百分之百的再生能源。
百分之百的再生能源。
11:45
And governments are very ambitious
around the world.
around the world.
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全世界的政府也抱著雄心壯志。
11:49
In Costa Rica, they have committed
to being carbon-neutral by 2021.
to being carbon-neutral by 2021.
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哥斯大黎加承諾要在
2021 年做到碳中和。
2021 年做到碳中和。
11:55
In Ethiopia, the commitment
is to be carbon-neutral by 2027.
is to be carbon-neutral by 2027.
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衣索匹亞承諾要在
2027 年達到碳中和。
2027 年達到碳中和。
12:01
Apple have pledged that their factories
in China will use renewable energy.
in China will use renewable energy.
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蘋果公司誓言要讓
在中國的工廠使用再生能源。
在中國的工廠使用再生能源。
12:08
And there is a race on at the moment
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目前也有一場競賽，
12:11
to convert electricity
from tidal and wave power,
from tidal and wave power,
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要從潮汐能發電，
12:15
in order that we can leave
the coal in the ground.
the coal in the ground.
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4219
如此我們才能停止開採煤炭。
12:19
And that change is both welcome
and is happening very rapidly.
and is happening very rapidly.
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這樣的改變既受歡迎也發展快速。
12:24
But it's still not enough,
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但這還不夠，
12:25
and the political will
is still not enough.
is still not enough.
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而且光有政治決心還是不夠。
12:28
Let me come back to President Tong
and his people in Kiribati.
and his people in Kiribati.
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讓我再回頭談談湯總統
及吉里巴斯的人民。
及吉里巴斯的人民。
12:34
They actually could be able to live
on their island and have a solution,
on their island and have a solution,
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他們還是可以在他們的島上生活，
而且有解決方案，
而且有解決方案，
12:40
but it would take a lot of political will.
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但是這要下很大的政治決心。
12:43
President Tong told me
about his ambitious idea
about his ambitious idea
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湯總統告訴我他的雄心壯志，
12:47
to either build up or even float
the little islands where his people live.
the little islands where his people live.
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要把民眾住的小島加高，
甚至讓島漂起來。
甚至讓島漂起來。
12:55
This, of course, is beyond
the resources of Kiribati itself.
the resources of Kiribati itself.
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想當然爾，這絕非吉里巴斯
憑一國之力就能做到。
憑一國之力就能做到。
12:59
It would require great solidarity
and support from other countries,
and support from other countries,
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這需要其他國家的大團結及支援，
13:03
and it would require
the kind of imaginative idea
the kind of imaginative idea
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這也需要那種富有想像力的構想，
13:07
that we bring together when we want
to have a space station in the air.
to have a space station in the air.
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如同我們想在空中
建造太空站時的集思廣義。
建造太空站時的集思廣義。
13:12
But wouldn't it be wonderful
to have this engineering wonder
to have this engineering wonder
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但這不是很棒嗎？
創造這種工程奇景，
創造這種工程奇景，
13:17
and to allow a people to remain
in their sovereign territory,
in their sovereign territory,
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讓一個國家的人民
能留在他們獨立自主的領土上，
能留在他們獨立自主的領土上，
13:20
and be part of the community of nations?
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3119
並成為國際社會的一部分？
13:24
That is the kind of idea
that we should be thinking about.
that we should be thinking about.
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4783
這才是我們應該思索的計畫。
13:29
Yes, the challenges
of the transformation we need are big,
of the transformation we need are big,
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的確，我們所需的變革挑戰很大。
13:34
but they can be solved.
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但是我們可以克服這樣的挑戰。
13:37
We are actually, as a people,
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我們身為人，
13:39
very capable of coming together
to solve problems.
to solve problems.
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其實很有能力一同解決問題。
13:42
I was very conscious of this
as I took part this year
as I took part this year
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我對此非常清楚，
因為我今年參加了
因為我今年參加了
13:46
in commemoration of the 70th anniversary
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3757
1945 年二次世界大戰結束
70 周年紀念。
70 周年紀念。
13:50
of the end of the Second
World War in 1945.
World War in 1945.
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13:55
1945 was an extraordinary year.
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2601
1945 年是非常不平凡的一年。
13:59
It was a year when the world faced
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2606
那年，全世界面對了幾項
14:01
what must have seemed almost
insoluble problems --
insoluble problems --
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3527
看似幾乎無法解決的問題──
14:05
the devastation of the world wars,
particularly the Second World War;
particularly the Second World War;
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833548
4549
兩次世界大戰的蹂躪，
尤其是二次世界大戰；
尤其是二次世界大戰；
14:10
the fragile peace that had
been brought about;
been brought about;
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838121
3207
隨之而來不穩固的和平；
14:13
the need for a whole
economic regeneration.
economic regeneration.
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841352
2634
整體經濟復興的需求。
14:16
But the leaders of that time
didn't flinch from this.
didn't flinch from this.
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4225
但是當時的領導人
並不因此而退縮。
並不因此而退縮。
14:20
They had the capacity, they had
a sense of being driven by
a sense of being driven by
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他們有能力，
他們的動力來自於
他們的動力來自於
14:25
never again must the world
have this kind of problem.
have this kind of problem.
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4051
絕不容許世界再發生相同的問題。
14:29
And they had to build structures
for peace and security.
for peace and security.
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3716
他們必須為和平及安全建立架構。
14:33
And what did we get?
What did they achieve?
What did they achieve?
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3461
我們因此得到什麼？
他們完成了什麼？
他們完成了什麼？
14:36
The Charter of the United Nations,
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2619
聯合國憲章，
14:39
the Bretton Woods institutions,
as they're called, The World Bank,
as they're called, The World Bank,
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867189
3551
及一般說的布雷頓森林協定，
世界銀行，
世界銀行，
14:42
and the International Monetary Fund.
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870764
2437
國際貨幣基金。
14:45
A Marshall Plan for Europe,
a devastated Europe,
a devastated Europe,
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3374
歐洲的馬歇爾計劃，
滿目瘡痍的歐洲，
滿目瘡痍的歐洲，
14:48
to reconstruct it.
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他們要重建此地。
14:50
And indeed a few years later,
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2061
甚至在數年之後，
14:52
the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
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3153
還有世界人權宣言。
14:56
2015 is a year that is similar
in its importance
in its importance
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884364
5614
2015 年的重要性
與 1945 年情況類似，
有類似的挑戰也有類似的潛力。
有類似的挑戰也有類似的潛力。
15:02
to 1945, with similar challenges
and similar potential.
and similar potential.
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890002
4851
15:07
There will be two big summits this year:
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895377
3023
今年會有兩大高峰會，
15:10
the first one, in September in New York,
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898424
2779
第一個會於九月在紐約舉行，
15:13
is the summit for the sustainable
development goals.
development goals.
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3285
是永續發展目標高峰會。
15:17
And then the summit in Paris in December,
to give us a climate agreement.
to give us a climate agreement.
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5478
然後十二月在巴黎的高峰會
要給世人一份氣候協議。
要給世人一份氣候協議。
15:23
The sustainable development goals
are intended to help countries
are intended to help countries
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永續發展目標是為了幫助
15:29
to live sustainably,
in tune with Mother Earth,
in tune with Mother Earth,
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4110
各國永續生存，
與孕育萬物的大地融合，
與孕育萬物的大地融合，
15:33
not to take out of Mother Earth
and destroy ecosystems,
and destroy ecosystems,
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5326
不要忽略大地，摧毀生態系統，
15:39
but rather, to live in harmony
with Mother Earth,
with Mother Earth,
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927200
3614
而是藉由永續發展
與大地和平共存。
與大地和平共存。
15:42
by living under sustainable development.
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930838
3829
15:46
And the sustainable development goals
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934691
2373
永續發展目標
15:49
will come into operation for all countries
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937088
2385
會在全球所有國家
15:51
on January 1, 2016.
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939497
2872
於 2016 年元旦開始實施。
15:54
The climate agreement --
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942814
1177
氣候協議──
15:56
a binding climate agreement --
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944015
1516
具有約束力的氣候協議
15:57
is needed because
of the scientific evidence
of the scientific evidence
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945555
3664
是必要的，
因為科學證據顯示
因為科學證據顯示
16:01
that we're on a trajectory
for about a four-degree world
for about a four-degree world
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949243
2917
地球目前的趨勢為上升 4 度，
16:04
and we have to change course
to stay below two degrees.
to stay below two degrees.
251
952184
3488
我們必須改變方向
以維持低於 2 度。
以維持低於 2 度。
16:08
So we need to take steps
that will be monitored and reviewed,
that will be monitored and reviewed,
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5524
所以我們必須採取
能受監測及審查的步驟，
能受監測及審查的步驟，
16:13
so that we can keep increasing
the ambition of how we cut emissions,
the ambition of how we cut emissions,
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4398
才能不斷增強野心，
找出減少溫室氣體排放
找出減少溫室氣體排放
16:18
and how we move more rapidly
to renewable energy,
to renewable energy,
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3116
及加速以再生能源取代的方法，
16:21
so that we have a safe world.
255
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讓我們有一個安全的世界。
16:27
The reality is that this issue
is much too important
is much too important
256
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6183
現實情況是這個問題太重要了，
16:33
to be left to politicians
and to the United Nations.
and to the United Nations.
257
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3563
不能留給政治人物及聯合國處理。
16:37
(Laughter)
258
985459
1001
（笑聲）
16:38
It's an issue for all of us,
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986484
1578
這是我們所有人的問題，
16:40
and it's an issue where we need
more and more momentum.
more and more momentum.
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3964
而且這個問題
需要愈來愈強的動力。
需要愈來愈強的動力。
16:44
Indeed, the face of
the environmentalist has changed,
the environmentalist has changed,
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3485
的確，環保人士的陣容
已經有所改變，
已經有所改變，
16:48
because of the justice dimension.
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2309
改變來自於正義的重要性。
16:50
It's now an issue
for faith-based organizations,
for faith-based organizations,
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3220
現在這是宗教組織的問題了，
16:53
under very good leadership
from Pope Francis,
from Pope Francis,
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1001997
3172
教宗方濟各
在這方面領導有方；
在這方面領導有方；
16:57
and indeed, the Church of England,
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1772
當然還有英國國教會，
16:58
which is divesting from fossil fuels.
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他們拋售化石燃料資產。
17:01
It's an issue for the business community,
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這也是商業界的問題，
17:05
and the good news is
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好消息是
17:06
that the business community
is changing very rapidly --
is changing very rapidly --
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商業界的改變也非常快速，
17:09
except for the fossil fuel industries --
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化石燃料產業除外。
17:11
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
17:13
Even they are beginning
to slightly change their language --
to slightly change their language --
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即使是他們
也開始稍微改變語氣，
也開始稍微改變語氣，
17:16
but only slightly.
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981
不過只有一點點。
17:17
But business is not only moving rapidly
to the benefits of renewable energy,
to the benefits of renewable energy,
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企業不但快速行動利用再生能源，
17:22
but is urging politicians
to give them more signals,
to give them more signals,
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也促使政治人物能給他們更多信號，
17:25
so that they can move even more rapidly.
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1975
讓他們能加快腳步。
17:27
It's an issue for the trade
union movement.
union movement.
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這是工會運動的問題。
17:29
It's an issue for the women's movement.
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這是婦女運動的問題。
17:31
It's an issue for young people.
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這是年輕人的問題。
17:33
I was very struck when I learned
that Jibreel Khazan,
that Jibreel Khazan,
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我非常驚訝，在我知道
美國種族平權人士吉卜利·勒坎珊
美國種族平權人士吉卜利·勒坎珊
17:39
one of the Greensboro Four who had
taken part in the Woolworth sit-ins,
taken part in the Woolworth sit-ins,
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──他為「格林斯伯勒四」一員，
曾參與伍爾沃斯公司靜坐抗議事件──
曾參與伍爾沃斯公司靜坐抗議事件──
17:44
said quite recently that
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最近才指出，
17:46
climate change is the lunch counter
moment for young people.
moment for young people.
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氣候變遷是年輕人的民權運動。
17:52
So, lunch counter moment
for young people of the 21st century --
for young people of the 21st century --
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4288
所以， 21 世紀年輕人的
民權運動──
民權運動──
17:56
the sort of real human rights issue
of the 21st century,
of the 21st century,
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4341
21 世紀真正的人權問題，
18:01
because he said it is
the greatest challenge
the greatest challenge
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因為他說這是對全世界
人類及正義最大的挑戰。
人類及正義最大的挑戰。
18:03
to humanity and justice in our world.
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18:08
I recall very much
the Climate March last September,
the Climate March last September,
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我還記得很清楚，去年九月
在紐約舉行的氣候變遷大遊行，
在紐約舉行的氣候變遷大遊行，
18:12
and that was a huge momentum,
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1801
氣勢浩大，
18:14
not just in New York,
but all around the world.
but all around the world.
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2962
不只在紐約，全世界都是如此，
18:17
and we have to build on that.
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1085332
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我們必須乘勢而行。
18:19
I was marching with some
of The Elders family,
of The Elders family,
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1087626
3111
我跟曼德拉開創的「世界長老」
幾位成員一起走，
幾位成員一起走，
18:22
and I saw a placard
a little bit away from me,
a little bit away from me,
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1090761
5027
然後我看到一張抗議牌，
離我不太遠，
離我不太遠，
18:27
but we were wedged so closely together --
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1095812
1954
但是我們被擠得很靠近，
18:29
because after all, there were 400,000
people out in the streets of New York --
people out in the streets of New York --
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3675
因為畢竟有四十萬人
聚集在紐約街頭上，
聚集在紐約街頭上，
18:33
so I couldn't quite get to that placard,
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1913
所以我無法靠近那面牌子，
18:35
I would have just liked to have been
able to step behind it,
able to step behind it,
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3081
要不然我真的很想站在
那塊牌子後面，
那塊牌子後面，
18:38
because it said, "Angry Grannies!"
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2446
因為上面寫著：生氣的奶奶！
18:41
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
18:42
That's what I felt.
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那就是我的感受。
18:43
And I have five grandchildren now,
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3973
我現在有五個孫子。
18:47
I feel very happy as an Irish grandmother
to have five grandchildren,
to have five grandchildren,
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4288
我身為愛爾蘭祖母
很開心自己有五個孫子，
很開心自己有五個孫子，
18:52
and I think about their world,
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3043
然後我思索著他們的世界，
18:55
and what it will be
like when they will share that world
like when they will share that world
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3161
到時會是什麼樣子呢？
當他們在 2050 年
當他們在 2050 年
18:58
with about 9 billion other people in 2050.
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4046
與九十億人一起同享這個世界
是什麼樣子？
是什麼樣子？
19:03
We know that inevitably it will
be a climate-constrained world,
be a climate-constrained world,
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1131574
4655
我們知道無可避免
那將是受到氣候限制的世界，
那將是受到氣候限制的世界，
19:08
because of the emissions
we've already put up there,
we've already put up there,
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2849
受制於我們排放的溫室效應氣體；
19:11
but it could be a world that is much
more equal and much fairer,
more equal and much fairer,
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5397
但是那也可能
是一個更平等更公平的世界，
是一個更平等更公平的世界，
19:16
and much better for health,
and better for jobs
and better for jobs
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2582
更有利於健康、就業環境、
19:19
and better for energy security,
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1147153
1972
能源安全的世界，
19:21
than the world we have now,
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1827
比我們現有的還要好，
19:23
if we have switched sufficiently
and early enough to renewable energy,
and early enough to renewable energy,
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7000
只要我們能充分、及早
改變為使用再生能源，
改變為使用再生能源，
19:30
and no one is left behind.
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2432
並且不再遺忘任何人，
19:32
No one is left behind.
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2395
不再遺忘任何人。
19:35
And just as we've been
looking back this year --
looking back this year --
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3580
正如我們從今年回首當年──
19:39
in 2015 to 1945, looking back 70 years --
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1167340
5507
從 2015 年看 1945 年，
回顧七十個年頭──
回顧七十個年頭──
19:44
I would like to think
that they will look back,
that they will look back,
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2564
我想他們也會回頭看，
19:47
that world will look back
35 years from 2050,
35 years from 2050,
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1175459
4849
2050 年的世界
也會回顧 35 年前，
也會回顧 35 年前，
19:52
35 years to 2015,
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2874
35 年前的 2015 年，
19:55
and that they will say,
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2818
他們會說：
19:58
"Weren't they good
to do what they did in 2015?
to do what they did in 2015?
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4107
「他們在 2015 年做的不是很好嗎？
20:02
We really appreciate that they took
the decisions that made a difference,
the decisions that made a difference,
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5475
我們真的很感謝
他們下定決心要扭轉情勢，
他們下定決心要扭轉情勢，
20:07
and that put the world
on the right pathway,
on the right pathway,
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2938
讓這個世界走在正確的路上，
20:10
and we benefit now from that pathway,"
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1198664
2706
所以我們今天才能受惠。」
20:13
that they will feel that somehow
we took our responsibilities,
we took our responsibilities,
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1201394
3881
他們會覺得我們
或多或少負起了責任，
或多或少負起了責任，
20:17
we did what was done
in 1945 in similar terms,
in 1945 in similar terms,
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1205299
4159
我們與 1945 年的人一樣
做了類似的事，
做了類似的事，
20:21
we didn't miss the opportunity,
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2421
我們沒有錯失機會，
20:23
we lived up to our responsibilities.
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2182
我們堅守了該負的責任。
20:26
That's what this year is about.
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3172
這就是今年的使命。
20:29
And somehow for me,
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1350
我總覺得對我而言，
20:31
it's captured in words of somebody
that I admired very much.
that I admired very much.
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1219062
4294
我非常欽佩的人說過一句話
最能捕捉我的感覺。
最能捕捉我的感覺。
20:35
She was a mentor of mine,
she was a friend,
she was a friend,
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2333
她是我的精神導師，也是個朋友。
20:37
she died much too young,
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1225737
1948
她死得太早，
20:39
she was an extraordinary personality,
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1227709
2005
她有超凡的個性，
20:41
a great champion of the environment:
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1229738
2484
是環境的偉大鬥士：
20:44
Wangari Maathai.
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1232246
1824
旺加里·馬塔伊。
20:46
Wangari said once,
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1234627
2626
旺加里曾說：
20:49
"In the course of history,
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1237277
1954
「在漫漫歷史中，
20:51
there comes a time
when humanity is called upon
when humanity is called upon
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4011
總有一段時間，人類被要求
20:55
to shift to a new level of consciousness,
340
1243290
4751
轉變到新的意識狀態，
21:00
to reach a higher moral ground."
341
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3457
以達到更高的道德標準。」
21:04
And that's what we have to do.
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1252135
1919
那正是我們該做的。
21:06
We have to reach
a new level of consciousness,
a new level of consciousness,
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3288
我們必須達到新的意識狀態，
21:09
a higher moral ground.
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1257390
1967
更高的道德標準。
21:11
And we have to do it this year
in those two big summits.
in those two big summits.
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1259791
3841
我們必須在今年
兩大高峰會中做到這點。
兩大高峰會中做到這點。
21:16
And that won't happen unless
we have the momentum
we have the momentum
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3598
這不會實現，除非我們
21:19
from people around the world who say:
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1267730
3147
從全世界人民得到動力，
大家發聲說：
大家發聲說：
21:22
"We want action now,
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1270901
1520
「我們現在就要採取行動，
21:24
we want to change course,
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1571
我們現在就要改變趨勢，
21:26
we want a safe world,
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1373
我們要一個安全的世界，
21:27
a safe world for future generations,
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2175
留給後人一個安全的世界，
21:29
a safe world for our children
and our grandchildren,
and our grandchildren,
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2608
留給子孫一個安全的世界，
21:32
and we're all in this together."
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2271
我們要為此同心協力。」
21:34
Thank you.
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謝謝。
21:35
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Mary Robinson - Global leaderMary Robinson served as president of Ireland from 1990 to 1997, and as UN High Commissioner for Human Rights from 1997 to 2002. She now leads a foundation devoted to climate justice.
Why you should listen
Mary Robinson is president of the Mary Robinson Foundation: Climate Justice, and the United Nations Secretary-General’s Special Envoy on Climate Change. She was the president of Ireland from 1990-1997 and UN High Commissioner for Human Rights from 1997-2002, and is now a member of The Elders and the Club of Madrid. She is also a member of the Lead Group of the Scaling Up Nutrition (SUN) Movement. In 2009, she was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by Barack Obama, and between March 2013 and August 2014 she served as the UN Secretary General’s Special Envoy for the Great Lakes region of Africa.
A former president of the International Commission of Jurists and former chair of the Council of Women World Leaders, Robinson was founder and president of Realizing Rights: The Ethical Globalization Initiative, from 2002 to 2010. Robinson’s memoir, Everybody Matters, was published in 2012.
More profile about the speakerA former president of the International Commission of Jurists and former chair of the Council of Women World Leaders, Robinson was founder and president of Realizing Rights: The Ethical Globalization Initiative, from 2002 to 2010. Robinson’s memoir, Everybody Matters, was published in 2012.
Mary Robinson | Speaker | TED.com