Yuval Noah Harari: Nationalism vs. globalism: the new political divide
尤瓦爾 · 諾亞 · 哈拉瑞: 國家主義與全球主義:當今政治分界
In his book "Homo Deus," Yuval Noah Harari explores the future of humankind: the destinies we may set for ourselves and the quests we'll undertake. Full bioChris Anderson - TED Curator
After a long career in journalism and publishing, Chris Anderson became the curator of the TED Conference in 2002 and has developed it as a platform for identifying and disseminating ideas worth spreading. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
Welcome to this TED Dialogues.
歡迎參與 TED Dialogues。
that's going to be done
political upheaval.
the growing divisiveness in this country
a different kind of conversation,
on reason, listening, on understanding,
在理性、聆聽、和諧意識上的,
in these TED Dialogues,
這 TED Dialogues 希望嘗試的,
pretty much like no one else
with underlying ideas
your breath away.
this book, "Sapiens."
《人類大歷史》。
來解說人類的故事,
think differently --
in the US next week.
of the next hundred years.
quite alarming.
或有出乎意料的顫慄,
someone better to help
is happening in the world right now.
to Yuval Noah Harari.
尤瓦爾 · 諾亞 · 哈拉瑞先生
on Facebook and around the Web.
和網路上的朋友參與。
asking questions of Yuval,
the political scandal du jour,
of: Where are we heading?
我們人類的前景?
there's a new president in power,
by telling stories.
and very attractive story
oh, what's happening is
will create paradise on Earth,
globalizing the economy
even of the Western world,
包括西方國家的,
it doesn't matter.
這不是關鍵,
you don't understand what's happening.
你就不能理解一切發生的事情。
是確信這故事是有效的。
was actually a very effective story.
than from eating too little,
than from infectious diseases,
多於死於罪行或恐怖暴力
than are killed by crime and terrorism
your own worst enemy.
你是你最大的敵人;
to be killed by yourself --
very good news, compared --
that we saw in previous eras.
of connecting the world
kind of feeling left out,
through the whole system.
of what's happened?
that people thought of politics,
把政黨分析
has been blown up and replaced.
political model of left versus right
左右派系之政黨模式,
is between global and national,
全球主義和國家主義,
new political models
of thinking about politics.
is that we now have global ecology,
我們是有個全球生態環境,
but we have national politics,
但卻只有國家性的政體,
system ineffective,
over the forces that shape our life.
我們生活的支配因素了。
to this imbalance:
and turn it back into a national economy,
退回到國家經濟;
many liberals out there
as kind of irredeemably bad,
是無藥可救的,
or political philosophy in there
任何內涵或政治觀念,
feeling or idea
某些部分是壞掉了。
something is broken there.
the ordinary person anymore.
about the ordinary person anymore,
of the political disease is correct.
I am far less certain.
我就不敢肯定了。
is the immediate human reaction:
是人之自然反射行為:
in the political system today,
of where humankind is going.
you see retrograde vision:
你只看到懷舊思想:
in the '50s, in the '80s, sometime,
像 50 年代,或 80年代,或其它。
a hundred years after Lenin,
to the Tsarist empire.
咱們回到沙皇帝國時代吧!
of the present is:
sometime in the past we've lost it,
過去某時刻,我們迷失了。
you've lost your way in the city,
把它當是你在都市迷了路,
to the point where I felt secure
之前安全熟識的地方,
this is their gut instinct.
appealing slogan in many ways.
是個很吸引的口號。
a very noble thing.
in promoting cooperation
organized in countries,
even thousands of years,
too much on the bad.
many positive things about patriotism,
a large number of people
the Yellow River in China --
for survival and for prosperity,
from periodical floods
anything about it,
just a tiny section of the river.
and complicated process,
to form the Chinese nation,
hundreds of thousands of people together
and regulate the river
來疏導這河流,
of prosperity for everybody.
around the world.
in a fundamental way.
in the world --
this river by itself.
on a single planet,
of global cooperation,
to tackle the problems,
or whether it's technological disruption.
美麗的概念,
most of the issues,
that matter most today
but on a global scale.
而是全球性的。
of the world today
所有今天世界重大的問題
of global cooperation.
example people give.
of technological disruption.
artificial intelligence,
out of the job market --
of all the countries.
about, say, bioengineering
比如生物工程,
research in humans,
a single country, let's say the US,
continues to do it.
to do the same will be immense
要求進行同類的實驗,
high-risk, high-gain technologies.
I can't allow myself to remain behind.
我絕不能讓自己落後。
effective regulations,
有效之法令,
nobody would like to stay behind.
沒人會喜歡落後的。
a constructive conversation
that the start point
that's propelled us to where we are
concerns about job loss.
way of life has gone,
that people are furious about that.
globalism, global elites,
全球主義和全球菁英等,
without asking their permission,
就要他們扛下來,
a legitimate complaint.
is that -- so a key question is:
一個關鍵問題是:
both now and going forward?
在今天與未來?
yes, is to shut down borders
就是把國家邊境封鎖,
and change trade agreements and so forth.
is not going to be that at all.
in technological questions,
but looking to the future,
who will take the jobs
on the border of California --
豎立個大圍牆──
is going to be very ineffective.
the debates before the election,
辯論,我很驚訝:
did not even attempt to frighten people
沒有嘗試恐嚇工人說:
it doesn't matter.
effective way of frightening people --
that no matter what happens
an intense debate about it,
已經常被討論了,
and among the general public,
technological disruption --
but in 10, 20, 30 years --
而是在 10、20、30 年──
children today in school or in college
因為學校或大學現在教的
to the job market of 2040, 2050.
就業環境全無關連。
to think about in 2040.
2040 年才考慮,
what to teach the young people.
年輕人什麼了。
moments in history
entered a new era, unintentionally.
technologies have been developed,
某些科技被發明了,
that's worse for everyone.
you give in "Sapiens"
《人類大歷史》 中提過,
tilling the fields,
backbreaking workday
一天 12 小時的要命工作,
and a much more interesting lifestyle.
更有樂趣的 6 小時生活。
phase change here,
that none of us actually wants?
根本不想要的未來?
technological and economic revolution
individual lives,
became much better,
菁英之生活有大提升,
became considerably worse.
in the 21st century.
will empower the human collective.
人類的集體力量,
all the benefits, taking all the fruits,
獲得所有的利益,獨享勝果,
finding themselves worse
might not even be human elites.
enhanced super humans.
增強超級人類,
nonorganic elites.
non-conscious algorithms.
is authority shifting away
現今世界已經漸把權柄
about personal lives,
關於個人生活,
about political matters --
by an algorithm, not by a human being.
演算法來決定,而非經人手了。
is that maybe Homo sapiens just lost it.
是不是已經打輸了?
there is so much data,
on the African savanna
of information and data --
of the 21st century,
21 世紀的現實要求了,
that may be able to handle it
is shifting from us to the algorithms.
已從我們轉移到演算法分析了。
for the first of a series of TED Dialogues
舉行首場的 TED Dialogues 系列,
audience out there.
to some of your questions
回答你們的一些問題,
to make the argument
because of the coming technological ...
由於即將來臨的科技──
a global conversation about this.
really believing that, I don't know,
真去相信,我不知道,
threat, and so forth.
some people at least,
nuclear weapons, and so forth.
核武器等等。
we are right now
need to be dialed up?
he doesn't believe in that.
who deny climate change are nationalists.
都是國家主義者,
denying climate change?
否定氣候變遷呢?
about it, it's obvious --
to climate change.
對氣候變遷提不出解方。
in the 21st century,
做個國家主義者,
then you must accept that, yes,
你也就必須接受這點,
for patriotism,
還是有愛國主義的空間;
for having special loyalties
表達特殊忠誠關係,
towards your own country.
和國家情懷的表達。
thinking of abolishing that.
and commitments
several layers of loyalty.
to humankind as a whole?
也忠於人類共同體呢?
when it becomes difficult,
some questions from the audience here.
現場聽眾的問題。
get them coming, too.
clearly made a huge difference
in income distribution in the US
to affect that?
of the underlying causes.
good idea about what to do about it,
任何很好的解決方案,
remain on the national level,
都還困在國家性層面上,
quite a lot about now
it's not clear what "universal" is
因為不清楚「全民」是什麼意思?
about universal basic income,
taking away millions of jobs
my shirts and my shoes.
襯衫和皮鞋的工人,
on Google and Apple in California,
加州的 Google 和 Apple 徵稅,
to unemployed Bangladeshis?
給孟加拉國的失業者?
you can just as well believe
and solve the problem.
and not national basic income,
而不是國家基本收入,
are not going to go away.
just food and shelter was enough.
education is a basic human need,
教育也是人類基本需求,
Twelve years? PhD?
十二年?博士學位?
that can extend human life
of basic income or not?
lose their ability to be employed,
人民失去了謀生技能時,
is this basic income.
very difficult ethical question.
是個極度困難的倫理問題。
on how the world affords it as well,
這世界靠什麼來支付這筆費用?
from Facebook from Lisa Larson:
World War I and World War II
和第二次大戰之間比較,
to the dangers of nationalism,
關於國家主義帶來的危險,
than a century ago.
each other by the millions.
as far as I remember,
an MP who was murdered by some extremist.
一位英國國會議員被極端分子謀殺。
British independence,
為英國爭取自由,
war of independence in human history.
最和平的獨立戰爭。
will now choose to leave the UK
選擇脫離英國,
wanted several times --
事實上蘇格蘭也有好幾次──
in London was to send an army up north
and massacre the highland tribes.
the Scots vote for independence,
蘇格蘭投票要獨立的話,
will not send an army up north
to kill or be killed
of the rise of nationalism
國家主義正崛起,
起碼在西方世界,
today is far, far smaller
you hear publicly worrying
你聽到他們公然的擔憂,
outbreaks of violence in the US
things have shifted?
in the First World War yet.
don't be complacent.
the wrong decisions,
現在開始做錯誤的抉擇,
in an analogous situation to 1917
至類似 1917 年的情況,
underestimate human stupidity.
forces in history,
for no obvious reason,
極瘋狂的事情;
in human history is human wisdom.
就是人類的智慧。
moral psychologist Jonathan Haidt,
of global governance,
from Transparency International,
國際透明組織的世界地圖,
of political institutions,
of yellow here and there
偶爾這裡那裡有些小黃點
some kind of global governance,
being more like Denmark
with national governments.
來解決環球問題的。
actually look like,
what it would look like.
are lose-lose situations.
會是雙輸的局面。
a win-win situation like trade,
from a trade agreement,
have an interest in doing it.
like with climate change,
比如氣候變遷,
authority, real authority.
有執行實權的真正政府。
and what would it look like,
like ancient China
that we are facing,
some kind of real ability
去協調某些實質能力,
on the global level
全球層面的艱難決策,
than almost anything else.
the millions of climate migrants?"
數以百萬的氣候移民?」
(笑聲)。
that they know either.
is another example of a problem
也是一個很好的難題例子,
on a nation-by-nation basis.
它是很難處理的。
problems for the future.
it's another very good case,
這是一個很好的例子,
or in ancient times.
among many technologists, certainly,
尤其在技術專家中,
are kind of overblown,
don't have that much influence
at this point is by science,
人類未來的是科學,
other than political leaders,
但決不是政治領袖,
for leaders to do much,
about nothing here.
ability to do good is very limited,
確實是很有限的,
and blow everybody up.
去毀滅全人類。
to reduce inequality,
減低社會不平等,
in the political system today
當今政治之結構性不平衡,
but you can still do a lot of harm.
但卻能作出極大傷害。
still a very big concern.
必然還是一個很大的議題。
what's happening today,
when things were going just fine
曾否有過雖是太平盛世,
the world or their country backwards?
而陷全世界或國家後退嗎?
it's never an individual leader.
從不會因為一個領袖而已;
某些人推選他的,
to continue to be there.
of a single individual.
這從來不是一個人的錯,
behind every such individual.
here, please, to Andrew?
about the global versus the national,
全球主義和國家主義的比較,
is in the hands of identity groups.
擁有共同理想之團體組織中了。
which have formed
significant authorities.
into the system,
傳統政治框架,
to be made coherent
or global leadership?
of such diverse identities
in a single, monolithic identity,
more extreme versions of nationalism
比較偏激的國家主義份子,
to a single identity.
a lot of problems
都遇上很多困難,
their identities
for a global vision.
全球主義者要面對的。
think in such exclusive terms.
a single identity for a person,
一個人只能擁有一個身份,
several things, I can be just that,"
我只有一個身份」,
diverse identities at the same time.
of what's happened in the last year
fed up with, if you like,
這些所謂自由派精英,
for want of a better term,
identities and them feeling,
但這階層的人想,
I am being completely ignored here.
我已經被完全忽略掉了。
I was the majority"?
我們是主流呢?」
sparked a lot of the anger.
on fictional stories
of the basic community
那些基本生活圈子內的,
and tell one another
are extremely unstable.
生物上的事實支撐著:
is a biological entity.
of soil and blood,
kind of makes a gooey mess.
it messes with your mind
that I am a combination of soil and blood.
that exist today
that's for sure.
lived in small communities
are imagined communities,
只是個構思出來的團體,
all these people.
small nation, Israel,
and perhaps have work taken away,
連工作也被奪去的這個階層,
in one sense expanding,
may have their jobs taken away
that we could end up with
a "useless class" --
「無用的階層」──
these people have no use.
現在就都沒用了。
we should be terrified about?
very carefully.
what the job market will look like
many new jobs will appear,
for an unemployed truck driver
as a designer of virtual worlds.
of the industrial revolution,
你觀察工業革命的走勢,
in one type of work,
from low-skill work
agricultural workers,
in low-skill industrial jobs,
工業生產線就業;
by more and more machines,
be new jobs in the future,
designing virtual worlds.
an unemployed cashier from Wal-Mart
一位失業的沃爾瑪大賣場出納員,
as a designer of virtual worlds,
虛擬世界設計師;
Bangladeshi textile workers
失業紡織工人,
the Bangladeshis today
孟加拉國籍工人,
highlighting a question
the last few months more and more.
越來越困擾我的,
to ask in public,
to offer in it, maybe it's yours,
這人可能是你,
some great cosmic plan,
偉大的神的計劃,
what our role is
of our ability.
and ideologies and so forth,
和思想體系的共同故事。
is this is not true.
我只能說,這不是事實;
with a role in it for Homo sapiens.
盼望我們人類參與。
just for a minute,
and understandable accounts
from intelligence,
that we're building in machines,
智慧是不同的。
of mystery around it.
還是有很多的奧秘:
what this sentience thing is?
isn't there a chance
會不會有一個可能性,
is to be the universe's sentient things,
成就宇宙的感知性代表物,
and happiness and hope?
喜悅和愛和快樂和希望?
that actually help amplify that,
擴大這方面的機器,
sentient themselves?
不會真的有感知性的?
reading your book.
我心底有著這寄望。
interesting question today in science
最有趣的問題,
of consciousness and the mind.
in understanding the brain
and consciousness.
and consciousness,
because in humans, they go together.
因為在人類,這兩者是共存的。
is the ability to solve problems.
解決問題的能力;
to feel things,
and boredom and pain and so forth.
無聊和痛楚等等;
as well -- it's not unique to humans --
都能的──不是人類獨能的──
and some other animals,
和其它一些動物,
go together.
in places like Silicon Valley
artificial intelligence
in computer intelligence
in computer consciousness,
are going to become conscious
電腦有一天會有自覺性,
some cosmic role for consciousness,
在宇宙中有特殊角色,
chickens are conscious,
we need to broaden our horizons
首先我們必要開闊我們的視野;
the only sentient beings on Earth,
地球上唯一有感知性的生物。
there is good reason to think
我們確是有很好理由去相信
of the whole bunch.
sentient than whales,
or more sentient than cats,
in that direction, expand.
首先擴大範圍。
of what is it for,
「為了什麼目的?」
sentience is for anything.
感知性有任何目的。」
to find our role in the universe.
找我們在宇宙的角色,
is to liberate ourselves from suffering.
是要使我們脫離痛苦。
suffer, can suffer,
in some mysterious cosmic drama.
what suffering is,
to be liberated from it.
和如何能解脫遠離痛苦。
and that was very eloquent.
而您的回答也是極精闢。
of questions from the audience here,
at the back if you want the mic,
請把手舉高,
about the fictional stories
多處談及到虛構的故事,
that you choose to live your life,
有怎樣影響嗎?
with the truth, like all of us?
將故事與真實混淆嗎?
important question,
between fiction and reality,
to tell the difference
as history progressed,
也變得越來越扭曲,
that we have created --
and corporations --
that we've created,"
我們創造的故事而已,」
between fiction and reality.
that I can say in short,
便是不存在的。
in the First World War,"
世界大戰受敗戰之苦,」
Germany has no mind.
德國沒有思想,
but Germany cannot.
但德國是不可能的。
the dollar doesn't suffer.
really want to see reality,
我建議初步嘗試,
what suffering is,
here that connects to this,
也是關於同一點的。
in a language that I cannot read.
我不會讀這文字。
克:希伯來語。你的。
CA: Hebrew. There you go.
really a brand-new era,
真的是一個全新時代嗎?
in a never-ending trend?
或邁向永無止境之一刻而已?」
with this idea of post-truth.
後真相政治概念毫無共鳴。
when the hell was the era of truth?
請問曾幾何時是真相政治時代?
the Middle Ages?
1950 年代,或中世紀?
in an era, in a way, of post-truth.
都像是活在後真相時代。
are talking about
where you had fewer journalistic outlets,
還沒有那麼多的媒體渠道,
that things were fact-checked.
資訊都是會經過考證查核的。
of those organizations
媒體組織的憲章中,
should connect to reality in a real way,
這資訊要與事實有關連;
it was a serious, earnest attempt
你的心態是慎重誠懇的,
that had actually happened.
that's incredibly powerful
massively amplified anything
極大量氾濫地傳遞資訊,
it connected to reality,
是否與事實真的相關,
to clicks and attention,
the technology changes,
這是因為科技之改變,
both truth and fiction and falsehood.
事實和虛構故事和謬誤。
the truth than it was ever before.
更容易傳播事實真相。
is anything essentially new
有什麼嶄新的變化,
fictions and errors.
Joseph Goebbels, didn't know
約瑟夫·戈培爾不知情的,
news and post-truth.
a lie often enough,
「如果你不斷重複一個謊言,
that something so big can be a lie.
這麼大的事情竟然是個謊言。」
has been with us for thousands of years.
已陪伴著人類幾千年了。
with tyrannical regimes,
that there may be dark times coming.
of fake news is a disturbing sign.
假新聞是個令人不安的跡象。
I'm just saying that it's not new.
我是說這不是現今才有的。
on Facebook on this question
很多有興趣知道關於
versus nationalism.
to relinquish power?
政權放棄權力呢?」
actually, the text is so big
but I blame the text right here.
不過我卸責於這文檔。
that some people talk about
can shake humankind
of global governance,
before the catastrophe,
laying the foundations
the motivation to do such a thing
interested in global governance
全球治理有興趣的人,
local identities and communities,
是不會被取代或廢除的。
in the mindset of a lot of people
是意味著邪惡的頂峰,
and it has let them down,
因為曾經讓他們失望過,
global governance -- no, go away!
或全球治理──不要,走開!
as the ultimate poke in the eye
終極之打擊。
so scary and remote?
of it being compatible
本地身份和社區團體等。
about Homo sapiens
completely dependent
about a global system.
是一個全球系統,
about Homo sapiens
on a very, very local level.
非常、非常地方性的層面;
based on all kinds of imaginary stories
都是建立在各類虛構故事
understanding of our species,
生理學上之了解,
in the 21st century,
and the local community.
with the body itself.
of alienation and loneliness
is not global capitalism.
不是在於全球資本主義。
the last hundred years,
from their body.
或就算一位農民而言,
constantly in touch
to look for mushrooms
to what you hear,
people are losing their ability
人類已漸漸失去了這能力,
and their senses,
and loneliness and so forth,
some mass nationalism,
in touch with your body,
in the world also.
we may all be back in the forest soon.
我們亦可以很快的回到森林。
one more question in the room
West Africa, and my question is:
西非加納,我的問題是:
and justify the idea of global governance
和辯解全球治理,
historically disenfranchised
都是被剝奪權力的國家,
global governance,
come from a very Westernized idea
is supposed to look like.
對「全球」來定義的,
that idea of global
這個全球概念
and Nigeria and Togo
that history is extremely unfair,
which are also most likely to suffer most
very clear about that.
will be in Sudan, will be in Syria,
在蘇丹,在敘利亞,
will be in those places.
have an even greater incentive
應該更受激勵,
the next wave of disruption,
or whether it's technological.
或是在科學技術方面。
technological disruption,
科技上的衝擊,
will take the jobs
or in Bangladesh.
或在孟加拉國的人民。
because history is so unfair
between everybody,
will be able to get away
of climate change
will not be able to.
from Cameron Taylor on Facebook:
we should want to want?"
想要要什麼呢?」
to want to know the truth,
想知道真相,
只是去改變現實,
to our own wishes,
迎合我們的需求,
want to understand it.
trajectory of history,
for thousands of years
control of the world outside us
我們外在的世界,
to fit our own desires.
of the other animals,
is we turn our gaze inwards,
就是要把我們目光向內廻轉,
of the world outside us
好,控制了外面世界
of the world inside us.
and industry in the 21st century --
和工業的項目──
of the world inside us,
bodies and brains and minds.
身體和大腦和思想。
products of the 21st century economy.
主要經濟產物。
very often they think in terms,
of my body and of my brain."
我的身體和我的大腦。」
from our previous history,
歷史中學到一點教訓,
the power to manipulate,
understand the complexity
生態環境的崩潰。
the world inside us
我們內心世界,
the complexity of our mental system,
我們思想系統之複雜性之前,
ecological disaster,
類似內在的生態崩潰,
meltdown inside us.
一種思想系統的崩潰。
together here --
the coming technology,
you've just outlined --
are in quite a bleak place
how would you state that?
dangerous possibilities
my job or responsibility
on the positive sides,
and philosophers and sociologists
哲學家和社會學家的責任,
of all these new technologies.
kinds of societies.
of the Industrial Revolution,
a communist dictatorship
or a liberal democracy.
或一個自由民主政黨。
what to do with them.
and bioengineering and all of that --
生物工程和一切其它的──
to the challenge of a new technology
will end in a nuclear catastrophe,
humans all over the world
international politics
their interests with warfare.
來追求它們的利益。
but many countries have.
但是很多已經是這樣了;
the most important reason
declined dramatically since 1945,
從 1945 年來急劇降低了。
more people commit suicide
自殺的人之數字
margin for error.
極微小的誤差餘地,
a second option to try again.
this to a conclusion.
one thing to people here
watching online, anyone watching online:
及網上的觀眾說:
a different kind of conversation,
請協助我們完成這事。
with people you disagree with,
these conversations forward
去推展這論壇,
in the world right now.
in a wise, wise way.
非常智慧來回應這些。
ABOUT THE SPEAKERS
Yuval Noah Harari - Historian, authorIn his book "Homo Deus," Yuval Noah Harari explores the future of humankind: the destinies we may set for ourselves and the quests we'll undertake.
Why you should listen
In his book, Homo Deus: A Brief History of Tomorrow, Yuval Noah Harari explores the projects, dreams and nightmares that will shape the 21st century -- from overcoming death to creating artificial life. He maps the future and asks fundamental questions: Where do we go from here? How will we protect this fragile world from our own destructive powers? The book has sold four million copies since its publication in 2016.
Harari's previous book, Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind, explores what made homo sapiens the most successful species on the planet. His answer: We are the only animal that can believe in things that exist purely in our imagination, such as gods, states, money, human rights, corporations and other fictions, and we have developed a unique ability to use these stories to unify and organize groups and ensure cooperation. Sapiens has sold eight million copies and been translated into more than 50 languages. Bill Gates, Mark Zuckerberg and President Barack Obama have recommended it as a must-read.
Harari lectures as a Professor of history at The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, where he specializes in world history, medieval history and military history. His current research focuses on macro-historical questions: What is the relationship between history and biology? What is the essential difference between Homo sapiens and other animals? Is there justice in history? Does history have a direction? Did people become happier as history unfolded? Harari has written for newspapers such as The Guardian, Financial Times, the Times, Nature magazine and the Wall Street Journal.
Harari's new book, 21 Lessons for the 21st Century, will take the pulse of our current global climate, focusing on the biggest questions of the present moment: What is really happening right now? What are today’s greatest challenges and choices? What should we pay attention to? The book will be published in multiple languages in September 2018.
Yuval Noah Harari | Speaker | TED.com
Chris Anderson - TED Curator
After a long career in journalism and publishing, Chris Anderson became the curator of the TED Conference in 2002 and has developed it as a platform for identifying and disseminating ideas worth spreading.
Why you should listen
Chris Anderson is the Curator of TED, a nonprofit devoted to sharing valuable ideas, primarily through the medium of 'TED Talks' -- short talks that are offered free online to a global audience.
Chris was born in a remote village in Pakistan in 1957. He spent his early years in India, Pakistan and Afghanistan, where his parents worked as medical missionaries, and he attended an American school in the Himalayas for his early education. After boarding school in Bath, England, he went on to Oxford University, graduating in 1978 with a degree in philosophy, politics and economics.
Chris then trained as a journalist, working in newspapers and radio, including two years producing a world news service in the Seychelles Islands.
Back in the UK in 1984, Chris was captivated by the personal computer revolution and became an editor at one of the UK's early computer magazines. A year later he founded Future Publishing with a $25,000 bank loan. The new company initially focused on specialist computer publications but eventually expanded into other areas such as cycling, music, video games, technology and design, doubling in size every year for seven years. In 1994, Chris moved to the United States where he built Imagine Media, publisher of Business 2.0 magazine and creator of the popular video game users website IGN. Chris eventually merged Imagine and Future, taking the combined entity public in London in 1999, under the Future name. At its peak, it published 150 magazines and websites and employed 2,000 people.
This success allowed Chris to create a private nonprofit organization, the Sapling Foundation, with the hope of finding new ways to tackle tough global issues through media, technology, entrepreneurship and, most of all, ideas. In 2001, the foundation acquired the TED Conference, then an annual meeting of luminaries in the fields of Technology, Entertainment and Design held in Monterey, California, and Chris left Future to work full time on TED.
He expanded the conference's remit to cover all topics, including science, business and key global issues, while adding a Fellows program, which now has some 300 alumni, and the TED Prize, which grants its recipients "one wish to change the world." The TED stage has become a place for thinkers and doers from all fields to share their ideas and their work, capturing imaginations, sparking conversation and encouraging discovery along the way.
In 2006, TED experimented with posting some of its talks on the Internet. Their viral success encouraged Chris to begin positioning the organization as a global media initiative devoted to 'ideas worth spreading,' part of a new era of information dissemination using the power of online video. In June 2015, the organization posted its 2,000th talk online. The talks are free to view, and they have been translated into more than 100 languages with the help of volunteers from around the world. Viewership has grown to approximately one billion views per year.
Continuing a strategy of 'radical openness,' in 2009 Chris introduced the TEDx initiative, allowing free licenses to local organizers who wished to organize their own TED-like events. More than 8,000 such events have been held, generating an archive of 60,000 TEDx talks. And three years later, the TED-Ed program was launched, offering free educational videos and tools to students and teachers.
Chris Anderson | Speaker | TED.com