TEDxTelAviv 2010
Shimon Steinberg: Natural pest control ... using bugs!
Shimon Steinberg 談論利用益蟲來抑制害蟲!
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Shimon Steinberg 在 TEDxTelAviv 上談論了，害蟲和益蟲的差別，並且提出使用益蟲來對抗害蟲的想法，希望在獲得完好作物的同時不使用化學藥品。
Shimon Steinberg - Entomologist
Shimon Steinberg's biotech lab researches ways to harness the natural benefits of insects on a massive scale. Full bio
Shimon Steinberg's biotech lab researches ways to harness the natural benefits of insects on a massive scale. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
I'm a bug lover, myself --
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我是蟲子的愛好者，
00:17
not from childhood, by the way,
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不過並不是從小就這樣，
00:19
but rather late.
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是年紀較大以後才開始的。
00:21
When I bachelored,
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在大學時期，
00:23
majoring in zoology in Tel Aviv University,
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我在特拉維夫大學主修動物學，
00:26
I kind of fell in love with bugs.
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我開始對蟲子產生興趣。
00:28
And then, within zoology,
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於是，在動物學系裡，
00:30
I took the course or the discipline of entomology,
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我選修了昆蟲學的相關課程，
00:33
the science of insects.
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昆蟲科學這門課。
00:36
And then I thought, myself, how can I be practical
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當時我想著，我要怎麼去運用它呢?
00:39
or help in the science of entomology?
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或是我該如何對昆蟲科學有所貢獻?
00:42
And then I moved to the world of plant protection --
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接著我開始往保護植物的方向走 --
00:45
plant protection from insects,
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保護植物不被昆蟲侵害，
00:48
from bad bugs.
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被那些害蟲所侵害。
00:50
And then within plant protection,
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在保護植物這方面，
00:52
I came into the discipline
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我開始接觸
00:54
of biological pest control
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生物抑制害蟲法，
00:56
which we actually define
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我們對這方法的定義是
00:58
as the use of living organisms
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利用活著的有機生物
01:01
to reduce populations
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來降低對於植物有害的
01:03
of noxious plant pests.
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那些害蟲數量。
01:06
So it's a whole discipline in plant protection
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在於植物保護上來說，
01:09
that's aiming at the reduction of chemicals.
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這種方式的目標是降低化學藥劑的使用量。
01:13
And biological pest control, by the way,
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這種生物抑制害蟲法，
01:15
or these good bugs that we are talking about,
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或是我們所談的這種益蟲，
01:18
they've existed in the world for thousands and thousands of years,
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它們已經存在這世上好幾千年了，
01:21
for a long, long time.
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已經很久很久了。
01:23
But only in the last 120 years
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但是直到近120年左右
01:26
people started,
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人們才逐漸開始知道，
01:29
or people knew more and more how to exploit, or how to use,
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如何去開發、利用它們，
01:32
this biological control phenomenon,
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以及如何去使用這種生物抑制害蟲法，
01:35
or in fact, natural control phenomenon,
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或者該說，自然抑制法，
01:38
to their own needs.
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來達到人們的目的。
01:41
Because biological control phenomenon,
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因為生物抑制害蟲法
01:43
you can see it in your backyard.
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它就存在於你的後院裡面。
01:45
Just take a magnifying glass. You see what I have here?
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只要拿個放大鏡。你看我拿的這個是什麼？
01:47
That's a magnifier times 10.
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這是一個十倍的放大鏡。
01:49
Yeah, times 10.
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對，十倍而已。
01:51
Just open it.
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打開它。
01:53
You just twist leaves, and you see a whole new world
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你只要把葉子翻開來，你就會發現一個新世界，
01:56
of minute insects,
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那裡有著微小的昆蟲，
01:58
or little spiders of one millimeter, one and a half,
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長度只有 1 公釐, 1.5 公釐
02:01
two millimeters long,
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或是2公釐大小的蜘蛛，
02:03
and you can distinguish between the good ones and the bad ones.
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你可以去分辨益蟲和害蟲。
02:06
So this phenomenon of natural control
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所以這種自然的抑制方式
02:08
exists literally everywhere.
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確實在每個地方存在著。
02:10
Here, in front of this building, I'm sure.
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我確定這棟建築物的前面就有。
02:12
Just have a look at the plants.
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看看這株植物。
02:14
So it's everywhere,
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到處都是，
02:16
and we need to know how to exploit it.
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我們需要知道怎麼去發現它。
02:19
Well let us go hand by hand
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好，讓我們逐項來看，
02:21
and browse through just a few examples.
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看看後面這些例子。
02:24
What is a pest?
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什麼是害蟲?
02:26
What damage [does] it actually inflict on the plant?
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它會對植物產生什麼樣的害處?
02:29
And what is the natural enemy,
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還有它的天敵是什麼呢?
02:31
the biologically controlled agent,
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生物抑制害蟲的媒介，
02:33
or the good bug, that we are talking about?
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或是我們所提到的益蟲?
02:35
In general, I'm going to talk
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大致上來說，我要談的
02:37
about insects and spiders,
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是昆蟲和蜘蛛，
02:40
or mites, let us call them.
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或是蟎，我們這樣稱呼它好了。
02:43
Insects, those six-legged organisms
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昆蟲 -- 是那些有六隻腳的有機生物，
02:45
and spiders or mites,
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而蜘蛛或蟎，
02:47
the eight-legged organisms.
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它們是八隻腳的有機生物。
02:49
Let's have a look at that.
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我們看看這個。
02:51
Here is a pest, devastating pest, a spider mite,
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這是一隻害蟲，會搞破壞的害蟲，一隻蜘蛛蟎，
02:54
because it does a lot of webbing like a spider.
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因為它像蜘蛛一樣會產生許多網狀的東西。
02:57
You see the mother in between
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你看中間的那隻是媽媽
02:59
and two daughters, probably on the left and right,
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還有左右兩邊那大概是兩個女兒，
03:01
and a single egg on the right-hand side.
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右手邊還有一個蛋。
03:04
And then you see what kind of damage it can inflict.
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接下來你可以知道它所造成的損害是什麼，
03:06
On your right-hand side you can see a cucumber leaf,
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右手邊你可以看見黃瓜的葉子，
03:08
and on the middle, cotton leaf,
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中間是棉花的葉子，
03:10
and on the left a tomato leaf with these little stipplings.
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左邊是蕃茄的葉子，
03:13
They can literally turn from green to white
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這些蜘蛛利用尖嘴刺穿葉子，
03:16
because of the sucking, piercing
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吸食汁液之後，
03:18
mouthparts
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讓這些葉子
03:20
of those spiders.
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由綠色轉變成白色。
03:22
But here comes nature
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但接下來的是大自然
03:24
that provides us with a good spider.
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提供我們的益蟲蜘蛛。
03:26
This is a predatory mite -- just as small as a spider mite, by the way,
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這是一隻掠食性蟎 -- 和蜘蛛蟎一樣小，
03:29
one millimeter, two millimeters long, not more than that,
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1 公釐到 2 公釐左右的長度，
03:32
running quickly, hunting,
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迅速的奔跑，獵食，
03:35
chasing the spider mites.
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追逐著蜘蛛蟎。
03:37
And here you can see this lady in action
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你可以看見左手邊這位女士
03:39
on your left-hand side --
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正在用餐 --
03:41
just pierces, sucks
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刺穿過左邊那隻蜘蛛蟎的身體，
03:43
the body fluids on the left-hand side of the pest mite.
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吸食著它的體液。
03:46
And after five minutes, this is what you see:
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大概五分鐘過後，結果如你所見，
03:49
just a typical dead corpse,
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只剩下一具典型的屍體 --
03:51
shriveled, sucked-out,
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充滿皺摺，已經被吸乾的，
03:53
dead corpse of the spider mite,
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蜘蛛蟎的屍體，
03:55
and next to it, two satiated individuals
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在旁邊的，則是兩隻
03:57
of predatory mites,
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吃飽喝足的掠食蟎，
03:59
a mother on the left-hand side,
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左手邊的是媽媽，
04:01
a young nymph on the right-hand side.
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右手邊的是一個年輕小妞。
04:03
By the way, a meal for them for 24 hours
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對了，對它們來說，
04:06
is about five individuals
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一天24小時的食物，
04:08
of the spider mites, of the bad mites,
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大概是5隻蜘蛛蟎，或是那些害蟲蟎，
04:11
or 15 to 20 eggs
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或是 15 到 20 顆
04:13
of the pest mites.
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害蟲蟎的蛋。
04:15
By the way, they are hungry always.
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換句話說，它們一直都很飢渴。
04:18
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
04:20
And there is another example: aphids.
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這是另一個例子：蚜蟲。
04:22
By the way, it's springtime now in Israel.
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對了，現在在以色列正值春天，
04:24
When temperature rises sharply,
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溫度正快速在上升。
04:27
you can see those bad ones, those aphids, all over the plants,
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你可以看見那些有害的蚜蟲，在植物上到處都是，
04:30
in your hibiscus, in your lantana,
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在你的山芙蓉上，在你的馬纓丹上，
04:33
in the young, fresh foliage
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在那些被稱為春芽的
04:35
of the spring flush, so-called.
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剛長出來的嫩葉上。
04:37
By the way, with aphids you have only females,
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對了，那些蚜蟲，只有女性，
04:39
like Amazons.
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就像亞馬遜一族一樣。
04:41
Females giving rise to females giving rise to other females.
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女性生出女性，然後再生出女性。
04:44
No males at all.
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完全沒有男性。
04:46
Parthenogenesis, [as it] was so called.
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這被稱為單性生殖。
04:48
And they are very happy with that, apparently.
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看起來它們對這件事還挺開心的。
04:51
Here we can see the damage.
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接下來我們可以看見它所造成的傷害。
04:53
Those aphids secrete
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這些蚜蟲會分泌
04:55
some sticky, sugary liquid
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一些黏稠的，甜甜的液體，
04:58
called honeydew,
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稱作蜜汁。
05:00
and this just globs
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這些會在植物的上面
05:02
the upper parts of the plant.
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形成小水珠的形狀。
05:04
Here you see a typical cucumber leaf
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你可以看見典型的黃瓜葉子
05:06
that turned actually from green to black
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因為覆蓋在上面的黑色真菌
05:08
because of a black fungus, sooty mold,
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以及烏黑的黴菌
05:10
which is covering it.
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讓它從綠色變成了黑色。
05:12
And here comes the salvation
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接下來拯救者上場了，
05:15
through this parasitic wasp.
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就是這個寄生的胡蜂。
05:18
Here we are not talking about a predator.
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這兒我們說的不是掠食者。
05:20
Here we are talking a parasite --
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我們說的是寄生者，
05:22
not a two-legged parasite,
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並不是兩隻腳的寄生者，
05:24
but an eight-legged parasite, of course.
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而是六隻腳的寄生者。
05:27
This is a parasitic wasp,
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這是寄生胡蜂，
05:29
again, two millimeters long, slender,
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大概 2 公釐長，相當纖細，
05:31
a very quick
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它是一種很迅速
05:33
and sharp flier.
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相當機警的飛行者。
05:35
And here you can see this parasite in action,
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這邊你可以看見寄生的過程，
05:37
like in an acrobatic maneuver.
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就像是在做特技表演一樣。
05:40
She stands vis-a-vis
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它正面對面的
05:42
in front of the victim at the right-hand side,
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從右手邊直接當著對手的面前，
05:44
bending its abdomen
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彎起它的腹部
05:46
and inserting a single egg,
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將一個蛋放進宿主體內，
05:48
a single egg into the body fluids
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一個蛋進入了
05:50
of the aphid.
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蚜蟲的體液之中。
05:52
By the way, the aphid tries to escape.
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對了，這隻蚜蟲試圖要逃脫。
05:55
She kicks and bites
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它亂踢亂咬，
05:57
and secretes different liquids,
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分泌不同的液體，
05:59
but nothing will happen, in fact.
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不過結果都沒有用。
06:01
Only the egg of the parasite
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寄生者只會放一個蛋
06:03
will be inserted into the body fluids of the aphid.
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在蚜蟲的體液之中。
06:06
And after a few days, depending upon temperature,
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過了幾天之後，依據溫度狀況，
06:09
the egg will hatch
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蛋就會孵化出來，
06:11
and the larva of this parasite
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寄生者的幼蟲
06:13
will eat the aphid from the inside.
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會從內部將蚜蟲吃掉。
06:16
This is all natural. This is all natural.
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這一切都是天生的，是自然的現象。
06:19
This is not fiction, nothing at all.
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這可不是小說裡幻想的內容。
06:21
Again, in your backyard,
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再說一次，就在你的後院裡，
06:23
in your backyard.
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在你的後院裡。
06:26
But this is the end result.
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這就是最後的結果。
06:28
This is the end result:
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這就是最後的結果：
06:30
Mummies --
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木乃伊 --
06:32
M-U-M-M-Y.
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木 - 乃 - 伊。
06:34
This is the visual result of a dead aphid
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這是蚜蟲死亡後的外觀。
06:37
encompassing inside,
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我們看看裡面。
06:39
in fact, a developing parasitoid
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事實上，寄生者成長的過程中
06:42
that after a few minutes you see halfway out.
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幾分鐘後你就會看見它幾乎跑出來了。
06:45
The birth is almost complete.
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它已經幾乎變成成蟲了。
06:47
You can see, by the way, in different movies, etc.,
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你可以在完整的紀錄片中看見這個。
06:50
it takes just a few minutes.
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這只不過是幾分鐘的事情。
06:52
And if this is a female, she'll immediately mate with a male
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如果這隻是雌鋒，它會立即和雄蜂交配，
06:55
and off she goes because time is very short.
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之後就會立刻離開，因為它們沒有多少時間。
06:58
This female can live only three to four days,
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雌蜂只能存活三到四天的時間，
07:01
and she needs to give rise
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它必須生出
07:03
to around 400 eggs.
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大約 4 百個蛋。
07:05
That means she has 400 bad aphids
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意思是說，它必須找到 400 隻
07:08
to put her eggs
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有害的蚜蟲
07:10
into their body fluids.
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將蛋放進它們的體液中。
07:12
And this is of course not the end of it.
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當然並不是就這樣而已。
07:14
There is a whole wealth of other natural enemies
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還有許多其他的天敵，
07:16
and this is just the last example.
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這只是最後的一個例子。
07:18
Again, we'll start first with the pest:
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我們再回頭來看看這個害蟲：
07:20
the thrips.
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牧草蟲。
07:22
By the way, all these weird names --
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對了，關於這些奇怪的名字 --
07:24
I didn't bother you with the Latin names of these creatures,
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我們這邊不談正式的學名，
07:27
okay, just the popular names.
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嗯，這些只是俗稱而已。
07:29
But this is a nice, slender,
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這是一種很細小，很苗條，
07:31
very bad pest.
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很糟糕的害蟲。
07:33
If you can see this, sweet peppers.
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看看這個甜椒。
07:35
This is not just an exotic, ornamental sweet pepper.
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這可不是外國品種，也不是裝飾用的甜椒，
07:38
This is a sweet pepper which is not consumable
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這是一個已經不能吃的甜椒，
07:41
because it is suffering from a viral disease
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因為它被那些牧草蟲所帶的
07:44
transmitted by those thrip adults.
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濾過性病毒所感染了。
07:47
And here comes the natural enemy,
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接下來，天敵登場了，
07:49
minute pirate bug,
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微小的掠食蟲，
07:51
"minute" because it is rather small.
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說微小是因為它真的很小。
07:54
Here you can see the adult, black, and two young ones.
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你可以看見那隻黑色的成蟲，還有兩隻幼蟲。
07:57
And again, in action.
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接下來又到了行動時間。
07:59
This adult pierces the thrips,
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成蟲刺穿了牧草蟲，
08:02
sucking it within just several minutes,
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只花了幾分鐘的時間去吸食，
08:04
just going to the other prey,
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然後就換另一個目標下手，
08:06
continuing all over the place.
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在這裡持續進行著。
08:08
And if we spread those minute pirate bugs, the good ones,
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如果我們散佈這種微小的掠食蟲，那種益蟲，
08:12
for example, in a sweet pepper plot,
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例如在種植甜椒的菜園裡，
08:14
they go to the flowers.
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它們會躲藏在花朵中。
08:17
And look, this flower is flooded
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看這裡，當那些掠食性的蟲，那些益蟲
08:19
with predatory bugs, with the good ones
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將那些害蟲，牧草蟲都清理乾淨後，
08:22
after wiping out the bad ones, the thrips.
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花朵裏擠滿了這些益蟲。
08:25
So this is a very positive situation, by the way.
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所以這是相當正面的情況。
08:28
No harm to the developing fruit. No harm to the fruit set.
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對成長中的果實不會有害處，對成熟的果實也沒有害處。
08:31
Everything is just fine under these circumstances.
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在這種情況下，一切都很美好。
08:34
But again, the question is,
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不過問題是，
08:36
here you saw them on a one-to-one basis --
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你可以發現這是一種一物剋一物的現象 --
08:38
the pest, the natural enemy.
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害蟲和它的天敵。
08:41
What we do is actually this.
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而我們正在做這件事。
08:44
In Northeast Israel,
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在以色列的東北方，
08:46
in Kibbutz Sde Eliyahu,
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在 Sde Eliyahu 的集體農場裡，
08:48
there is a facility
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有一個機構
08:50
that mass-produces those natural enemies.
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正在量產那些天敵。
08:52
In other words, what we do there,
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換句話說，我們在那兒所做的，
08:54
we amplify,
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就是去放大，
08:56
we amplify the natural control,
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我們去放大自然抑制的效果，
08:59
or the biological control phenomenon.
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或該說是生物抑制的機制。
09:01
And in 30,000 square meters
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在三萬五千平方尺的
09:04
of state-of-the-art greenhouses,
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新型溫室之中，
09:06
there, we are mass-producing those predatory mites,
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我們正在量產那些掠食性的蟎，
09:09
those minute pirate bugs,
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那些微小的掠食性的蟲，
09:11
those parasitic wasps, etc., etc.
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那些寄生的胡蜂 ... 等等。
09:13
Many different parts.
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分成許多不同的區域。
09:15
By the way, they have a very nice landscape --
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對了，那兒有很棒的風景。
09:17
you see the Jordanian Mountains on the one hand
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一邊有約旦山脈，
09:20
and the Jordan Valley on the other hand,
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另一邊有約旦溪谷，
09:22
and a good, mild winter
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還有很棒，很溫和的冬天，
09:24
and a nice, hot summer,
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以及很讚，很熱的夏天，
09:26
which is an excellent condition
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對於量產這些生物來說，
09:28
to mass-produce those creatures.
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這些是極佳的條件。
09:30
And by the way, mass-production --
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對了，這邊說的量產，
09:32
it is not genetic manipulation.
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並不是基因改造工程。
09:34
There are no GMOs --
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沒有GMO，
09:36
Genetically Modified Organisms -- whatsoever.
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genetically modified organisms ( 生物基因改造 )這種事。
09:38
We take them from nature,
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我們從自然界把益蟲找來，
09:40
and the only thing that we do,
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我們只做一件事，
09:42
we give them the optimal conditions,
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我們提供最佳的條件，
09:44
under the greenhouses or in the climate rooms,
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在溫室之中，或是在恆溫室裡，
09:47
in order to proliferate,
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使得這些益蟲能夠
09:49
multiply and reproduce.
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快速地大量繁殖。
09:51
And that's what we get, in fact.
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事實上，這也正是我們所得到的結果。
09:53
You see under a microscope.
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從顯微靜下你可以看見，
09:55
You see in the upper left corner, you see a single predatory mite.
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在左上角有單隻的掠食性蟎。
09:58
And this is the whole bunch of predatory mites.
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這是一堆我們在量產的那種掠食性蟎。
10:01
You see this ampoule. You see this one.
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看看這個小瓶子。
10:04
I have one gram of those predatory mites.
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這兒有一公克的掠食性蟎。
10:07
One gram's 80,000 individuals,
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一公克裡有八萬隻，
10:10
80,000 individuals
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八萬隻蟎
10:13
are good enough
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已經足以
10:15
to control one acre, 4,000 square meters,
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在一英畝，也就是四千平方尺
10:18
of a strawberry plot
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的草莓田中，
10:20
against spider mites for the whole season
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在一整年的採收季節裡，
10:23
of almost one year.
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去解決那些蜘蛛蟎。
10:26
And we can produce from this, believe you me,
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而藉由這個，
10:29
several dozens of kilograms
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我們每年可以生產出
10:31
on an annual basis.
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幾十公斤的數量。
10:34
So this is what I call
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這就是我說的
10:36
amplification of the phenomenon.
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去放大這種自然機制。
10:38
And no, we do not disrupt the balance.
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我們並不是在破壞生態平衡。
10:41
On the contrary,
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相反的，
10:43
because we bring it to every cultural plot
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我們將這些益蟲導入到那些
10:46
where the balance was already disrupted
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已經被化學藥劑
10:48
by the chemicals.
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破壞生態平衡的農田，
10:50
Here we come with those natural enemies
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我們使用了這些天敵，
10:52
in order to reverse a little bit of the wheel
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以期能夠將情況反轉過來，
10:55
and to bring more natural balance
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藉由降低化學藥劑的使用，
10:57
to the agricultural plot by reducing those chemicals.
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讓農田能夠達到更高的自然平衡。
11:00
That's the whole idea.
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這就是我們的概念。
11:02
And what is the impact?
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然而，成效如何呢？
11:04
In this table, you can actually see what is an impact
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藉由這個表，你可以確切的看見，
11:07
of a successful biological control
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藉由使用益蟲成功進行生物抑制
11:09
by good bugs.
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所獲得的成效。
11:11
For example, in Israel,
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例如，在以色列，
11:13
where we employ
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我們在那兒
11:15
more than 1,000 hectares --
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進行生物抑制害蟲，
11:18
10,000 dunams in Israeli terms --
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來保護甜椒園，
11:20
of biological pest controlling sweet pepper
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已經超過了一千公頃 --
11:23
under protection,
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用以色列的單位是一萬杜納畝，
11:25
75 percent of the pesticides
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已經確實讓農藥的使用量
11:27
were actually reduced.
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減少了75%。
11:29
And Israeli strawberries, even more --
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而以色列的草莓園所使用的農藥 --
11:31
80 percent of the pesticides,
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則甚至減少了80%，
11:33
especially those aimed against pest mites in strawberries.
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尤其是那些針對草莓上有害的蟎的農藥。
11:37
So the impact is very strong.
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所以效果是相當可觀的。
11:40
And there goes the question,
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接下來的一些問題，
11:43
especially if you ask growers, agriculturists:
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尤其是當你問那些耕種者，農民們：
11:46
Why biological control?
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為什麼會選擇生物抑制法?
11:48
Why good bugs?
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為什麼選擇益蟲?
11:50
By the way, the number of answers you get
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不過，不管你問了幾個人，
11:52
equals the number of people you ask.
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每個人都會給你不一樣的答案。
11:56
But if we go, for example, to this place,
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比方說這個地方，
11:58
Southeast Israel,
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以色列的東南方，
12:00
the Arava area above the Great Rift Valley,
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大裂谷上面一點的阿拉瓦區域，
12:03
where the really top-notch --
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那兒有著 --
12:05
the pearl of the Israeli agriculture
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以色列最頂尖的
12:07
is located,
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農業之寶，
12:09
especially under greenhouse conditions, or under screenhouse conditions --
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尤其是在溫室條件之下，在透明的房間中 --
12:12
if you drive all the way to Eilat, you see this
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如果你開車到 Eilat 的話，
12:15
just in the middle of the desert.
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你會發現它位在沙漠的中央。
12:17
And if you zoom in,
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如果你仔細去看，
12:19
you can definitely watch this,
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你一定可以看見，
12:21
grandparents with their grandchildren,
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爺爺奶奶帶著孫子們，
12:23
distributing the natural enemies, the good bugs,
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正在散佈這些天敵，那些益蟲，
12:26
instead of wearing special clothes
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而不是穿戴著特殊衣物和防毒面具，
12:28
and gas masks and applying chemicals.
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去噴灑著化學藥劑。
12:31
So safety, with respect to the application,
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這種技術的使用是相當安全的，
12:34
this is the number one answer that we get from growers,
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這是我們詢問耕種者們為什麼要用生物抑制法
12:37
why biological control.
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所獲得答案中的第一名。
12:40
Number two, many growers
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而第二名的答案，
12:42
are in fact petrified
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許多耕種者會擔心
12:44
from the idea of resistance,
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抗藥性的問題，
12:47
that the pests will become resistant
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擔心這些害蟲
12:50
to the chemicals,
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會逐漸對農藥產生抵抗力，
12:52
just in our case that bacteria
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就像是白喉的病菌
12:54
becomes resistant to antibiotics.
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對抗生素產生了抗體。
12:56
It's the same, and it can happen very quickly.
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同樣的，這可能很快就會發生了。
13:00
Fortunately, in either biological control
320
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所幸，不論是生物抑制法，
13:02
or even natural control,
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或是自然抑制法，
13:04
resistance is extremely rare.
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都很難會遇到抵抗的力量。
13:07
It hardly happens.
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這幾乎不可能發生。
13:09
Because this is evolution,
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因為這是一種物種演化，
13:11
this is the natural ratio,
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這是一種自然的機率，
13:13
unlike resistance,
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不像是生物本身
13:15
which happens in the case of chemicals.
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會對藥劑產生抵抗力。
13:17
And thirdly, public demand.
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第三名的答案是，公眾的需求。
13:20
Public demand -- the more the public
329
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大眾逐漸傾向於去支持
13:23
demands the reduction of chemicals,
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788000
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降低化學藥劑的使用量，
13:25
the more growers become aware of the fact
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越來越多的耕種者發現到
13:28
they should, wherever they can and wherever possible,
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他們應該竭盡所能，
13:31
replace the chemical control
333
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改以生物抑制法
13:33
with biological control.
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來取代化學藥劑抑制法。
13:35
Even here, there is another grower,
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甚至像是這個，有另一名耕種者，
13:37
you see, very interested in the bugs,
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她對這些小蟲很有興趣，
13:39
the bad ones and the good ones,
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不論是害蟲或是益蟲，
13:41
wearing this magnifier already on her head,
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手上拿著一個放大鏡，
13:43
just walking safely
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在農作物裡面
13:45
in her crop.
340
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安全地穿梭著。
13:47
Finally, I want to get actually to my vision,
341
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最後，我想談談我的看法，
13:50
or in fact, to my dream.
342
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或該說，是我的夢想。
13:52
Because, you see, this is the reality.
343
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因為你知道嗎，這就是現實狀況。
13:54
Have a look at the gap.
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看看這個落差。
13:56
If we take the overall turnover
345
821000
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如果我們計算
13:58
of the biocontrol industry worldwide,
346
823000
2000
全世界生物抑制法的花費，
14:00
it's 250 million dollars.
347
825000
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大約是二億五千萬美金。
14:03
And look at the overall pesticide industry
348
828000
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看看全世界在農作物上
14:06
in all the crops throughout the world.
349
831000
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使用的農藥花費。
14:09
I think it's times 100 or something like that.
350
834000
3000
我想大概會是一百倍左右吧。
14:12
Twenty-five billion.
351
837000
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大約二百五十億美金。
14:14
So there is a huge gap to bridge.
352
839000
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所以這有著很大的落差需要去填補。
14:17
So actually, how can we do it?
353
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所以事實上，我們該怎麼做？
14:19
How can we bridge, or let's say, narrow, this gap
354
844000
3000
我們要怎麼去填補，或者說讓這個落差
14:22
in the course of the years?
355
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在每一年的生產中逐漸減小？
14:24
First of all, we need to find more robust,
356
849000
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首先，我們需要更多健康的，
14:27
good and reliable biological solutions,
357
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有益的，可以性賴的生物方案，
14:30
more good bugs
358
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更多的益蟲，
14:32
that we can either mass-produce
359
857000
3000
不論是大量繁殖，
14:35
or actually conserve in the field.
360
860000
3000
或是在田野中保持它的數量。
14:38
Secondly, to create even more
361
863000
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第二點，促使大衆做出
14:40
intensive and strict public demand
362
865000
2000
更強烈和更嚴格的要求，
14:42
to reduction of chemicals
363
867000
2000
來減少種植新鮮農產品時
14:44
in the agricultural fresh produce.
364
869000
3000
所使用的化學藥劑。
14:47
And thirdly, also to increase awareness by the growers
365
872000
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第三點，加強耕種者對於
14:50
to the potential of this industry.
366
875000
3000
對於這種產業潛力的了解。
14:53
And this gap really narrows.
367
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如此，這個落差就會變小。
14:55
Step by step, it does narrow.
368
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逐漸地，就會縮小。
14:59
So I think my last slide is:
369
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所以我最後一張投影片是：
15:01
All we are saying, we can actually sing it:
370
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我們所說的這些，都是可以作到的，
15:04
Give nature a chance.
371
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請給大自然一個機會。
15:06
So I'm saying it on behalf of all the biocontrol
372
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我謹代表自然抑制法的
15:08
petitioners and implementers,
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提倡者，以及執行者，
15:10
in Israel and abroad,
374
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不論是在以色列還是其他國家，在此呼籲：
15:12
really give nature a chance.
375
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請給大自然一個機會吧。
15:14
Thank you.
376
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謝謝大家。
15:16
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Shimon Steinberg - EntomologistShimon Steinberg's biotech lab researches ways to harness the natural benefits of insects on a massive scale.
Why you should listen
Shimon Steinberg is chief scientist at Bio-Bee, a world leader in mass production of the world's best natural, biological control agents: bugs. (Beneficial bugs are replacing the use of chemical sprays in greenhouse vegetables and open field crops, producing pesticide-free food and eliminating hazardous exposure of millions of workers in third world countries.) These insects are shipped worldwide, where they go to work protecting thousands of hectares of greenhouses and open fields, in vegetables, field crops, fruit trees, ornamental plants and more.
Shimon Steinberg | Speaker | TED.com