Jennifer Doudna: How CRISPR lets us edit our DNA
جينيفر دودنا: بإمكاننا التعديل في حمضنا النووي. ولكن لنقم بهذا بتعقل
Jennifer Doudna was part of inventing a potentially world-changing genetic technology: the gene editing technology CRISPR-Cas9. Full bio
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for editing genomes.
scientists to make changes
to cure genetic disease.
الوراثية.
through a basic research project
how bacteria fight viral infections.
البكتيريا للالتهابات الفيروسية.
in their environment,
في بيئتها
like a ticking time bomb --
وكأنه قنبلة موقوتة--
to defuse the bomb
an adaptive immune system called CRISPR,
نظام مناعة تكيفي يدعى كريسبر
viral DNA and destroy it.
المصاب بالفيروسات وتدميره.
is a protein called Cas9,
and eventually degrade viral DNA
واقتصاصه وأخيراً تثبيطه
of this protein, Cas9,
harness its function
specific bits of DNA into cells
صغيرة من الحمض النووي للخلايا أو إضافتها
been possible in the past.
has already been used
of mice and monkeys,
الفئران والقرود
the CRISPR technology
they could use CRISPR
يمكنهم استخدام كريسبر
of an integrated HIV virus
نقص المناعة المكتسبة
of genome editing
that we have to consider,
not only in adult cells,
ليس على خلايا البشرالبالغين فحسب
about the technology that I co-invented,
في اختراعها
and societal implications
والمضامين المجتمعية
what the CRISPR technology is,
تقنية كريسبر
a prudent path forward
لانتهاج منهج حذر
they inject their DNA.
تحقن الحمض النووي الخاص بها في الخلية
to be plucked out of the virus,
للتخلص من الفيروسات
into the chromosome --
get inserted at a site called CRISPR.
الحمض النووي المصاب في موضع يسمى كريسبر.
interspaced short palindromic repeats.
المتناوبة منتظمة التباعد.
we use the acronym CRISPR.
الاختصار كريسبر
to record, over time,
are passed on to the cells' progeny,
من الحمض النووي إلى سلالة الخلية.
not only in one generation,
ليس في جيل واحد منها
to keep a record of infection,
من الإصابات
Blake Wiedenheft, likes to say,
a genetic vaccination card in cells.
في الخلايا.
into the bacterial chromosome,
الحمض النووي في كروموسوم البكتيريا
of a molecule called RNA,
الحمض النووي الرايبوزي.
of the viral DNA.
المصاب بالفيروس.
الكيميائي للحمض النووي
with DNA molecules
الحمض النووي
from the CRISPR locus
هذه من موضع كريسبر
to protein called Cas9,
like a sentinel in the cell.
of the DNA in the cell,
the sequences in the bound RNAs.
الرايبوزي المندمج.
the blue molecule is DNA --
الحمض النووي
to cut up the viral DNA.
المصاب بالفيروس.
sentinel complex
من كاس9 والآر إن إيه
that can cut DNA --
in the DNA helix.
النووي لولبي الشكل.
this complex is programmable,
particular DNA sequences,
حمض نووي معينة
could be harnessed for genome engineering,
في هندسة الجينات
a very precise change to the DNA
في الحمض النووي
this break was introduced.
a word-processing program
تصحيح الكلمات
the CRISPR system for genome engineering
كريسبر في هندسة الجينات
to detect broken DNA
الحمض النووي المنفصل
a double-stranded break in its DNA,
قطعاً مزدوجاً في الحمض النووي لديها
the ends of the broken DNA
المقصوصة معاً
in the sequence of that position,
a new piece of DNA at the site of the cut.
جديدة من الحمض النووي في مكان القطع.
double-stranded breaks into DNA
المزدوج في الحمض النووي
to repair those breaks,
القطع هذه
of new genetic information.
الجينية أو عن طريق دمجها.
the CRISPR technology
causing cystic fibrosis, for example,
الكيسي مثلاً أو بالقرب منه
to repair that mutation.
it's been in development since the 1970s.
أنها لا زالت خاضعة للتطوير منذ السبعينات.
were very promising,
that they were either inefficient,
غير فاعلة
for use in their own laboratories,
لاستخدامها في مختبراتهم
clinical applications.
الطبية.
like CRISPR and utilize it has appeal,
واستخدامها رواجاً
genome engineering technologies
الجينية القديمة
to rewire your computer
a new piece of software,
الكمبيوتر الجديدة
is like software for the genome,
للجينات و يمكن برمجتها بسهولة
using these little bits of RNA.
من الأحماض النووية الريبوزية.
break is made in DNA,
astounding things,
أمور مذهلة
that cause sickle cell anemia
المسببة للأنيميا المنجلية
applications of the CRISPR technology
كريسبر
to deliver this tool into cells,
الخلايا
الصلبة.
that's going on
of human disease, such as mice.
الفئران.
very precise changes
دقيقة جدا
that these changes in the cell's DNA
التغييرات في الحمض النووي في الخلايا
in this case, an entire organism.
was used to disrupt a gene
for the black coat color of these mice.
الفئران.
differ from their pigmented litter-mates
أخواتها التي اللاتي معها
in the entire genome,
الجينات
from these animals,
where we induced it,
are going on in other animals
for human disease,
that we can use these systems
in particular tissues,
the CRISPR tool into cells.
الخلايا.
that DNA is repaired after it's cut,
إصلاح الحمض النووي بعد قطعه.
and limit any kind of off-target,
الأخطاء والحد منها
of using the technology.
التقنية
clinical application of this technology,
that we will see clinical trials
سريرية
therapies within that time,
أثناء هذا الوقت
to think about.
around this technology,
التقنية
in start-up companies
to commercialize the CRISPR technology,
in these companies.
نأخذ بالحسبان
for things like enhancement.
تحسينية.
to engineer humans
such as stronger bones,
القوية
to cardiovascular disease
to be desirable,
or to be taller, things like that.
would give rise to these traits
يمكن أن تحسن هذه السمات
to make such changes,
التغييرات
that we have to carefully consider,
يجب أن نوليها اهتماما كبيرا
have called for a global pause
of the CRISPR technology in human embryos,
في الأجنة البشرية
implications of doing so.
precedent for such a pause
on the use of molecular cloning,
could be tested carefully and validated.
وتتم الموافقة عليها.
are not with us yet,
معدلين وراثيا
are happening right now.
ونباتات معدلة جينيا.
a huge responsibility,
both the unintended consequences
of a scientific breakthrough.
المفاجئ بعين الاعتبار.
a technology with huge consequences,
كبيرة
or a moratorium or a quarantine
أو مراقبتها
the therapeutic results of this,
gaining traction,
of The Economist -- "Editing humanity."
الإيكونوميست بعنوان "تعديل البشر".
it's not about therapeutics.
لا بالعلاج.
did you get back in March
الماضي
for a moment and think about it?
فيها؟
were actually, I think, delighted
ما أعتقد
to discuss this openly.
as well as others,
آخرون،
of viewpoints about this.
حول هذه القضية.
careful consideration and discussion.
وإلى النقاش.
happening in December
of Sciences and others,
out of the meeting, practically?
الاجتماع عمليا؟
عرض آراء
and stakeholders
this technology responsibly.
استخدام هذه التقنية بشكل مسؤول.
a consensus point of view,
for example, at Harvard,
are just a question of safety.
فحسب.
in animals and in labs,
في المختبرات
we move on to humans."
الكافية ننتقل لتطبيقها على البشر".
school of thought,
this opportunity and really go for it.
قدما في تطبيقها
in the science community about this?
هذا الموضوع؟
some people holding back
الأمر
التقنية
or don't regulate at all?
تسن قوانين على الإطلاق؟
especially something like this,
جديدة، خصوصا مثل هذه
a variety of viewpoints,
perfectly understandable.
for human genome engineering,
البشرية
consideration and discussion
and other fields of science
والمجالات العلمية الأخرى
pretty much like yours.
اكتشفتها.
intelligence, autonomous robots and so on.
وغيرها.
a similar discussion in those fields,
المجالات
serve as a blueprint for other fields?
خطة عمل تعمل وفقها المجالات الأخرى؟
to get out of the laboratory.
العلماء أن يخرجوا من مختبراتهم
uncomfortable to do that.
in the genesis of this
التقنية
in a position of responsibility.
that other technologies
التعامل
something that could have implications
تطبيقات
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jennifer Doudna - BiologistJennifer Doudna was part of inventing a potentially world-changing genetic technology: the gene editing technology CRISPR-Cas9.
Why you should listen
Together with her colleague Emmanuelle Charpentier of Umeå University in Sweden, Berkeley biologist Jennifer Doudna is at the center of one of today's most-discussed science discoveries: a technology called CRISPR-Cas9 that allows human genome editing by adding or removing genetic material at will. This enables fighting genetic diseases (cutting out HIV, altering cancer cells) as well as, potentially, opening the road to "engineered humans."
Because some applications of genetic manipulation can be inherited, Doudna and numerous colleagues have called for prudent use of the technology until the ethics and safety have been properly considered.
Doudna is the co-winner of the 2018 Kavli Prize in Nanoscience, along with Emmanuelle Charpentier and Virginijus Šikšnys.
Jennifer Doudna | Speaker | TED.com