Jennifer Doudna: How CRISPR lets us edit our DNA
ジェニファー・ダウドナ: DNA編集が可能な時代、使い方は慎重に
Jennifer Doudna was part of inventing a potentially world-changing genetic technology: the gene editing technology CRISPR-Cas9. Full bio
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for editing genomes.
共同開発しました
scientists to make changes
to cure genetic disease.
through a basic research project
細菌がウイルス感染と戦う仕組みを調べる
how bacteria fight viral infections.
生まれたものでした
in their environment,
対処しなければなりません
like a ticking time bomb --
チクタク動く時限爆弾のようなもの
to defuse the bomb
an adaptive immune system called CRISPR,
CRISPRという一種の適応的な免疫機構があり
viral DNA and destroy it.
検出し破壊します
is a protein called Cas9,
Cas9タンパクがあり
and eventually degrade viral DNA
ウイルスDNAを検出し
of this protein, Cas9,
harness its function
specific bits of DNA into cells
been possible in the past.
has already been used
of mice and monkeys,
the CRISPR technology
改変できることを示しました
they could use CRISPR
of an integrated HIV virus
ヒトの細胞から
除去できることを示しました
of genome editing
that we have to consider,
様々な倫理的な問題も出てきます
not only in adult cells,
大人の細胞だけでなく
about the technology that I co-invented,
世界規模の話し合いを呼びかけ
and societal implications
倫理的・社会的影響について
what the CRISPR technology is,
a prudent path forward
検討を重ねるべきだと思う理由について
they inject their DNA.
そのDNAを注入します
to be plucked out of the virus,
DNAがウイルスから取り出され
into the chromosome --
get inserted at a site called CRISPR.
挿入する座位であり
interspaced short palindromic repeats.
短回文型配列の反復群」という意味の略語です
we use the acronym CRISPR.
だからCRISPR と呼ぶのです
to record, over time,
細胞が時間をかけて
are passed on to the cells' progeny,
後世の細胞に引き継がれるので
not only in one generation,
何世代にも渡り
to keep a record of infection,
感染が記録されます
Blake Wiedenheft, likes to say,
a genetic vaccination card in cells.
遺伝子的なワクチンといえるでしょう
into the bacterial chromosome,
細菌の染色体に挿入されると
of a molecule called RNA,
RNAという分子を生成します
of the viral DNA.
化学的な従兄弟のようなもので
with DNA molecules
from the CRISPR locus
to protein called Cas9,
like a sentinel in the cell.
複合体を作り
of the DNA in the cell,
the sequences in the bound RNAs.
一致する部位を探します
the blue molecule is DNA --
to cut up the viral DNA.
切断します
sentinel complex
that can cut DNA --
ハサミと捉えることができます
in the DNA helix.
DNAの二本鎖を切断します
this complex is programmable,
複合体はプログラム可能なのです
particular DNA sequences,
プログラムし
could be harnessed for genome engineering,
a very precise change to the DNA
this break was introduced.
変更できることです
a word-processing program
the CRISPR system for genome engineering
CRISPRシステムに期待を抱く理由は
to detect broken DNA
a double-stranded break in its DNA,
DNA二本鎖切断を検出し
the ends of the broken DNA
DNA切断部分の両末端に
in the sequence of that position,
a new piece of DNA at the site of the cut.
新たなDNA断片を挿入するやり方です
double-stranded breaks into DNA
切断することが出来れば
切断することが出来れば
to repair those breaks,
of new genetic information.
組み込みが可能になります
the CRISPR technology
突然変異が生じた部位か
causing cystic fibrosis, for example,
プログラム化できれば
to repair that mutation.
促すことができるでしょう
it's been in development since the 1970s.
1970年代から開発され
可能になりました
可能になりました
可能になりました
were very promising,
that they were either inefficient,
問題がありました
for use in their own laboratories,
研究では採用することなく
clinical applications.
応用されることも殆どありませんでした
like CRISPR and utilize it has appeal,
genome engineering technologies
to rewire your computer
a new piece of software,
is like software for the genome,
ゲノムのためのソフトのようなものです
using these little bits of RNA.
簡単にプログラムできます
break is made in DNA,
astounding things,
that cause sickle cell anemia
ハンチントン病を起こす突然変異を
applications of the CRISPR technology
最初に使われるのは
to deliver this tool into cells,
このようなツールが
that's going on
of human disease, such as mice.
実験が繰り返し行われています
very precise changes
改変が正確にできるので
that these changes in the cell's DNA
一組織や生物全体に
in this case, an entire organism.
研究することができます
was used to disrupt a gene
マウスの毛を黒くする遺伝子の
for the black coat color of these mice.
differ from their pigmented litter-mates
色の付いたひと腹の兄弟と異なるのは
in the entire genome,
僅かに変化させたからですが
from these animals,
where we induced it,
まさに その部位が
are going on in other animals
for human disease,
役立っています
that we can use these systems
in particular tissues,
この技術の適用可能性―
the CRISPR tool into cells.
解明に利用できることがわかりました
that DNA is repaired after it's cut,
コントロールする方法や
and limit any kind of off-target,
コントール、抑制し
of using the technology.
起こらないようにする方法です
clinical application of this technology,
that we will see clinical trials
可能性は高いですし
therapies within that time,
to think about.
とてもワクワクします
around this technology,
in start-up companies
新興企業や
to commercialize the CRISPR technology,
in these companies.
for things like enhancement.
身体の機能強化が可能になることです
to engineer humans
such as stronger bones,
骨をもっと強くしたり
to cardiovascular disease
to be desirable,
or to be taller, things like that.
背が高くなりたいといったことなどです
would give rise to these traits
to make such changes,
CRISPR技術によって
出来るということです
that we have to carefully consider,
多くの倫理的問題も生じます
have called for a global pause
臨床でCRISPR技術が
of the CRISPR technology in human embryos,
世界規模での待ったをかけているのです
implications of doing so.
様々な影響を考えるためです
precedent for such a pause
1970年代から続く
on the use of molecular cloning,
その安全性が十分に検証され
could be tested carefully and validated.
その使用に待ったをかけたのです
are not with us yet,
人間はまだ存在しませんが
are happening right now.
動物や植物はいるのです
a huge responsibility,
both the unintended consequences
意図した結果だけでなく
of a scientific breakthrough.
熟慮することを 我々に迫っています
a technology with huge consequences,
ご指摘のとおり 重大な影響を
or a moratorium or a quarantine
検証することは
the therapeutic results of this,
治療として役立つ一方で
gaining traction,
of The Economist -- "Editing humanity."
「ヒトを編集する」として取り上げられています
it's not about therapeutics.
治療について語られていません
did you get back in March
for a moment and think about it?
were actually, I think, delighted
to discuss this openly.
喜んでいたと思います
as well as others,
of viewpoints about this.
面白いです
careful consideration and discussion.
重ねていく必要のあるトピックです
happening in December
呼びかけで 12月に
of Sciences and others,
out of the meeting, practically?
利害関係がある人々
and stakeholders
考えようとする人々の
this technology responsibly.
a consensus point of view,
起こり得る問題が何なのかを
for example, at Harvard,
あなたの同僚達は
are just a question of safety.
安全性の問題に過ぎない」と言います
in animals and in labs,
we move on to humans."
ヒトを扱うんだ」と
school of thought,
this opportunity and really go for it.
立場のようです
in the science community about this?
分断する可能性はあるのでしょうか?
some people holding back
or don't regulate at all?
状況は生じるでしょうか?
especially something like this,
特にこのような技術には
a variety of viewpoints,
perfectly understandable.
for human genome engineering,
使用されると思いますが
consideration and discussion
and other fields of science
飛躍的に発展した
pretty much like yours.
intelligence, autonomous robots and so on.
a similar discussion in those fields,
話し合いの場を
serve as a blueprint for other fields?
青写真となると思いますか?
to get out of the laboratory.
出ていくのは難しいと思います
uncomfortable to do that.
in the genesis of this
in a position of responsibility.
that other technologies
something that could have implications
新技術の及ぼし得る影響についても
ありがとうございました
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jennifer Doudna - BiologistJennifer Doudna was part of inventing a potentially world-changing genetic technology: the gene editing technology CRISPR-Cas9.
Why you should listen
Together with her colleague Emmanuelle Charpentier of Umeå University in Sweden, Berkeley biologist Jennifer Doudna is at the center of one of today's most-discussed science discoveries: a technology called CRISPR-Cas9 that allows human genome editing by adding or removing genetic material at will. This enables fighting genetic diseases (cutting out HIV, altering cancer cells) as well as, potentially, opening the road to "engineered humans."
Because some applications of genetic manipulation can be inherited, Doudna and numerous colleagues have called for prudent use of the technology until the ethics and safety have been properly considered.
Doudna is the co-winner of the 2018 Kavli Prize in Nanoscience, along with Emmanuelle Charpentier and Virginijus Šikšnys.
Jennifer Doudna | Speaker | TED.com