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Jennifer Doudna: How CRISPR lets us edit our DNA
Jennifer Doudna: Sada možemo uređivati DNA, ali učinimo to mudro
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Genetičarka Jennifer Doudna jedna je od izumitelja nove revolucionarne metode za uređivanje gena koja se zove CRISPR-Cas9. Ova metoda omogućuje znanstvenicima precizno uređivanje DNK, što se može iskoristiti u liječenju genetskih bolesti, ali i za stvaranje takozvanih „dizajniranih beba“ . Doudna prikazuje kako CRISPR-Cas9 radi — i moli znanstvenu zajednicu da zastane i raspravi o etičnosti ove metode.
Jennifer Doudna - Biologist
Jennifer Doudna was part of inventing a potentially world-changing genetic technology: the gene editing technology CRISPR-Cas9. Full bio
Jennifer Doudna was part of inventing a potentially world-changing genetic technology: the gene editing technology CRISPR-Cas9. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
A few years ago,
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Prije nekoliko godina,
00:14
with my colleague, Emmanuelle Charpentier,
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kolegica, Emmanuelle Charpentier,
00:17
I invented a new technology
for editing genomes.
for editing genomes.
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i ja, izumile smo novu metodu
za uređivanje genoma.
za uređivanje genoma.
00:21
It's called CRISPR-Cas9.
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Zove se CRISPR-Cas9.
00:23
The CRISPR technology allows
scientists to make changes
scientists to make changes
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CRISPR metoda omogućuje
znanstvenicima da mijenjaju
znanstvenicima da mijenjaju
00:27
to the DNA in cells
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DNK u stanicama
00:29
that could allow us
to cure genetic disease.
to cure genetic disease.
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što bi moglo pomoći
u liječenju genetskih bolesti.
u liječenju genetskih bolesti.
00:33
You might be interested to know
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Možda će vas zanimati da smo
00:34
that the CRISPR technology came about
through a basic research project
through a basic research project
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do CRISPR metode došli
preko osnovnog istraživanja
preko osnovnog istraživanja
00:38
that was aimed at discovering
how bacteria fight viral infections.
how bacteria fight viral infections.
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koji je bio usmjeren na otkrivanje
načina otpornosti bakterija na virusne infekcije.
načina otpornosti bakterija na virusne infekcije.
00:43
Bacteria have to deal with viruses
in their environment,
in their environment,
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Bakterije se bore s virusima
u njihovom okolišu
u njihovom okolišu
00:46
and we can think about a viral infection
like a ticking time bomb --
like a ticking time bomb --
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i virusnu infekciju možemo zamisliti
kao tempiranu bombu -
kao tempiranu bombu -
00:49
a bacterium has only a few minutes
to defuse the bomb
to defuse the bomb
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bakterija ima samo nekoliko minuta
detonirati bombu
detonirati bombu
00:53
before it gets destroyed.
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prije nego što eksplodira.
00:55
So, many bacteria have in their cells
an adaptive immune system called CRISPR,
an adaptive immune system called CRISPR,
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Mnoge bakterije u svojim stanicama imaju
adaptivni imunosustav koji se zove CRISPR,
adaptivni imunosustav koji se zove CRISPR,
01:00
that allows them to detect
viral DNA and destroy it.
viral DNA and destroy it.
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koji im omogućava da otkriju
virusni DNK i unište ga.
virusni DNK i unište ga.
01:05
Part of the CRISPR system
is a protein called Cas9,
is a protein called Cas9,
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Dio CRISPR sustava je
protein koji se zove Cas9,
protein koji se zove Cas9,
01:09
that's able to seek out, cut
and eventually degrade viral DNA
and eventually degrade viral DNA
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a koji može pretražiti, izrezivati i
na kraju i uništiti virusni DNK
na kraju i uništiti virusni DNK
01:15
in a specific way.
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na specifičan način.
01:17
And it was through our research
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Kroz naše istraživanje
01:18
to understand the activity
of this protein, Cas9,
of this protein, Cas9,
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pokušali smo razumjeti aktivnosti
ovog proteina, Cas9,
ovog proteina, Cas9,
01:22
that we realized that we could
harness its function
harness its function
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da bi shvatili kako možemo
iskoristiti njegovu funkciju
iskoristiti njegovu funkciju
01:25
as a genetic engineering technology --
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za genetski inženjering -
01:28
a way for scientists to delete or insert
specific bits of DNA into cells
specific bits of DNA into cells
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način kojim znanstvenici brišu ili umeću
specifične dijelove DNK u stanice
specifične dijelove DNK u stanice
01:35
with incredible precision --
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s nevjerojatnom preciznošću -
01:37
that would offer opportunities
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što bi stvorilo mogućnost
01:39
to do things that really haven't
been possible in the past.
been possible in the past.
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da radimo stvari koje su
prije bile nemoguće.
prije bile nemoguće.
01:43
The CRISPR technology
has already been used
has already been used
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CRISPR metoda
već se počela koristiti
već se počela koristiti
01:45
to change the DNA in the cells
of mice and monkeys,
of mice and monkeys,
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za izmjenu DNK u stanicama
miševa i majmuna,
miševa i majmuna,
01:50
other organisms as well.
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kao i drugih organizama.
01:52
Chinese scientists showed recently
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Kineski su znanstvenici
nedavno otkrili
nedavno otkrili
01:54
that they could even use
the CRISPR technology
the CRISPR technology
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da bi mogli koristiti
CRISPR metodu
CRISPR metodu
01:56
to change genes in human embryos.
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za izmjenu gena u ljudskim embrijima.
01:59
And scientists in Philadelphia showed
they could use CRISPR
they could use CRISPR
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Znanstvenici iz Philadelphije
koristili su CRISPR
koristili su CRISPR
02:02
to remove the DNA
of an integrated HIV virus
of an integrated HIV virus
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za uklanjanje DNK
integriranog virusa HIV-a
integriranog virusa HIV-a
02:07
from infected human cells.
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iz inficirane ljudske stanice.
02:10
The opportunity to do this kind
of genome editing
of genome editing
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Mogućnost ovakve vrste
uređivanja gena
uređivanja gena
02:13
also raises various ethical issues
that we have to consider,
that we have to consider,
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postavlja različita etička pitanja
koja trebamo razmotriti
koja trebamo razmotriti
02:16
because this technology can be employed
not only in adult cells,
not only in adult cells,
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zato što se ova metoda može koristiti
ne samo na odraslim stanicama,
ne samo na odraslim stanicama,
02:20
but also in the embryos of organisms,
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nego i na embrijskim stanicama,
02:23
including our own species.
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uključujući i našu vrstu.
02:26
And so, together with my colleagues,
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Tako sam, zajedno sa svojim kolegama,
02:28
I've called for a global conversation
about the technology that I co-invented,
about the technology that I co-invented,
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pokrenula globalnu raspravu
o ovoj metodi koju smo izumile,
o ovoj metodi koju smo izumile,
02:33
so that we can consider all of the ethical
and societal implications
and societal implications
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kako bi razmotrili sve etičke
i društvene implikacije
i društvene implikacije
02:37
of a technology like this.
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ovakve metode.
02:40
What I want to do now is tell you
what the CRISPR technology is,
what the CRISPR technology is,
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Ono što želim učiniti je
opisati vam CRISPR,
opisati vam CRISPR,
02:45
what it can do,
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što može činiti,
02:46
where we are today
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gdje smo danas,
02:47
and why I think we need to take
a prudent path forward
a prudent path forward
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i zašto mislim da trebamo
razborito napredovati
razborito napredovati
02:50
in the way that we employ this technology.
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u načinu korištenja ove metode.
02:55
When viruses infect a cell,
they inject their DNA.
they inject their DNA.
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Kada virusi zaraze stanicu
ubace svoj DNK.
ubace svoj DNK.
02:59
And in a bacterium,
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U bakteriji
03:00
the CRISPR system allows that DNA
to be plucked out of the virus,
to be plucked out of the virus,
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CRISPR sustav omogućava da se DNK
izvadi iz virusne stanice,
izvadi iz virusne stanice,
03:05
and inserted in little bits
into the chromosome --
into the chromosome --
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i umetne u malim dijelovima
u kromosom -
u kromosom -
03:09
the DNA of the bacterium.
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DNK bakterijske stanice.
03:11
And these integrated bits of viral DNA
get inserted at a site called CRISPR.
get inserted at a site called CRISPR.
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Ovi se integrirani dijelovi virusnog DNK
umeću u dio koji se zove CRISPR.
umeću u dio koji se zove CRISPR.
03:18
CRISPR stands for clustered regularly
interspaced short palindromic repeats.
interspaced short palindromic repeats.
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CRISPR je naziv za sljedove između kojih su
kratke ponavljajuće palindromske sekvence.
kratke ponavljajuće palindromske sekvence.
03:24
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
03:25
A big mouthful -- you can see why
we use the acronym CRISPR.
we use the acronym CRISPR.
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Mnogo riječi – vidite zašto
koristimo akronim CRISPR.
koristimo akronim CRISPR.
03:28
It's a mechanism that allows cells
to record, over time,
to record, over time,
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To je mehanizam kojim stanice
mogu tijekom vremena bilježiti
mogu tijekom vremena bilježiti
03:32
the viruses they have been exposed to.
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viruse kojima su bile izložene.
03:35
And importantly, those bits of DNA
are passed on to the cells' progeny,
are passed on to the cells' progeny,
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A što je najvažnije, dijelovi DNK
prenose se na stanice potomke
prenose se na stanice potomke
03:40
so cells are protected from viruses
not only in one generation,
not only in one generation,
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te su tako zaštićene od virusa
ne samo u jednoj generaciji,
ne samo u jednoj generaciji,
03:44
but over many generations of cells.
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već i u sljedećim generacijama stanica.
03:47
This allows the cells
to keep a record of infection,
to keep a record of infection,
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To je način kojim stanice
mogu zapamtiti neku infekciju,
mogu zapamtiti neku infekciju,
03:51
and as my colleague,
Blake Wiedenheft, likes to say,
Blake Wiedenheft, likes to say,
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i kao što moj kolega,
Blake Wiedenheft, voli reći,
Blake Wiedenheft, voli reći,
03:54
the CRISPR locus is effectively
a genetic vaccination card in cells.
a genetic vaccination card in cells.
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CRISPR je efektivan način
za genetsko cijepljenje stanica.
za genetsko cijepljenje stanica.
04:00
Once those bits of DNA have been inserted
into the bacterial chromosome,
into the bacterial chromosome,
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Jednom kada su dijelovi DNK umetnuti
u bakterijski kromosom,
u bakterijski kromosom,
04:05
the cell then makes a little copy
of a molecule called RNA,
of a molecule called RNA,
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stanica može napraviti kopiju
molekule koja se zove RNK,
molekule koja se zove RNK,
04:09
which is orange in this picture,
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narančasta je na ovoj slici,
04:11
that is an exact replicate
of the viral DNA.
of the viral DNA.
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i točna je kopija
virusnog DNK.
virusnog DNK.
04:16
RNA is a chemical cousin of DNA,
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RNK je kemijski rođak DNK,
04:18
and it allows interaction
with DNA molecules
with DNA molecules
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i omogućava interakciju
između molekula DNK
između molekula DNK
04:22
that have a matching sequence.
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koje imaju odgovarajuće sekvence.
04:25
So those little bits of RNA
from the CRISPR locus
from the CRISPR locus
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Ti mali dijelovi RNK
na CRISPR sekvenci
na CRISPR sekvenci
04:29
associate -- they bind --
to protein called Cas9,
to protein called Cas9,
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pridružuju se -- vežu na --
protein koji se zove Cas9,
protein koji se zove Cas9,
04:33
which is white in the picture,
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ovo bijelo na slici,
04:34
and form a complex that functions
like a sentinel in the cell.
like a sentinel in the cell.
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i formiraju kompleks koji funkcionira
kao stražar u stanici.
kao stražar u stanici.
04:39
It searches through all
of the DNA in the cell,
of the DNA in the cell,
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Pretražuje redom
DNK u stanici
DNK u stanici
04:42
to find sites that match
the sequences in the bound RNAs.
the sequences in the bound RNAs.
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kako bi pronašao odgovarajuće
sekvence na vezanim RNK.
sekvence na vezanim RNK.
04:46
And when those sites are found --
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Kada pronađe te sekvence -
04:48
as you can see here,
the blue molecule is DNA --
the blue molecule is DNA --
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kao što možete vidjeti,
DNK je plava molekula -
DNK je plava molekula -
04:52
this complex associates with that DNA
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ovaj se kompleks veže za DNK
04:54
and allows the Cas9 cleaver
to cut up the viral DNA.
to cut up the viral DNA.
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i omogućava proteinu Cas9
da izreže virusni DNK.
da izreže virusni DNK.
05:00
It makes a very precise break.
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To čini vrlo precizno.
05:04
So we can think of the Cas9 RNA
sentinel complex
sentinel complex
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Možemo zamisliti Cas9 RNK
stražarski kompleks
stražarski kompleks
05:08
like a pair of scissors
that can cut DNA --
that can cut DNA --
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kao par škara
koji reže DNK -
koji reže DNK -
05:11
it makes a double-stranded break
in the DNA helix.
in the DNA helix.
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i čini dvolančani rez
na uzvojnici DNK.
na uzvojnici DNK.
05:14
And importantly,
this complex is programmable,
this complex is programmable,
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Što je najvažnije,
ovaj je kompleks programabilan
ovaj je kompleks programabilan
05:18
so it can be programmed to recognize
particular DNA sequences,
particular DNA sequences,
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i može biti programiran da prepozna
određene sekvence DNK,
određene sekvence DNK,
05:24
and make a break in the DNA at that site.
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i napravi rez na tom mjestu na DNK.
05:27
As I'm going to tell you now,
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Kao što ću vam sada reći,
05:29
we recognized that that activity
could be harnessed for genome engineering,
could be harnessed for genome engineering,
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prepoznali smo da se ta funkcija
može iskoristiti za genetički inženjering,
može iskoristiti za genetički inženjering,
05:34
to allow cells to make
a very precise change to the DNA
a very precise change to the DNA
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što omogućuje stanicama
preciznu izmjenu vlastitog DNK
preciznu izmjenu vlastitog DNK
05:38
at the site where
this break was introduced.
this break was introduced.
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na mjestu gdje je
potrebna promjena.
potrebna promjena.
05:41
That's sort of analogous
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To je djelomično slično
05:42
to the way that we use
a word-processing program
a word-processing program
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načinu na koji koristimo
program za obradu teksta
program za obradu teksta
05:45
to fix a typo in a document.
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kako bi ispravili tipografsku grešku.
05:49
The reason we envisioned using
the CRISPR system for genome engineering
the CRISPR system for genome engineering
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Ono što nas je navelo na korištenje
CRISPR sustava za genetički inženjering
CRISPR sustava za genetički inženjering
05:54
is because cells have the ability
to detect broken DNA
to detect broken DNA
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je to što stanice imaju sposobnost
otkriti oštećeni DNK
otkriti oštećeni DNK
05:58
and repair it.
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i popraviti ga.
05:59
So when a plant or an animal cell detects
a double-stranded break in its DNA,
a double-stranded break in its DNA,
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Kad biljna ili životinjska stanica otkrije
grešku na dvostrukom lancu DNK,
grešku na dvostrukom lancu DNK,
06:04
it can fix that break,
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može to ispraviti
06:06
either by pasting together
the ends of the broken DNA
the ends of the broken DNA
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tako da zalijepi
krajeve slomljenog DNK
krajeve slomljenog DNK
06:09
with a little, tiny change
in the sequence of that position,
in the sequence of that position,
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s vrlo malom promjenom
u sekvenci na tom mjestu
u sekvenci na tom mjestu
06:14
or it can repair the break by integrating
a new piece of DNA at the site of the cut.
a new piece of DNA at the site of the cut.
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ili može ispraviti oštećenje umetanjem
novih sekvenci DNK na mjestu loma.
novih sekvenci DNK na mjestu loma.
06:21
So if we have a way to introduce
double-stranded breaks into DNA
double-stranded breaks into DNA
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Ako imamo način kojim možemo inducirati
dvolančane lomove na DNK
dvolančane lomove na DNK
06:26
at precise places,
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na određenom mjestu,
06:27
we can trigger cells
to repair those breaks,
to repair those breaks,
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možemo potaknuti stanicu
na popravak tih lomova
na popravak tih lomova
06:30
by either the disruption or incorporation
of new genetic information.
of new genetic information.
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poremećajem ili ugradnjom
nove genetske informacije.
nove genetske informacije.
06:35
So if we were able to program
the CRISPR technology
the CRISPR technology
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Ako možemo pomoću
CRISPR metode
CRISPR metode
06:39
to make a break in DNA
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inducirati oštećenje DNK
06:41
at the position at or near a mutation
causing cystic fibrosis, for example,
causing cystic fibrosis, for example,
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na mjestu ili blizu mjesta mutacijekoja
uzrokuje, primjerice, cističnu fibrozu,
uzrokuje, primjerice, cističnu fibrozu,
06:47
we could trigger cells
to repair that mutation.
to repair that mutation.
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mogli bismo potaknuti stanicu
na ispravak mutacije.
na ispravak mutacije.
06:52
Genome engineering is actually not new,
it's been in development since the 1970s.
it's been in development since the 1970s.
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Genetički inženjering nije nova stvar,
u razvoju je od 1970-ih.
u razvoju je od 1970-ih.
06:57
We've had technologies for sequencing DNA,
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Postoje metode za sekvenciranje,
07:00
for copying DNA,
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kopiranje,
07:01
and even for manipulating DNA.
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čak i za manipuliranje DNK.
07:04
And these technologies
were very promising,
were very promising,
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Ove su metode bile
vrlo obećavajuće,
vrlo obećavajuće,
07:08
but the problem was
that they were either inefficient,
that they were either inefficient,
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ali problem je što su
ili nedovoljno učinkovite
ili nedovoljno učinkovite
07:12
or they were difficult enough to use
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ili problematične za upotrebu
07:14
that most scientists had not adopted them
for use in their own laboratories,
for use in their own laboratories,
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pa ih mnogi znanstvenici nisu usvojili
za upotrebu u svojim laboratorijima,
za upotrebu u svojim laboratorijima,
07:19
or certainly for many
clinical applications.
clinical applications.
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a zasigurno ni za mnoge
kliničke primjene.
kliničke primjene.
07:24
So, the opportunity to take a technology
like CRISPR and utilize it has appeal,
like CRISPR and utilize it has appeal,
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Mogućnost da se metoda kao što je
CRISPR upotrijebi je privlačna
CRISPR upotrijebi je privlačna
07:32
because of its relative simplicity.
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zbog svoje relativne jednostavnosti.
07:35
We can think of older
genome engineering technologies
genome engineering technologies
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Možemo starije metode
genetskog inženjeringa
genetskog inženjeringa
07:38
as similar to having
to rewire your computer
to rewire your computer
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usporediti s prespajanjem
vašeg računala
vašeg računala
07:42
each time you want to run
a new piece of software,
a new piece of software,
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svaki put kada želite
pokrenuti novi softver,
pokrenuti novi softver,
07:46
whereas the CRISPR technology
is like software for the genome,
is like software for the genome,
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a CRISPR je metoda
kao stoftver za genom,
kao stoftver za genom,
07:50
we can program it easily,
using these little bits of RNA.
using these little bits of RNA.
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možemo ju lako isprogramirati,
korištenjem dijelića RNK.
korištenjem dijelića RNK.
07:54
So once a double-stranded
break is made in DNA,
break is made in DNA,
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Jednom kada je dvostruki
lom napravljen na DNK,
lom napravljen na DNK,
07:57
we can induce repair,
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možemo potaknuti popravak
07:59
and thereby potentially achieve
astounding things,
astounding things,
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i time postići potencijalno
zapanjujuće stvari,
zapanjujuće stvari,
08:03
like being able to correct mutations
that cause sickle cell anemia
that cause sickle cell anemia
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kao što su popravljanje mutacija
koje uzrokuje anemiju srpastih stanica
koje uzrokuje anemiju srpastih stanica
08:07
or cause Huntington's Disease.
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ili Huntigtonovu bolest.
08:09
I actually think that the first
applications of the CRISPR technology
applications of the CRISPR technology
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Zapravo mislim da će se prve
primjene CRISPR metode
primjene CRISPR metode
08:13
are going to happen in the blood,
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dogoditi u krvožilnom sustavu,
08:15
where it's relatively easier
to deliver this tool into cells,
to deliver this tool into cells,
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gdje je relativno lakše
koristiti ovu metodu na stanicama
koristiti ovu metodu na stanicama
08:20
compared to solid tissues.
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u odnosu na čvrsta tkiva.
08:23
Right now, a lot of the work
that's going on
that's going on
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Puno se posla koji
se sada odvija
se sada odvija
08:26
applies to animal models
of human disease, such as mice.
of human disease, such as mice.
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odnosi na životinjske modele
ljudskih bolesti, kao što su miševi.
ljudskih bolesti, kao što su miševi.
08:30
The technology is being used to make
very precise changes
very precise changes
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Metoda se koristi kako bi napravili
vrlo precizne promjene
vrlo precizne promjene
08:33
that allow us to study the way
that these changes in the cell's DNA
that these changes in the cell's DNA
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koje omogućavaju proučavanje načina
na koji ove promjene u staničnom DNK
na koji ove promjene u staničnom DNK
08:38
affect either a tissue or,
in this case, an entire organism.
in this case, an entire organism.
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utječu na tkiva ili, u ovom
slučaju, na cijeli organizam.
slučaju, na cijeli organizam.
08:43
Now in this example,
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U ovom smo primjeru,
08:44
the CRISPR technology
was used to disrupt a gene
was used to disrupt a gene
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CRISPR metodom
poremetili gene
poremetili gene
08:48
by making a tiny change in the DNA
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učinivši malu promjenu u DNK
08:51
in a gene that is responsible
for the black coat color of these mice.
for the black coat color of these mice.
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u genu koji je odgovoran
za crnu boju krzna ovog miša.
za crnu boju krzna ovog miša.
08:56
Imagine that these white mice
differ from their pigmented litter-mates
differ from their pigmented litter-mates
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Zamislite da se ovaj bijeli miš
razlikuje od svojih obojanih sustanara
razlikuje od svojih obojanih sustanara
09:01
by just a tiny change at one gene
in the entire genome,
in the entire genome,
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samo po maloj genskoj promjeni
u cijelom genomu,
u cijelom genomu,
09:05
and they're otherwise completely normal.
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a po svemu je ostalome sasvim normalan.
09:07
And when we sequence the DNA
from these animals,
from these animals,
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Kada sekvencioniramo DNK
ovih životinja,
ovih životinja,
09:10
we find that the change in the DNA
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uočavamo da se promjena u DNK
09:13
has occurred at exactly the place
where we induced it,
where we induced it,
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nalazi na upravo onom mjestu
na kojem smo ju inducirali
na kojem smo ju inducirali
09:16
using the CRISPR technology.
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koristeći CRISPR metodu.
09:19
Additional experiments
are going on in other animals
are going on in other animals
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Dodatni se pokusi vrše
na drugim životinjama
na drugim životinjama
09:22
that are useful for creating models
for human disease,
for human disease,
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koje su korisne za stvaranje modela
za ljudske bolesti,
za ljudske bolesti,
09:26
such as monkeys.
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kao naprimjer majmunima.
09:28
And here we find
that we can use these systems
that we can use these systems
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Zaključili smo
da ovakav sustav možemo koristiti
da ovakav sustav možemo koristiti
09:31
to test the application of this technology
in particular tissues,
in particular tissues,
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za testiranje uporabe ove metode
u određenim tkivima,
u određenim tkivima,
09:35
for example, figuring out how to deliver
the CRISPR tool into cells.
the CRISPR tool into cells.
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primjerice, kako dostaviti
CRISPR u stanice.
CRISPR u stanice.
09:40
We also want to understand better
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Također želimo bolje razumjeti
09:42
how to control the way
that DNA is repaired after it's cut,
that DNA is repaired after it's cut,
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kako kontrolirati način
na koji je DNK popravljen nakon reza,
na koji je DNK popravljen nakon reza,
09:46
and also to figure out how to control
and limit any kind of off-target,
and limit any kind of off-target,
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ali i shvatiti kako ćemo kontrolirati
i ograničiti bilo koji neciljan
i ograničiti bilo koji neciljan
09:51
or unintended effects
of using the technology.
of using the technology.
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ili nenamjeran učinak
korištenja ove metode.
korištenja ove metode.
09:56
I think that we will see
clinical application of this technology,
clinical application of this technology,
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Mislim da ćemo vidjeti
ovu metodu u kliničkoj uporabi,
ovu metodu u kliničkoj uporabi,
10:02
certainly in adults,
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zasigurno kod odraslih,
10:04
within the next 10 years.
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u sljedećih 10 godina.
10:05
I think that it's likely
that we will see clinical trials
that we will see clinical trials
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Mislim da je moguće
da će postojati klinička ispitivanja,
da će postojati klinička ispitivanja,
10:08
and possibly even approved
therapies within that time,
therapies within that time,
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a vjerojatno i odobrene
terapije unutar tog vremena,
terapije unutar tog vremena,
10:12
which is a very exciting thing
to think about.
to think about.
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što je vrlo uzbudljiva stvar,
kad razmislite.
kad razmislite.
10:15
And because of the excitement
around this technology,
around this technology,
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Zbog uzbuđenja
oko ove metode,
oko ove metode,
10:17
there's a lot of interest
in start-up companies
in start-up companies
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mnogo je zanimanja
u novim tvrtkama
u novim tvrtkama
10:20
that have been founded
to commercialize the CRISPR technology,
to commercialize the CRISPR technology,
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koje su osnovane
kako bi komercijalizirale CRISPR metodu,
kako bi komercijalizirale CRISPR metodu,
10:25
and lots of venture capitalists
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ali i puno smjelih kapitalista
10:27
that have been investing
in these companies.
in these companies.
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koji ulažu
u ove tvrtke.
u ove tvrtke.
10:31
But we have to also consider
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Moramo još razumjeti da se
10:32
that the CRISPR technology can be used
for things like enhancement.
for things like enhancement.
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CRISPR metoda može koristiti
za stvari kao što je poboljšanje.
za stvari kao što je poboljšanje.
10:36
Imagine that we could try
to engineer humans
to engineer humans
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Zamislite da probamo
stvoriti ljude
stvoriti ljude
10:39
that have enhanced properties,
such as stronger bones,
such as stronger bones,
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koji bi imali poboljšane značajke,
kao što su jače kosti,
kao što su jače kosti,
10:44
or less susceptibility
to cardiovascular disease
to cardiovascular disease
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ili manju sklonost
kardiovaskularnim bolestima
kardiovaskularnim bolestima
10:48
or even to have properties
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ili imaju značajke
10:49
that we would consider maybe
to be desirable,
to be desirable,
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koje bismo možda
smatrali poželjnijima,
smatrali poželjnijima,
10:52
like a different eye color
or to be taller, things like that.
or to be taller, things like that.
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kao što je druga boja očiju
ili visina, takve stvari.
ili visina, takve stvari.
10:57
"Designer humans," if you will.
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Nazovimo to dizajniranim ljudima.
11:00
Right now, the genetic information
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Upravo sada, genetske informacije
11:03
to understand what types of genes
would give rise to these traits
would give rise to these traits
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za razumijevanje tipa gena
koji bi doveli do takvih osobina
koji bi doveli do takvih osobina
11:07
is mostly not known.
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uglavnom su nepoznate.
11:09
But it's important to know
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Ali važno je znati
11:10
that the CRISPR technology gives us a tool
to make such changes,
to make such changes,
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da je CRISPR metoda alat koji će omogućiti
takvu vrstu promjene,
takvu vrstu promjene,
11:15
once that knowledge becomes available.
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jednom kada znanje postane dostupno.
11:18
This raises a number of ethical questions
that we have to carefully consider,
that we have to carefully consider,
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Ovo postavlja brojna etička pitanja
koja je potrebno pomno razmotriti,
koja je potrebno pomno razmotriti,
11:22
and this is why I and my colleagues
have called for a global pause
have called for a global pause
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i to je razlog zašto smo kolege i ja
pozvali na globalnu stanku
pozvali na globalnu stanku
11:27
in any clinical application
of the CRISPR technology in human embryos,
of the CRISPR technology in human embryos,
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u kliničkoj primjeni
CRISPR metode na ljudskim embrijima,
CRISPR metode na ljudskim embrijima,
11:31
to give us time
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kako bismo uspjeli
11:32
to really consider all of the various
implications of doing so.
implications of doing so.
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razmotriti različite
implikacije za to.
implikacije za to.
11:37
And actually, there is an important
precedent for such a pause
precedent for such a pause
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Zapravo, postoji važan
presedan za takvu stanku
presedan za takvu stanku
11:41
from the 1970s,
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iz 1970-ih,
11:42
when scientists got together
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kada su se znanstvenici sastali
11:44
to call for a moratorium
on the use of molecular cloning,
on the use of molecular cloning,
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i zatražili moratorij na
korištenje molekularnog kloniranja,
korištenje molekularnog kloniranja,
11:48
until the safety of that technology
could be tested carefully and validated.
could be tested carefully and validated.
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dok se sigurnost metode
pažljivo ne testira i opravda.
pažljivo ne testira i opravda.
11:55
So, genome-engineered humans
are not with us yet,
are not with us yet,
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Genski uređeni ljudi
još ne postoje,
još ne postoje,
12:00
but this is no longer science fiction.
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no to više nije znanstvena fantastika.
12:04
Genome-engineered animals and plants
are happening right now.
are happening right now.
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Genski uređene životinje i biljke
sada su stvarnost.
sada su stvarnost.
12:09
And this puts in front of all of us
a huge responsibility,
a huge responsibility,
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Ovo nam svima nameće
veliku odgovornost
veliku odgovornost
12:13
to consider carefully
both the unintended consequences
both the unintended consequences
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da pažljivo razmotrimo
neželjene posljedice
neželjene posljedice
12:17
as well as the intended impacts
of a scientific breakthrough.
of a scientific breakthrough.
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kao i željene učinke
ovog znanstvenog otkrića.
ovog znanstvenog otkrića.
12:22
Thank you.
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Hvala.
12:23
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
12:31
(Applause ends)
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(Pljesak završava)
12:33
Bruno Giussani: Jennifer, this is
a technology with huge consequences,
a technology with huge consequences,
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Bruno Giussani: Jennifer, ovo je
metoda koja nosi velike posljedice,
metoda koja nosi velike posljedice,
12:37
as you pointed out.
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kao što ste istaknuli.
12:38
Your attitude about asking for a pause
or a moratorium or a quarantine
or a moratorium or a quarantine
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Vaš stav i molba za stankom
ili moratorijem ili karantenom
ili moratorijem ili karantenom
12:43
is incredibly responsible.
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2020
izuzetno je odgovoran.
12:46
There are, of course,
the therapeutic results of this,
the therapeutic results of this,
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Postoje, naravno,
terapijski rezultati ovoga,
terapijski rezultati ovoga,
12:49
but then there are the un-therapeutic ones
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ali postoje i oni neterapijski,
12:51
and they seem to be the ones
gaining traction,
gaining traction,
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a oni, čini se, dobivaju
najviše pažnje,
najviše pažnje,
12:53
particularly in the media.
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posebice u medijima.
12:54
This is one of the latest issues
of The Economist -- "Editing humanity."
of The Economist -- "Editing humanity."
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4166
Ovo je jedan od zadnjih brojeva
The Economista – „Uređivanje čovječanstva“
The Economista – „Uređivanje čovječanstva“
12:59
It's all about genetic enhancement,
it's not about therapeutics.
it's not about therapeutics.
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Sve je o genetskom poboljšanju,
a ne o liječenju.
a ne o liječenju.
13:03
What kind of reactions
did you get back in March
did you get back in March
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Kakve ste reakcije
dobili u ožujku
dobili u ožujku
13:05
from your colleagues in the science world,
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2017
od svojih kolega u znanstvenom svijetu,
13:07
when you asked or suggested
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kada ste pitali, predložili
13:09
that we should actually pause this
for a moment and think about it?
for a moment and think about it?
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3316
da bi trebali napraviti stanku
na trenutak i razmisliti o svemu?
na trenutak i razmisliti o svemu?
13:13
Jennifer Doudna: My colleagues
were actually, I think, delighted
were actually, I think, delighted
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3001
Jennifer Doudna: Moje su kolege,
zapravo bili oduševljeni
zapravo bili oduševljeni
13:16
to have the opportunity
to discuss this openly.
to discuss this openly.
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što imaju priliku
otvoreno razgovarati.
otvoreno razgovarati.
13:18
It's interesting that as I talk to people,
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2346
Zanimljivo je da u razgovoru s ljudima,
13:20
my scientific colleagues
as well as others,
as well as others,
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kolegama znanstvenicima,
ali i drugima,
ali i drugima,
13:23
there's a wide variety
of viewpoints about this.
of viewpoints about this.
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2310
vidim da postoje razni
pogledi na sve ovo.
pogledi na sve ovo.
13:25
So clearly it's a topic that needs
careful consideration and discussion.
careful consideration and discussion.
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3674
Jasno je da su za ovu temu potrebni
pažljivo razmatranje i rasprava.
pažljivo razmatranje i rasprava.
13:29
BG: There's a big meeting
happening in December
happening in December
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2215
BG: Važan se sastanak održava
u prosincu ove godine
u prosincu ove godine
13:31
that you and your colleagues are calling,
231
799481
1976
koji ste sazvali vi i vaši kolege,
13:33
together with the National Academy
of Sciences and others,
of Sciences and others,
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zajedno s Nacionalnom akademijom
znanosti i drugima,
znanosti i drugima,
13:36
what do you hope will come
out of the meeting, practically?
out of the meeting, practically?
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što mislite, što će
proizaći iz njega?
proizaći iz njega?
13:39
JD: Well, I hope that we can air the views
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JD: Nadam se da možemo obznaniti poglede
13:41
of many different individuals
and stakeholders
and stakeholders
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različitih individualaca
i dioničara
i dioničara
13:45
who want to think about how to use
this technology responsibly.
this technology responsibly.
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koji žele razmišljati o tome kako ovu
metodu odgovorno upotrebljavati.
metodu odgovorno upotrebljavati.
13:49
It may not be possible to come up with
a consensus point of view,
a consensus point of view,
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3102
Možda neće biti moguće doći do
zajedničkog stajališta,
zajedničkog stajališta,
13:53
but I think we should at least understand
238
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1993
ali mislim da, kako napredujemo,
13:55
what all the issues are as we go forward.
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1972
trebamo razumjeti svu materiju.
13:57
BG: Now, colleagues of yours,
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BG: Neke vaše kolege,
13:58
like George Church,
for example, at Harvard,
for example, at Harvard,
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2079
kao što je George Church
s Harvada, primjerice,
s Harvada, primjerice,
14:00
they say, "Yeah, ethical issues basically
are just a question of safety.
are just a question of safety.
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3436
kažu, „Etička su pitanja samo
pitanja sigurnosti.
pitanja sigurnosti.
14:04
We test and test and test again,
in animals and in labs,
in animals and in labs,
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Mi neprestano testiramo
na životinjama i u laboratoriju,
na životinjama i u laboratoriju,
14:06
and then once we feel it's safe enough,
we move on to humans."
we move on to humans."
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i kada pomislimo da je dovoljno sigurno,
prijeći ćemo na ljude.“
prijeći ćemo na ljude.“
14:10
So that's kind of the other
school of thought,
school of thought,
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Ovo je drugačiji
način razmišljanja,
način razmišljanja,
14:13
that we should actually use
this opportunity and really go for it.
this opportunity and really go for it.
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da bi trebali ovu priliku
u potpunosti iskoristiti.
u potpunosti iskoristiti.
14:16
Is there a possible split happening
in the science community about this?
in the science community about this?
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Je li moguće u znanstvenoj zajednici
imati podijeljena mišljenja o ovome?
imati podijeljena mišljenja o ovome?
14:20
I mean, are we going to see
some people holding back
some people holding back
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Hoćemo li vidjeti
neke ljude kako se suzdržavaju
neke ljude kako se suzdržavaju
14:22
because they have ethical concerns,
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1794
jer imaju etičke brige,
14:24
and some others just going forward
250
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1687
a druge kako grabe priliku
14:26
because some countries under-regulate
or don't regulate at all?
or don't regulate at all?
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jer neke zemlje slabo ili uopće
ne reguliraju etička pitanja?
ne reguliraju etička pitanja?
14:29
JD: Well, I think with any new technology,
especially something like this,
especially something like this,
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JD: Mislim da sa svakom novom metodom,
a posebno nekom kao što je ova,
a posebno nekom kao što je ova,
14:33
there are going to be
a variety of viewpoints,
a variety of viewpoints,
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uvijek postoje
različita stajališta,
različita stajališta,
14:36
and I think that's
perfectly understandable.
perfectly understandable.
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i mislim da je to
sasvim razumljivo.
sasvim razumljivo.
14:39
I think that in the end,
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Mislim da će na kraju
14:41
this technology will be used
for human genome engineering,
for human genome engineering,
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ova metoda biti korištena
za genomski inženjering ljudi,
za genomski inženjering ljudi,
14:46
but I think to do that without careful
consideration and discussion
consideration and discussion
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ali raditi to bez pažljivog
razmatranja i rasprave
razmatranja i rasprave
14:50
of the risks and potential complications
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o rizicima i mogućim komplikacijama
14:53
would not be responsible.
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ne bi bilo odgovorno.
14:54
BG: There are a lot of technologies
and other fields of science
and other fields of science
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BG: Postoje mnoge metode
i druga znanstvena polja
i druga znanstvena polja
14:58
that are developing exponentially,
pretty much like yours.
pretty much like yours.
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koja se eksponencijalno razvijaju,
slično kao i vaše.
slično kao i vaše.
15:00
I'm thinking about artificial
intelligence, autonomous robots and so on.
intelligence, autonomous robots and so on.
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Govorim o umjetnoj inteligenciji,
samoupravljajućim robotima i tako dalje.
samoupravljajućim robotima i tako dalje.
15:05
No one seems --
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Čini se da ništa -
15:06
aside from autonomous warfare robots --
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osim ratnih samoupravljajućih robota --
15:08
nobody seems to have launched
a similar discussion in those fields,
a similar discussion in those fields,
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nije pokrenulo
sličnu raspravu na tim poljima,
sličnu raspravu na tim poljima,
15:13
in calling for a moratorium.
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i pozvao na moratorij.
15:15
Do you think that your discussion may
serve as a blueprint for other fields?
serve as a blueprint for other fields?
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Mislite li da će vaša rasprava možda
poslužiti kao predložak za ostala polja?
poslužiti kao predložak za ostala polja?
15:19
JD: Well, I think it's hard for scientists
to get out of the laboratory.
to get out of the laboratory.
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JD: Mislim da je znanstvenicima
teško napustiti laboratorij.
teško napustiti laboratorij.
15:22
Speaking for myself,
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Govoreći o sebi,
15:23
it's a little bit
uncomfortable to do that.
uncomfortable to do that.
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malo je nelagodno to učiniti.
15:26
But I do think that being involved
in the genesis of this
in the genesis of this
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Ali mislim da uključenost
u nastanak ovoga
u nastanak ovoga
15:30
really puts me and my colleagues
in a position of responsibility.
in a position of responsibility.
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mene i moje kolege stavlja
na odgovornu poziciju.
na odgovornu poziciju.
15:34
And I would say that I certainly hope
that other technologies
that other technologies
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Mogu reći da se iskreno nadam
da će ostale metode
da će ostale metode
15:37
will be considered in the same way,
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biti razmotrene na isti način,
15:40
just as we would want to consider
something that could have implications
something that could have implications
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kao što bismo mi htjeli razmotriti
nešto što bi moglo imati implikacije
nešto što bi moglo imati implikacije
15:43
in other fields besides biology.
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u drugim poljima, a ne samo u biologiji.
15:45
BG: Jennifer, thanks for coming to TED.
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BG: Jennifer, hvala ti na dolasku na TED.
15:47
JD: Thank you.
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JD: Hvala vama.
15:49
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jennifer Doudna - BiologistJennifer Doudna was part of inventing a potentially world-changing genetic technology: the gene editing technology CRISPR-Cas9.
Why you should listen
Together with her colleague Emmanuelle Charpentier of Umeå University in Sweden, Berkeley biologist Jennifer Doudna is at the center of one of today's most-discussed science discoveries: a technology called CRISPR-Cas9 that allows human genome editing by adding or removing genetic material at will. This enables fighting genetic diseases (cutting out HIV, altering cancer cells) as well as, potentially, opening the road to "engineered humans."
Because some applications of genetic manipulation can be inherited, Doudna and numerous colleagues have called for prudent use of the technology until the ethics and safety have been properly considered.
Doudna is the co-winner of the 2018 Kavli Prize in Nanoscience, along with Emmanuelle Charpentier and Virginijus Šikšnys.
Jennifer Doudna | Speaker | TED.com