TED-Ed
Jon Bergmann: Just how small is an atom?
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Just how small are atoms? Really, really, really small. This fast-paced animation from TED-Ed uses metaphors (imagine a blueberry the size of a football stadium!) to give a visceral sense of just how small atoms are. Lesson by Jon Bergmann, animation by Cognitive Media.
Jon Bergmann - Educator
Jon Bergmann co-wrote the book on the "flipped classroom" -- using video to help students master new ideas outside the traditional class setting. Full bio
Jon Bergmann co-wrote the book on the "flipped classroom" -- using video to help students master new ideas outside the traditional class setting. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
(Hudba)
Asi už víte, že vše kolem nás je složeno
00:26
You probably already know
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00:28
everything is made up
of little tiny things called atoms
of little tiny things called atoms
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z maličkých částeček zvaných atomy.
00:30
or even that each atom
is made up of even smaller particles
is made up of even smaller particles
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Možná víte i to, že každý atom je složen z ještě menších částic
zvaných protony, neutrony a elektrony.
00:33
called protons, neutrons and electrons.
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00:35
And you've probably heard
that atoms are small.
that atoms are small.
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A už jste nejspíš slyšeli, že atomy jsou malé.
00:38
But I bet you haven't ever thought
about how small atoms really are.
about how small atoms really are.
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Ale vsadím se, že jste nikdy nepřemýšleli nad tím, jak moc malé doopravdy atomy jsou.
00:42
Well, the answer is
that they are really, really small.
that they are really, really small.
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Odpověď zní, že jsou velmi, velmi, velmi malé.
Ptáte se, jak malé tedy atomy jsou?
00:46
So you ask, just how small are atoms?
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Abychom tomu porozuměli, položme si tuto otázku:
00:49
To understand this,
let's ask this question:
let's ask this question:
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00:53
How many atoms are in a grapefruit?
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Kolik atomů se nachází v grapefruitu?
Předpokládejme, že se grapefruit skládá pouze z atomů dusíku,
00:55
Well, let's assume that the grapefruit
is made up of only nitrogen atoms,
is made up of only nitrogen atoms,
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což není tak úplně pravda. Ovšem platí, že grapefruit obsahuje atomy dusíku.
00:59
which isn't at all true, but there
are nitrogen atoms in a grapefruit.
are nitrogen atoms in a grapefruit.
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01:02
To help you visualize this,
let's blow up each of the atoms
let's blow up each of the atoms
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Abyste si to uměli lépe představit, nafoukneme každý z atomů
01:05
to the size of a blueberry.
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na velikost borůvky.
01:07
And then how big
would the grapefruit have to be?
would the grapefruit have to be?
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Jak velký by potom musel být celý grapefruit?
Musel by mít stejnou velikost jako -- Země.
01:10
It would have to be the same size of
-- well, actually, the Earth.
-- well, actually, the Earth.
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01:14
That's crazy!
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Neuvěřitelné! Opravdu chcete říct, že kdybych naplnil Zemi borůvkami
01:16
You mean to say that if I filled
the Earth with blueberries,
the Earth with blueberries,
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dostal bych stejné číslo, jako je atomů dusíku v grapefruitu?
01:18
I would have the same number
of nitrogen atoms as a grapefruit?
of nitrogen atoms as a grapefruit?
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01:21
That's right!
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Přesně tak! Takže jak velký je atom?
01:23
So how big is the atom?
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No, je velmi, velmi, velmi, velmi malý.
01:25
Well, it's really, really small!
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A víte co?
01:28
And you know what?
It gets even more crazy.
It gets even more crazy.
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Je to ještě šílenější!
01:31
Let's now look inside of each atom
-- and thus the blueberry, right? --
-- and thus the blueberry, right? --
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Podívejme se nyní dovnitř každého atomu, tedy vlastně borůvky, ano?
Co v něm vidíme?
01:34
What do you see there?
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01:35
In the center of the atom
is something called the nucleus,
is something called the nucleus,
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Ve středu atomu je takzvané jádro,
které obsahuje protony a neutrony,
01:38
which contains protons and neutrons,
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01:40
and on the outside, you'd see electrons.
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a kolem se nacházejí elektrony.
01:42
So how big is the nucleus?
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A jak velké je jádro?
01:44
If atoms are like blueberries
in the Earth,
in the Earth,
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Tedy, jak velké by bylo jádro, kdyby atomy byly jako borůvky?
01:46
how big would the nucleus be?
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01:48
You might remember the old pictures
of the atom from science class,
of the atom from science class,
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Možná si pamatujete na obrázek atomu v učebnici,
kde jste mohli vidět malou tečku a šipku ukazující na jádro.
01:51
where you saw this tiny dot on the page
with an arrow pointing to the nucleus.
with an arrow pointing to the nucleus.
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Tyto obrázky ale nezachovávají poměr velikostí,
01:55
Well, those pictures,
they're not drawn to scale,
they're not drawn to scale,
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takže nejsou úplně správné.
01:57
so they're kind of wrong.
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01:59
So how big is the nucleus?
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Takže jak velké je jádro?
02:01
So if you popped open the blueberry
and were searching for the nucleus ...
and were searching for the nucleus ...
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Kdybyste rozloupli borůvku
a hledali její jádro,
co byste viděli? Vůbec nic.
02:06
You know what? It would be invisible.
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02:08
It's too small to see!
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Jádro by bylo moc malé na to, aby bylo vidět!
Dobrá. Tak pojďme nafouknout atom (borůvku)
02:10
OK. Let's blow up the atom --
the blueberry --
the blueberry --
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02:13
to the size of a house.
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na velikost domu.
02:15
So imagine a ball that is as tall
as a two-story house.
as a two-story house.
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Představte si míč vysoký jako dvoupatrová budova,
a pojďme v jeho středu najít jádro.
02:18
Let's look for the nucleus
in the center of the atom.
in the center of the atom.
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Víte co? Bylo by stěží vidět.
02:21
And do you know what?
It would just barely be visible.
It would just barely be visible.
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Takže abychom si uvědomili, jak velké jádro opravdu je,
02:25
So to get our minds wrapped
around how big the nucleus is,
around how big the nucleus is,
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02:27
we need to blow up the blueberry,
up to the size of a football stadium.
up to the size of a football stadium.
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potřebujeme nafouknout borůvku až na velikost fotbalového stadionu.
02:32
So imagine a ball the size
of a football stadium,
of a football stadium,
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Představte si míč o velikosti fotbalového stadionu,
02:35
and right smack dab
in the center of the atom,
in the center of the atom,
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a přesně uprostřed tohoto atomu
02:38
you would find the nucleus,
and you could see it!
and you could see it!
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byste našli jádro, které byste mohli vidět!
Bylo by velké jako malá skleněnka.
02:41
And it would be the size
of a small marble.
of a small marble.
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02:45
And there's more, if I haven't
blown your mind by now.
blown your mind by now.
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Pokud vás ani toto neohromilo, ještě pokračujeme!
02:47
Let's consider the atom some more.
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Pojďme se znovu podívat na atom. Obsahuje protony, neutrony a elektrony.
02:49
It contains protons,
neutrons and electrons.
neutrons and electrons.
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02:51
The protons and neutrons
live inside of the nucleus,
live inside of the nucleus,
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Protony a neutrony se nachází uvnitř jádra
a je v nich koncentrována téměř celá hmotnost atomu.
02:54
and contain almost
all of the mass of the atom.
all of the mass of the atom.
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Na povrchu atomu jsou elektrony.
02:56
Way on the edge are the electrons.
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02:58
So if an atom is like a ball
the size of a football stadium,
the size of a football stadium,
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Pokud máme atom jako míč o velikosti fotbalového stadionu
03:01
with the nucleus in the center,
and the electrons on the edge,
and the electrons on the edge,
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s jádrem ve středu a elektrony na povrchu,
co se nachází mezi jádrem a elektrony?
03:03
what is in between the nucleus
and the electrons?
and the electrons?
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03:07
Surprisingly, the answer is empty space.
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Odpověď je překvapivá: prázdný prostor.
03:10
(Wind noise)
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(Zvuk větru)
03:13
That's right. Empty!
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Ano, prázdný!
03:15
Between the nucleus and the electrons,
there are vast regions of empty space.
there are vast regions of empty space.
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Mezi jádrem a elektrony jsou obrovské oblasti prázdného prostoru.
03:19
Now, technically there are
some electromagnetic fields,
some electromagnetic fields,
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Technicky vzato zde najdeme elektromagnetická pole,
ale co se týče hmoty či látky zde není nic.
03:21
but in terms of stuff,
matter, it is empty.
matter, it is empty.
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03:24
Remember this vast region of empty space
is inside the blueberry,
is inside the blueberry,
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Uvědomte si, že tato ohromná oblast prázdného prostoru
je uvnitř borůvky, která je uvnitř Země,
03:28
which is inside the Earth,
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což jsou ve skutečnosti atomy grapefruitu.
03:30
which really are the atoms
in the grapefruit.
in the grapefruit.
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03:32
OK, one more thing,
if I can even get more bizarre.
if I can even get more bizarre.
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Další věc je snad ještě podivuhodnější.
Protože je prakticky všechna hmota atomu soustředěna v jádře --
03:36
Since virtually all the mass
of an atom is in the nucleus --
of an atom is in the nucleus --
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03:40
now, there is some amount
of mass in the electrons,
of mass in the electrons,
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elektrony mají sice také určitou hmotnost,
03:43
but most of it is in the nucleus --
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ale většina hmotnosti je v jádru --
03:45
how dense is the nucleus?
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jakou hustotu má jádro?
Odpověď je neuvěřitelná.
03:46
Well, the answer is crazy.
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03:48
The density of a typical nucleus
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Hustota typického jádra
je čtyřikrát deset na sedmnáctou kilogramů na metr krychlový.
03:50
is four times 10 to the 17th
kilograms per meter cubed.
kilograms per meter cubed.
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03:54
But that's hard to visualize.
OK, I'll put it in English units.
OK, I'll put it in English units.
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Je těžké si to představit. Dobře, převedu to na anglické jednotky.
2.5 krát 10 na šestnáctou
03:57
2.5 times 10 to the 16th pounds
per cubic feet.
per cubic feet.
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liber na kubickou stopu.
Hm, pořád je těžké si to představit.
04:02
OK, that's still kind of hard to figure.
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04:04
OK, here's what I want you to do.
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Budu po vás chtít toto:
04:06
Make a box that is one foot
by one foot by one foot.
by one foot by one foot.
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Představte si krabici o rozměrech zhruba 30 x 30 x 30 cm.
04:10
Now let's go and grab
all of the nuclei from a typical car.
all of the nuclei from a typical car.
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Nyní pojďme posbírat všechna jádra, která obsahuje typické auto.
04:14
Now, cars on average weigh two tons.
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Auta váží v průměru dvě tuny.
04:16
How many cars' nuclei would you
have to put into the box
have to put into the box
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Jádra kolika aut byste museli dát do krabice
04:20
to have your one-foot-box have
the same density of the nucleus?
the same density of the nucleus?
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aby vaše krabice měla stejnou hustotu jako jádro?
Je to jedno auto? Dvě? Co třeba sto?
04:23
Is it one car? Two?
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04:24
How about 100?
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04:26
Nope, nope and nope.
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Ne, ne, a ještě jednou ne.
04:28
The answer is much bigger.
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Odpověď je mnohem vyšší.
04:30
It is 6.2 billion.
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Je to 6,2 miliardy.
04:34
That is almost equal to the number
of people in the Earth.
of people in the Earth.
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To je skoro počet všech lidí na Zemi.
04:37
So if everyone in the Earth
owned their own car --
owned their own car --
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Takže, pokud by každý člověk vlastnil auto --
04:39
and they don't --
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jako že nevlastní --
04:40
(Cars honking)
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04:42
and we put all of those
cars into your box ...
cars into your box ...
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a dali bychom všechna tato auta do vaší krabice,
04:46
That would be about
the density of a nucleus.
the density of a nucleus.
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získali bychom hustotu atomového jádra.
Pokud byste tedy vzali všechna auta na světě a dali je do své krabice,
04:49
So I'm saying that if you took
every car in the world
every car in the world
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04:52
and put it into your one-foot box,
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měla by krabice hustotu jednoho atomového jádra.
04:54
you would have the density of one nucleus.
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04:57
OK, let's review.
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Pojďme si to zopakovat.
04:58
The atom is really,
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Atomy jsou velmi, velmi, velmi malé.
04:59
really, really small.
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05:02
Think atoms in a grapefruit
like blueberries in the Earth.
like blueberries in the Earth.
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Atomy grapefruitu si můžeme představit jako borůvky uvnitř Země.
05:06
The nucleus is crazy small.
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Atomové jádro je šíleně malé.
05:09
Now look inside the blueberry,
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Podívejte se dovnitř borůvky a nafoukněte ji na velikost fotbalového stadionu,
05:10
and blow it up to the size
of a football stadium,
of a football stadium,
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05:13
and now the nucleus
is a marble in the middle.
is a marble in the middle.
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a nyní uprostřed najdeme jádro ve velikosti skleněnky.
05:16
The atom is made up
of vast regions of empty space.
of vast regions of empty space.
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Atom obsahuje spoustu prázdného prostoru.
05:20
That's weird.
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To je zvláštní.
05:21
The nucleus has a crazy-high density.
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Jádro má neskutečně vysokou hustotu.
05:23
Think of putting all those cars
in your one-foot box.
in your one-foot box.
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Představte si , že byste poskládali všechna auta do vaší krabice.
05:27
I think I'm tired.
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Myslím, že jsem unavený. (Zívá)
Myslím, že jsem unavený. (Zívá)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jon Bergmann - EducatorJon Bergmann co-wrote the book on the "flipped classroom" -- using video to help students master new ideas outside the traditional class setting.
Why you should listen
Jon Bergmann is considered one of the pioneers in the Flipped Class Movement -- in fact, he co-wrote the book on the Flipped Classroom, available from ISTE Press in June 2012. Bergmann believes educators should ask one guiding question: What is best for my students in my classroom? To the best of his abilities he has done this in his two-plus decades as a high school science teacher. He received the Presidential Award for Excellence for Math and Science Teaching in 2002 and was named Semi-Finalist for Colorado Teacher of the Year in 2010. He blogs at flipped-learning.com.
He is the Lead Technology Facilitator for the Joseph Sears School in Kenilworth, Illinois.
Read about the making of "How Small Is an Atom?" >>
Jon Bergmann | Speaker | TED.com