TED2011
Edith Widder: The weird, wonderful world of bioluminescence
Edith Widder: Den mærkelige og vidunderlige bioluminescente verden
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I det dybe, mørke hav, skaber mange dyr deres eget lys til at jage, parre sig og selvforsvar. Eksperten i bioluminescens Edith Widder var en af de første til at filme denne glødende verden. Ved TED2011 kommer hun med nogle af hendes glødende venner på scenen, og viser mere forbløffende optagelser af det glødende undersøiske liv.
Edith Widder - Marine biologist
Edith Widder combines her expertise in research and technological innovation with a commitment to stopping and reversing the degradation of our marine environment. Full bio
Edith Widder combines her expertise in research and technological innovation with a commitment to stopping and reversing the degradation of our marine environment. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
So I want to take you on a trip
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Jeg vil tage jer med på en rejse
00:17
to an alien world.
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til en fremmed verden.
00:20
And it's not a trip
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Dette er ikke en tur
00:22
that requires light-years of travel,
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der kræver en rejse på flere lysår,
00:25
but it's to a place
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men det er til et sted
00:27
where it's defined by light.
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der er defineret af lys.
00:30
So it's a little-appreciated fact
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Det er et lidet værdsat faktum
00:33
that most of the animals in our ocean
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at de fleste af dyrene i vores hav
00:38
make light.
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skaber lys.
00:40
I've spent most of my career
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Jeg har brugt det meste af min karriere
00:42
studying this phenomenon called bioluminescence.
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på at studere dette fænomen der kaldes bioluminescens.
00:45
I study it because I think understanding it
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Jeg studerer det fordi jeg mener at forstå det
00:47
is critical to understanding life in the ocean
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er afgørende for at forstå livet i havet
00:50
where most bioluminescence occurs.
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hvor det meste bioluminescens forekommer.
00:52
I also use it as a tool
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Jeg bruger det også som et værktøj
00:54
for visualizing and tracking pollution.
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til at visualisere og spore forurening.
00:57
But mostly I'm entranced by it.
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Men jeg er hovedsageligt tryllebinder det mig.
01:00
Since my my first dive in a deep-diving submersible,
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Siden mit første dyk i en ubåd beregnet på dybe dyk,
01:03
when I went down and turned out the lights
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da jeg tog ned og slukkede for lyset
01:05
and saw the fireworks displays,
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og så fyrværkeri forevisningen,
01:07
I've been a bioluminescence junky.
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har jeg været en bioluminescens junkie.
01:10
But I would come back from those dives
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Men jeg kom tilbage fra de dyk
01:13
and try to share the experience with words,
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og prøvede at dele oplevelsen med ord,
01:16
and they were totally inadequate to the task.
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og de var totalt utilstrækkelige for opgaven.
01:20
I needed some way to share the experience directly.
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Jeg havde brug for en eller anden måde til at dele oplevelsen direkte.
01:23
And the first time I figured out that way
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Og den første gang jeg fandt på den måde
01:25
was in this little single-person submersible
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var i denne lille en-persons ubåd
01:27
called Deep Rover.
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der hedder Deep Rover.
01:29
This next video clip,
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Dette næste videoklip,
01:31
you're going to see how we stimulated the bioluminescence.
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vil man se hvordan vi stimulerer bioluminescens.
01:33
And the first thing you're going to see
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Og det første man vil se
01:35
is a transect screen
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er en skærm der er delt på tværs
01:37
that is about a meter across.
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der er cirka en meter på tværs.
01:39
(Video) Narrator: In front of the sub,
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(Video) Fortæller: Foran ubåden,
01:41
a mess screen will come into contact
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vil et trådnet komme i kontakt
01:43
with the soft-bodied creatures of the deep sea.
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med bløddyrene i dybet.
01:46
With the sub's lights switched off,
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Men ubådens lys slukket,
01:48
it is possible to see their bioluminescence --
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er det muligt at se deres bioluminescens --
01:51
the light produced when they collide with the mesh.
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lyset der produceres når de støder sammen med trådnettet.
02:00
This is the first time
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Dette er første gang
02:02
it has ever been recorded.
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det nogensinde er optaget.
02:16
Edith Widder: So I recorded that with an intensified video camera
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Edith Widder: Så jeg optog det med et forstærket videokamera
02:19
that has about the sensitivity
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der cirka har samme følsomhed
02:21
of the fully dark-adapted human eye.
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som et menneskeligt øje fuldt tilpasset til mørket.
02:23
Which means that really is what you would see
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Hvilket betyder at det er det man virkelig ville se
02:25
if you took a dive in a submersible.
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hvis man dykkede ned i en ubåd.
02:27
But just to try to prove that fact to you,
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Men bare for at prøve at bevise det faktum for jer,
02:29
I've brought along some bioluminescent plankton
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har jeg medbragt nogle plankton med bioluminescens
02:31
in what is undoubtedly a foolhardy attempt
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i noget der utvivlsomt er et dumdristigt forsøg
02:33
at a live demonstration.
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på en live demonstration.
02:35
(Laughter)
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(Latter)
02:37
So, if we could have the lights down
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Så, hvis vi kunne dæmpe lyset
02:39
and have it as dark in here as possible,
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og få det så mørkt herinde som muligt,
02:42
I have a flask
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har jeg en kolbe
02:44
that has bioluminescent plankton in it.
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hvor der er bioluminescent plankton i.
02:47
And you'll note there's no light coming from them right now,
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Og I vil lægge mærke til at der ikke kommer noget lys fra dem lige nu,
02:50
either because they're dead --
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enten fordi de er døde --
02:52
(Laughter)
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(Latter)
02:54
or because I need to stir them up in some way
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eller fordi jeg skal omrøre dem på en eller anden måde
02:57
for you to see what bioluminescence really looks like.
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så I kan se hvordan morild virkelig ser ud.
03:01
(Gasps)
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(Gisp)
03:05
Oops. Sorry.
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Hovsa. Undskyld.
03:07
(Laughter)
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(Latter)
03:16
I spend most of my time working in the dark; I'm used to that.
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Jeg bruger det meste af min tid med at arbejde i mørke; jeg er vant til det.
03:19
Okay.
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Okay.
03:21
So that light
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Så det lys
03:23
was made by a bioluminescent dinoflagellate,
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blev lavet af bioluminescente furealger,
03:26
a single-celled alga.
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en encellet alge.
03:28
So why would a single-celled alga
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Så hvorfor skal en encellet alge
03:30
need to be able to produce light?
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være i stand til at producere lys?
03:32
Well, it uses it to defend itself from its predators.
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Jamen, det bruger det for at forsvare sig mod rovdyr.
03:35
The flash is like a scream for help.
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Glimtet er en slags råb om hjælp.
03:37
It's what's known as a bioluminescent burglar alarm,
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Det er det der er kendt som en bioluminescent indbrudsalarm,
03:40
and just like the alarm on your car or your house,
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og ligesom alarmen i ens bil eller ens hus,
03:43
it's meant to cast unwanted attention onto the intruder,
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er det meningen at den giver uønsket opmærksomhed på en indtrængende,
03:46
thereby either leading to his capture
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og derved enten får den fanget
03:49
or scaring him away.
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eller skræmt væk.
03:51
There's a lot of animals that use this trick,
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Der er mange dyr der bruger dette trick,
03:53
for example this black dragonfish.
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for eksempel denne sorte korte pegasusfisk.
03:55
It's got a light organ under its eye.
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Den har et lys organ under sit øje.
03:57
It's got a chin barbel.
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Den har en skægtråd.
03:59
It's got a lot of other light organs you can't see, but you'll see in here in a minute.
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Den har mange andre lys organer som man ikke kan se, man det ser I her om et øjeblik,
04:02
So we had to chase this in the submersible for quite sometime,
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Så vi skulle følge den i ubåden i et godt stykke tid,
04:06
because the top speed of this fish is one knot,
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fordi tophastigheden af denne fisk er en knob,
04:09
which was the top speed of the submersible.
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hvilket var tophastigheden af ubåden.
04:11
But it was worth it,
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Men det var det værd,
04:13
because we caught it in a special capture device,
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fordi vi fangede den i et speciel indfangnings apparat,
04:15
brought it up into the lab on the ship,
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tog den med til laboratoriet på skibet,
04:17
and then everything on this fish lights up.
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og så lyser alt på denne fisk op.
04:20
It's unbelievable.
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Det er utroligt.
04:22
The light organs under the eyes are flashing.
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Lysorganet under dens øjne blinker.
04:24
That chin barbel is flashing.
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Skægtråden blinker.
04:26
It's got light organs on its belly that are flashing,
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Den har lys organer på dens mave der blinker,
04:28
fin lights.
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lys på finnerne.
04:30
It's a scream for help; it's meant to attract attention.
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Den råber på hjælp; det er meningen den skal tiltrække opmærksomheden.
04:33
It's phenomenal.
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Den er fænomenal.
04:35
And you normally don't get to see this
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Og man kommer normalt ikke til at se dette
04:37
because we've exhausted the luminescence when we bring them up in nets.
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fordi vi har udtømt luminescensen når vi tager dem op med nettet.
04:41
There's other ways you can defend yourself with light.
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Der er andre måder hvorpå man kan beskytte sig selv med lys.
04:44
For example, this shrimp
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For eksempel, denne reje
04:46
releases its bioluminescent chemicals into the water
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udløser dens lysende kemikalier ud i vandet
04:49
just the way a squid or an octopus would release an ink cloud.
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på samme måde som en tiarmet blæksprutte eller blæksprutte udløser en sky af blæk.
04:52
This blinds or distracts the predator.
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Dette blænder eller distrahere rovdyret.
04:55
This little squid is called the fire shooter
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Den lille tiarmede blæksprutte kaldes ildskyderen
04:58
because of its ability to do this.
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på grund af dens evne til at gøre dette.
05:00
Now it may look like a tasty morsel,
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Nu ser det måske ud som en smagfuld lækkerbisken,
05:03
or a pig's head with wings --
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eller en gris hoved med vinger --
05:05
(Laughter)
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(Latter)
05:08
but if it's attacked,
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men hvis den bliver angrebet,
05:11
it puts out a barrage of light --
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udsender den en byge af lys --
05:14
in fact, a barrage of photon torpedoes.
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Faktisk, en byge af fotontorpedoer.
05:18
I just barely got the lights out in time
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Jeg fik knap og nap lyset ud i tide
05:20
for you to be able to see those gobs of light
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for at I kan se de bunker af lys
05:22
hitting the transect screen
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der rammer den tværdelte skærm
05:24
and then just glowing.
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og så bare lyse.
05:26
It's phenomenal.
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Det er fænomenalt.
05:30
So there's a lot of animals in the open ocean --
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Der er mange dyr i det åbne hav --
05:32
most of them that make light.
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de fleste af dem laver lys.
05:34
And we have a pretty good idea, for most of them, why.
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Og vi har en temmelig god ide, for de fleste af dem, hvorfor.
05:36
They use it for finding food, for attracting mates,
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De bruger det til at finde mad, for at tiltrække mager,
05:39
for defending against predators.
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for at forsvare sig mod rovdyr.
05:41
But when you get down to the bottom of the ocean,
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Men det er når man kommer ned på bunden af havet,
05:43
that's where things get really strange.
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at tingene bliver rigtig mærkelige.
05:46
And some of these animals
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Og nogle af disse dyr
05:48
are probably inspiration for the things you saw in "Avatar,"
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er sikkert inspirationskilde for de ting I så i "Avatar,"
05:51
but you don't have to travel to Pandora to see them.
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men som man behøver ikke at rejse til Pandora for at se dem.
05:54
They're things like this.
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Det er ting som dette.
05:56
This is a golden coral, a bush.
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Dette er en gylden koral, en busk.
05:58
It grows very slowly.
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Den vokser meget langsomt.
06:00
In fact, it's thought that some of these
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Faktisk, det menes at nogle af disse
06:02
are as much as 3,000 years old,
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er op imod 3.000 år gamle,
06:04
which is one reason that bottom trawling should not be allowed.
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hvilket er en af grundene til at det ikke bør være lovligt at trawle langs bunden.
06:08
The other reason is this amazing bush glows.
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Den anden grund er at denne fantastiske busk gløder.
06:12
So if you brush up against it,
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Så hvis man gnider sig op imod den,
06:14
any place you brushed against it,
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hvor man end gnider sig på af den,
06:16
you get this twinkling blue-green light
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får man dette blå-grønne blinkende lys
06:19
that's just breathtaking.
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der bare er utrolig.
06:22
And you see things like this.
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Og man ser ting som dette.
06:24
This looks like something out of a Dr. Seuss book --
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Det ligner noget fra en bog fra Dr. Seuss --
06:26
just all manner of creatures all over this thing.
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alle slags dyr kravler over det hele på denne tingest.
06:30
And these are flytrap anemones.
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Og dette er fluefanger søanemoner.
06:33
Now if you poke it, it pulls in its tentacles.
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Men hvis man puffer til den, trækker den sine tentakler til sig.
06:36
But if you keep poking it,
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Men hvis man bliver ved med at puffe til den,
06:38
it starts to produce light.
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begynder den at producere lys.
06:41
And it actually ends up looking like a galaxy.
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Og den ender faktisk med at ligne en galakse.
06:45
It produces these strings of light,
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Den producerer disse strenge af lys,
06:47
presumably as some form of defense.
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formodentligt som en form for forsvar.
06:50
There are starfish that can make light.
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Dette er søstjerner der kan lave lys.
06:53
And there are brittle stars that produce bands of light
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Og der er slangestjerner der producerer bælter af lys
06:56
that dance along their arms.
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der danser i deres arme.
06:59
This looks like a plant,
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Dette ligner en plante,
07:01
but it's actually an animal.
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men det er faktisk et dyr.
07:03
And it anchors itself in the sand
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Og den forankrer sig selv i sandet
07:05
by blowing up a balloon on the end of its stock.
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ved at puste en ballon op på enden dens skæfte.
07:08
So it can actually hold itself in very strong currents,
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Den kan faktisk holde sig selv fast i meget stærk strøm,
07:10
as you see here.
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som I kan se her.
07:12
But if we collect it very gently, and we bring it up into the lab
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Men hvis vi samler den op meget forsigtigt, og vi tager den med op til laboratoriet
07:15
and just squeeze it at the base of the stock,
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og klemmer den ved roden af skæftet,
07:18
it produces this light
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producerer den dette lys
07:20
that propagates from stem to the plume,
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der forplanter sig fra stænglen til fjeren,
07:22
changing color as it goes,
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ændrer farve i takt med at den flytter sig,
07:25
from green to blue.
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fra grøn til blå.
07:28
Colorization and sound effects
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Der er lagt farve og lyd på
07:30
added for you viewing pleasure.
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for jeres fornøjelse.
07:32
(Laughter)
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(Latter)
07:35
But we have no idea why it does that.
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Men vi har ingen ide om hvorfor den gør det.
07:37
Here's another one. This is also a sea pen.
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Her er endnu en. Dette er også en søfjer.
07:39
It's got a brittle star hitching a ride.
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Den har en slangestjerne med som blaffer.
07:42
It's a green saber of light.
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Det er en grøn sabel af lys.
07:44
And like the one you just saw,
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Og ligesom I lige har set,
07:46
it can produce these as bands of light.
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kan den producere disse bælter af lys.
07:48
So if I squeeze the base,
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Så hvis jeg klemmer om roden,
07:50
the bands go from base to tip.
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går bælterne fra roden til spidsen.
07:54
If I squeeze the tip, they go from tip to base.
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Hvis jeg klemmer spidsen, kan de gå fra spidsen til roden.
08:00
So what do you think happens if you squeeze it in the middle?
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Så hvad tror I der sker hvis jeg klemmer den på midten?
08:04
(Gasps)
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(Gisp)
08:07
I'd be very interested in your theories about what that's about.
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Jeg er meget interesseret i jeres teorier om hvad det handler om.
08:10
(Laughter)
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(Latter)
08:12
So there's a language of light in the deep ocean,
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Så i det dybe hav er der et lys sprog,
08:14
and we're just beginning to understand it,
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og vi begynder kun at kunne forstå det,
08:17
and one way we're going about that
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og en af måderne vi gør det på
08:19
is we're imitating a lot of these displays.
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er at vi imiterer mange af disse fremvisninger.
08:21
This is an optical lure that I've used.
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Dette er et optisk blink som jeg har brugt.
08:23
We call it the electronic jellyfish.
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Vi kalder den den elektroniske vandmand.
08:25
It's just 16 blue LEDs
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Det er kun 16 blå LED'er
08:27
that we can program to do different types of displays.
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som vi kan programmere til at vise forskellige former for fremvisninger,
08:29
And we view it with a camera system I developed called Eye-in-the-Sea
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Og vi ser den med et kamera system som jeg har udviklet der hedder Eye-in-the-Sea
08:32
that uses far red light that's invisible to most animals,
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der bruger meget rødt lys der er usynligt for de fleste dyr,
08:34
so it's unobtrusive.
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så det er diskret.
08:36
So I just want to show you
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Jeg vil lige vise jer
08:38
some of the responses we've elicited
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nogle af de reaktioner vi har lokket frem
08:40
from animals in the deep sea.
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fra dyr i det dybe hav.
08:42
So the camera's black and white.
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Kameraet er sort og hvidt.
08:44
It's not high-resolution.
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Det er ikke højopløst.
08:46
And what you're seeing here is a bait box
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Og det I ser er en lille maddingskasse
08:48
with a bunch of -- like the cockroaches of the ocean --
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med en stak -- ligesom havets kakerlakker --
08:51
there are isopods all over it.
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er der isopoder over det hele på den.
08:53
And right in the front
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Og lige foran
08:55
is the electronic jellyfish.
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er den elektroniske gople.
08:57
And when it starts flashing,
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Og når den begynder at blinke,
08:59
it's just going to be one of the LEDs that's flashing very fast.
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er det kun en af LED'erne der blinker meget hurtigt.
09:02
But as soon as it starts to flash --
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Men lige så snart den begynder at blinke --
09:04
and it's going to look big, because it blooms on the camera --
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og den kommer til at se stor ud, fordi den springer ud på kameraet --
09:06
I want you to look right here.
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vil jeg bede jer om at kigge lige her.
09:08
There's something small there that responds.
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Der er noget småt der der svarer.
09:11
We're talking to something.
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Vi taler med noget.
09:13
It looks like a little of string pearls basically --
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Det ligner dybest set en lille perlekæde --
09:17
in fact, three strings of pearls.
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faktisk, tre perlekæder.
09:20
And this was very consistent.
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Og dette var meget konsistent.
09:22
This was in the Bahamas at about 2,000 feet.
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Dette var i bahamasøerne ved cirka 600 meters dybde.
09:24
We basically have a chat room going on here,
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Vi har dybest set et chatrum kørende her,
09:27
because once it gets started, everybody's talking.
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fordi når først det starter, begynder alle at tale.
09:30
And I think this is actually a shrimp
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Og jeg mener dette faktisk er en reje
09:32
that's releasing its bioluminescent chemicals into the water.
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der sprøjter dens bioluminescente kemikalier ud i vandet.
09:35
But the cool thing is, we're talking to it.
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Men det seje er, at vi taler til den.
09:37
We don't know what we're saying.
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Vi ved ikke hvad vi siger.
09:40
Personally, I think it's something sexy.
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Personligt tror jeg det er noget sexet.
09:42
(Laughter)
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(Latter)
09:44
And then finally,
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Og så til slut,
09:46
I want to show you some responses that we recorded
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vil jeg vise jer nogle svar som vi har optaget
09:48
with the world's first deep-sea webcam,
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med verdens første dybhavswebcam,
09:51
which we had installed in Monterey Canyon last year.
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som vi fik installeret i Monterey Canyon sidste år.
09:53
We've only just begun to analyze all of this data.
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Vi er kun lige begyndt på at analysere al denne data.
09:56
This is going to be a glowing source first,
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Dette bliver først en glødende kilde først,
09:59
which is like bioluminescent bacteria.
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som er ligesom en bioluminescent bakterie.
10:01
And it is an optical cue
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Og det er en optisk hentydning om
10:03
that there's carrion on the bottom of the ocean.
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at der er et ådsel på bunden af havet.
10:06
So this scavenger comes in,
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Denne ådselæder kommer ind,
10:09
which is a giant sixgill shark.
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hvilket er en seksgællet haj.
10:11
And I can't claim for sure
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Og jeg kan ikke med sikkerhed sige
10:13
that the optical source brought it in, because there's bait right there.
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at den optiske kilde fik den ind, fordi der er madding lige der.
10:16
But if it had been following the odor plume,
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Men hvis den havde fulgt duft skyen,
10:18
it would have come in from the other direction.
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ville den have kommet ind fra den anden retning.
10:20
And it does actually seem to be trying
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Og den ser faktisk ud til at prøve
10:22
to eat the electronic jellyfish.
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at spise den elektroniske gople.
10:25
That's a 12-foot-long giant sixgill shark.
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Det er en 3,6 meter lang kæmpe seksgællet haj.
10:29
Okay, so this next one is from the webcam,
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Okay, det næste er fra webcamet,
10:32
and it's going to be this pinwheel display.
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og det er denne mølle fremvisning.
10:35
And this is a burglar alarm.
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Og dette er en tyverialarm.
10:38
And that was a Humboldt squid,
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Og det var en tiarmet Humboldtblæksprutte,
10:40
a juvenile Humboldt squid, about three feet long.
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en ung tiarmet Humboldtblæksprutte, omkring 90 cm lang.
10:43
This is at 3,000 feet in Monterey Canyon.
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Dette er ved 914 meters dybde i Monterey Canyon.
10:46
But if it's a burglar alarm, you wouldn't expect it to attack the jellyfish directly.
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Men hvis det er en tyverialarm, ville man ikke forvente at den angreb goplen direkte.
10:49
It's supposed to be attacking what's attacking the jellyfish.
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Det er meningen at den angriber det der angriber goplen.
10:52
But we did see a bunch of responses like this.
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Men vi så en masse reaktioner som denne.
10:55
This guy is a little more contemplative.
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Denne fyr er lidt mere tænksom.
10:58
"Hey, wait a minute.
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"Hey, vent lige et øjeblik.
11:00
There's supposed to be something else there."
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Det er meningen at der er noget andet der."
11:02
He's thinking about it.
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Han tænker over det.
11:05
But he's persistent.
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Men han er vedholdende.
11:07
He keeps coming back.
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Han bliver ved med at komme tilbage.
11:09
And then he goes away for a few seconds
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Og så forsvinder han et øjeblik
11:11
to think about it some more,
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for at tænke noget mere over det,
11:13
and thinks,
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og tænker,
11:15
"Maybe if I come in from a different angle."
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"Måske hvis jeg kommer ind fra en anden vinkel."
11:19
(Laughter)
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(Latter)
11:22
Nope.
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Nej.
11:24
So we are starting to get a handle on this,
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Vi begynder at få styr på dette,
11:27
but only just the beginnings.
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men kun starten af det.
11:29
We need more eyes on the process.
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Vi har brug for flere øjne i processen.
11:31
So if any of you ever get a chance to take a dive in a submersible,
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Så hvis nogen af jer nogensinde får chancen for at dykke ned i en ubåd,
11:34
by all means, climb in and take the plunge.
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endelig, kravl ned og kast jer ud i det.
11:37
This is something that should be on everybody's bucket list,
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Dette er noget der burde være på alles liste over ting der skal prøves inden man stiller træskoene,
11:40
because we live on an ocean planet.
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fordi vi lever på en planet der består af hav.
11:44
More than 90 percent, 99 percent,
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Mere end 90 procent, 99 procent,
11:46
of the living space on our planet
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af pladsen der bliver beboet på vores planet
11:49
is ocean.
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er hav.
11:52
It's a magical place
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Det er et magisk sted
11:55
filled with breathtaking light shows
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fyldt med utrolige lys show
12:03
and bizarre and wondrous creatures,
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og mærkelige og vidunderlige skabninger,
12:07
alien life forms
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fremmede livsformer
12:09
that you don't have to travel to another planet to see.
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som man ikke behøver at rejse til en anden planet for at se.
12:12
But if you do take the plunge,
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Men hvis I hopper i,
12:15
please remember to turn out the lights.
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husk endelige at slukke for lyset.
12:18
But I warn you,
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Men jeg advarer jer,
12:21
it's addictive.
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det er vanedannende.
12:30
Thank you.
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Tak.
12:32
(Applause)
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(Bifald)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Edith Widder - Marine biologistEdith Widder combines her expertise in research and technological innovation with a commitment to stopping and reversing the degradation of our marine environment.
Why you should listen
A specialist in bioluminescence, Edith Widder helps design and invent new submersible instruments and equipment to study bioluminescence and enable unobtrusive observation of deep-sea environments. Her innovative tools for exploration have produced footage of rare and wonderful bioluminescent displays and never-before-seen denizens of the deep, including, most recently, the first video ever recorded of the giant squid, Architeuthis, in its natural habitat.
In 2005 she founded the Ocean Research & Conservation Association (ORCA), which is dedicated to protecting aquatic ecosystems and the species they sustain through the development of innovative technologies and science-based conservation action.; In an effort to protect and revitalize the ocean she loves she has been focusing on developing tools for finding and tracking pollution -- a major threat to all of our water ecosystems and ultimately to human health. She was awarded a MacArthur "genius" grant in 2006.
In 2012, Widder was among the team that filmed the giant squid (Architeuthis) for the first time in its home ocean.
Edith Widder | Speaker | TED.com