TED2011
Edith Widder: The weird, wonderful world of bioluminescence
伊迪丝·威德：奇异而奇妙的生物发光世界
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在深海的黑暗中，很多海洋生物用发光来捕食，交配和自我保护。生物体发光专家伊迪丝·威德是第一个记录下这发光世界的专家之一。在TED2011上，她在舞台上带来了一些她发光的伙伴，并展示了更令人惊奇的海底生物发光的录像。
Edith Widder - Marine biologist
Edith Widder combines her expertise in research and technological innovation with a commitment to stopping and reversing the degradation of our marine environment. Full bio
Edith Widder combines her expertise in research and technological innovation with a commitment to stopping and reversing the degradation of our marine environment. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
So I want to take you on a trip
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我想带大家去一趟
00:17
to an alien world.
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外星世界的旅行。
00:20
And it's not a trip
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但是这不是一场
00:22
that requires light-years of travel,
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距离为光年的旅行，
00:25
but it's to a place
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但是它是一个
00:27
where it's defined by light.
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诠释光的地方。
00:30
So it's a little-appreciated fact
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在那里还不太有人懂得欣赏
00:33
that most of the animals in our ocean
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海洋里大多数
00:38
make light.
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会发光的动物。
00:40
I've spent most of my career
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我用了大部分职业生涯
00:42
studying this phenomenon called bioluminescence.
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研究生物体发光的这个现象。
00:45
I study it because I think understanding it
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我研究它是因为我知道它
00:47
is critical to understanding life in the ocean
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会是理解海底那些常发光的
00:50
where most bioluminescence occurs.
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生命体的关键。
00:52
I also use it as a tool
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我同时也把它作为一种工具
00:54
for visualizing and tracking pollution.
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来可视化和跟踪污染物。
00:57
But mostly I'm entranced by it.
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但最主要的是我为之而着迷。
01:00
Since my my first dive in a deep-diving submersible,
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自从我第一次用深海潜艇下潜，
01:03
when I went down and turned out the lights
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当我深入海底并关灯的霎那
01:05
and saw the fireworks displays,
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看到了焰火般的演出，
01:07
I've been a bioluminescence junky.
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我是一个生物发光的上瘾者。
01:10
But I would come back from those dives
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但是我会还原这些潜水经历
01:13
and try to share the experience with words,
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并试着用语言的表达形式分享给大家，
01:16
and they were totally inadequate to the task.
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但是它们并不代表这所有的工作。
01:20
I needed some way to share the experience directly.
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我需要用某种方式来直接的分享这份经验。
01:23
And the first time I figured out that way
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第一次我想出了这个方法
01:25
was in this little single-person submersible
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那就是用小型单人潜水艇
01:27
called Deep Rover.
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它取名为深河。
01:29
This next video clip,
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这下一个视频剪辑，
01:31
you're going to see how we stimulated the bioluminescence.
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你将看到我们如何刺激生物体发光。
01:33
And the first thing you're going to see
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第一个你将看到的是
01:35
is a transect screen
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一个样带屏幕
01:37
that is about a meter across.
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它的对角长度大约有一米。
01:39
(Video) Narrator: In front of the sub,
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（录像）讲解员：在潜艇前方，
01:41
a mess screen will come into contact
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一个巨大的屏幕会接触到
01:43
with the soft-bodied creatures of the deep sea.
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深海中的软体生物。
01:46
With the sub's lights switched off,
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随着潜艇的灯光关闭，
01:48
it is possible to see their bioluminescence --
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我们就有可能看到那些生物发光体--
01:51
the light produced when they collide with the mesh.
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当它们撞网的时候光被激发出来。
02:00
This is the first time
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这是第一次
02:02
it has ever been recorded.
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它被记录下来。
02:16
Edith Widder: So I recorded that with an intensified video camera
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伊迪丝·威德：我用一个能模拟
02:19
that has about the sensitivity
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肉眼在完全黑暗的环境下
02:21
of the fully dark-adapted human eye.
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的特殊摄像机来记录下对这发光生物的感知。
02:23
Which means that really is what you would see
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它意味着你事实上能看到的景象
02:25
if you took a dive in a submersible.
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如果你用潜艇潜入的话。
02:27
But just to try to prove that fact to you,
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只是为了试着用事实证明给大家，
02:29
I've brought along some bioluminescent plankton
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我带来了一些能发光的浮游生物
02:31
in what is undoubtedly a foolhardy attempt
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明显无疑是一次用生物见证
02:33
at a live demonstration.
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的鲁莽的尝试。
02:35
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
02:37
So, if we could have the lights down
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所以，如果我们能把光线暗下来
02:39
and have it as dark in here as possible,
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尽量保持黑暗状态，
02:42
I have a flask
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我有一个烧瓶
02:44
that has bioluminescent plankton in it.
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里面有能生物体发光的浮游生物。
02:47
And you'll note there's no light coming from them right now,
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你能注意到现在还没有发出光来，
02:50
either because they're dead --
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要不就是它们全死了--
02:52
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
02:54
or because I need to stir them up in some way
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要不就是我需要稍微摇晃它们
02:57
for you to see what bioluminescence really looks like.
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才能看到生物发光体是什么样子的。
03:01
(Gasps)
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（感叹声）
03:05
Oops. Sorry.
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哦，意外。
03:07
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
03:16
I spend most of my time working in the dark; I'm used to that.
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我花很多时间在黑暗中工作，我已经习惯了。
03:19
Okay.
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好的。
03:21
So that light
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这光
03:23
was made by a bioluminescent dinoflagellate,
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是来自于一种生物体发光的腰鞭毛虫，
03:26
a single-celled alga.
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一种单细胞海藻。
03:28
So why would a single-celled alga
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为什么这种单细胞海藻
03:30
need to be able to produce light?
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就能发光呢？
03:32
Well, it uses it to defend itself from its predators.
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嗯，它用发光来保护自己远离捕食者。
03:35
The flash is like a scream for help.
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这亮光就像求救的尖叫。
03:37
It's what's known as a bioluminescent burglar alarm,
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这可以理解为一种生物荧光的防盗警报器。
03:40
and just like the alarm on your car or your house,
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就想你车上或家里的那种警报器一样，
03:43
it's meant to cast unwanted attention onto the intruder,
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它是为了把一些多余注意力投射给入侵者，
03:46
thereby either leading to his capture
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从而或者误导它的注意力
03:49
or scaring him away.
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或者吓走它。
03:51
There's a lot of animals that use this trick,
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有很多动物用这个把戏，
03:53
for example this black dragonfish.
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比如这黑海蛾鱼，
03:55
It's got a light organ under its eye.
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在它的眼睛下有一个发光的器官。
03:57
It's got a chin barbel.
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它有着颏须。
03:59
It's got a lot of other light organs you can't see, but you'll see in here in a minute.
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它还有很多其它你看不到的发光器官，但是你过一会儿就可以看到。
04:02
So we had to chase this in the submersible for quite sometime,
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有些时候我们不得不提速潜艇来追赶它，
04:06
because the top speed of this fish is one knot,
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因为这种鱼的最高游速是每小时一海里，
04:09
which was the top speed of the submersible.
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也是潜艇的最高游速。
04:11
But it was worth it,
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但这是值得的，
04:13
because we caught it in a special capture device,
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因为我们用特制的设备捕获了它，
04:15
brought it up into the lab on the ship,
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把它带到了船上的实验室，
04:17
and then everything on this fish lights up.
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接着鱼身上所有的光都亮起来了。
04:20
It's unbelievable.
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多么难以置信啊。
04:22
The light organs under the eyes are flashing.
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眼部下方的发光器官闪烁着。
04:24
That chin barbel is flashing.
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颏须闪烁着。
04:26
It's got light organs on its belly that are flashing,
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闪烁的发光器官还覆盖在它的腹部，
04:28
fin lights.
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鳍也发着光。
04:30
It's a scream for help; it's meant to attract attention.
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它在尖叫求救；这意味着攻击的警告。
04:33
It's phenomenal.
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太神奇了。
04:35
And you normally don't get to see this
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你平常是看不到这些的，
04:37
because we've exhausted the luminescence when we bring them up in nets.
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因为当我们拉起渔网的时候，它们的冷光已经耗尽了。
04:41
There's other ways you can defend yourself with light.
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还有其他方法用光来保护自己。
04:44
For example, this shrimp
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比如，这虾
04:46
releases its bioluminescent chemicals into the water
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把自身的生物发光的化学物质释放到水中
04:49
just the way a squid or an octopus would release an ink cloud.
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就和乌贼或章鱼会释放墨汁雾一样的。
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This blinds or distracts the predator.
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这会让捕食者失明或者受到干扰。
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This little squid is called the fire shooter
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这个小乌贼叫做火枪乌贼
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because of its ability to do this.
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因为它会做这个。
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Now it may look like a tasty morsel,
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现在它可能看起来像美味佳肴，
05:03
or a pig's head with wings --
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或者带翅膀的猪头--
05:05
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
05:08
but if it's attacked,
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但是如果它被攻击的话，
05:11
it puts out a barrage of light --
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它就会释放出一连串的光--
05:14
in fact, a barrage of photon torpedoes.
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事实上，像一连串发光的鱼雷。
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I just barely got the lights out in time
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我几乎不能及时的捕捉下这些光
05:20
for you to be able to see those gobs of light
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来让你们能看清这些撞击到
05:22
hitting the transect screen
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样带屏幕随之
05:24
and then just glowing.
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发光的液体。
05:26
It's phenomenal.
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太神奇了。
05:30
So there's a lot of animals in the open ocean --
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广阔的大海中有很多生物--
05:32
most of them that make light.
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它们大多数会发光。
05:34
And we have a pretty good idea, for most of them, why.
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我们也，对它们大多数，为什么发光有了深入的了解。
05:36
They use it for finding food, for attracting mates,
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它们以此来寻找食物，来吸引同伴，
05:39
for defending against predators.
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来抵御捕食者。
05:41
But when you get down to the bottom of the ocean,
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但是当你下潜到海底的时候，
05:43
that's where things get really strange.
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那里才是事情变得真的奇怪的地方。
05:46
And some of these animals
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一些动物
05:48
are probably inspiration for the things you saw in "Avatar,"
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可能会让你想起“阿凡达”的一些事物。
05:51
but you don't have to travel to Pandora to see them.
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但是你不必到潘多拉星球才能看到它们。
05:54
They're things like this.
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它们就像这样。
05:56
This is a golden coral, a bush.
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这是金色的珊瑚，灌木。
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It grows very slowly.
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它的生长极其的缓慢。
06:00
In fact, it's thought that some of these
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事实上，它们中的一些被认定为
06:02
are as much as 3,000 years old,
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大约3000多年的年龄，
06:04
which is one reason that bottom trawling should not be allowed.
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这也是为什么深海捕鱼是不被允许的。
06:08
The other reason is this amazing bush glows.
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另外一个原因是这神奇的灌木会发光。
06:12
So if you brush up against it,
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如果你刷动它的话，
06:14
any place you brushed against it,
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刷动任何位置，
06:16
you get this twinkling blue-green light
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你会看到这闪耀的蓝绿色的光
06:19
that's just breathtaking.
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多么窒息的美丽啊。
06:22
And you see things like this.
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你能看到像这样的东西。
06:24
This looks like something out of a Dr. Seuss book --
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它就好像从瑟斯博士书中跳出来的一样--
06:26
just all manner of creatures all over this thing.
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所有生物的特点都集中在这上面。
06:30
And these are flytrap anemones.
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这些是捕蝇海葵。
06:33
Now if you poke it, it pulls in its tentacles.
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如果你戳它的话，它会收回它的触角。
06:36
But if you keep poking it,
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但是如果你一直戳它的话，
06:38
it starts to produce light.
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它就会开始发光。
06:41
And it actually ends up looking like a galaxy.
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它事实上最后看起来像一个银河系。
06:45
It produces these strings of light,
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它发出雾状的光，
06:47
presumably as some form of defense.
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类似于某些保护的方式。
06:50
There are starfish that can make light.
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还有能发光的海星。
06:53
And there are brittle stars that produce bands of light
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有能发出条纹光的海蛇尾
06:56
that dance along their arms.
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舞动着它们的发光的带状手臂。
06:59
This looks like a plant,
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这看上去像一株植物，
07:01
but it's actually an animal.
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但其实它是个动物。
07:03
And it anchors itself in the sand
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它在它的基底部吹起个气球
07:05
by blowing up a balloon on the end of its stock.
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来把自己固定在沙子中。
07:08
So it can actually hold itself in very strong currents,
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以此它能在很强的水流中站住，
07:10
as you see here.
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就像你这里看到的一样。
07:12
But if we collect it very gently, and we bring it up into the lab
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但是如果我们很小心的收集，并把它带回到实验室中
07:15
and just squeeze it at the base of the stock,
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挤压它的基底部，
07:18
it produces this light
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它发出了这种
07:20
that propagates from stem to the plume,
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从茎杆往枝干传播的光，
07:22
changing color as it goes,
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传播的同时还变换色彩，
07:25
from green to blue.
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从绿色到蓝色。
07:28
Colorization and sound effects
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声效和音效
07:30
added for you viewing pleasure.
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只为了增加你观看的乐趣。
07:32
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
07:35
But we have no idea why it does that.
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但是我们完全不知道为什么它要这么做。
07:37
Here's another one. This is also a sea pen.
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这是另外一个。这也是个海笔。
07:39
It's got a brittle star hitching a ride.
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它搭着海蛇尾的顺风车。
07:42
It's a green saber of light.
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它发出着金属般的绿色的光。
07:44
And like the one you just saw,
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就像你刚看到的那个一样，
07:46
it can produce these as bands of light.
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它能发出那种条状的光纹。
07:48
So if I squeeze the base,
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所以如果我挤压底部，
07:50
the bands go from base to tip.
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光带从底部传到顶部。
07:54
If I squeeze the tip, they go from tip to base.
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如果我挤压顶部，它们就从顶部传到底部。
08:00
So what do you think happens if you squeeze it in the middle?
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那如果我挤压中部的话你们觉得会发生什么？
08:04
(Gasps)
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（感叹声）
08:07
I'd be very interested in your theories about what that's about.
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我会对你认为这是什么的理论感兴趣的。
08:10
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
08:12
So there's a language of light in the deep ocean,
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在深海有一种光的语言，
08:14
and we're just beginning to understand it,
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而我们才刚刚开始了解它。
08:17
and one way we're going about that
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我们了解的其中一个方法
08:19
is we're imitating a lot of these displays.
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是我们对它们的行为作出效仿。
08:21
This is an optical lure that I've used.
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这是我曾用过的一个视觉诱饵。
08:23
We call it the electronic jellyfish.
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我们叫它电子水母。
08:25
It's just 16 blue LEDs
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它有16个蓝色发光二极管
08:27
that we can program to do different types of displays.
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能让我们编程出不同的显示方式。
08:29
And we view it with a camera system I developed called Eye-in-the-Sea
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我们用我开发的叫做海之眼的摄影系统观测它
08:32
that uses far red light that's invisible to most animals,
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这系统利用了大多数动物不可见的远红外光线，
08:34
so it's unobtrusive.
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所以这不会引起其注意。
08:36
So I just want to show you
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我想给大家看
08:38
some of the responses we've elicited
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一些我们整合过的
08:40
from animals in the deep sea.
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一些深海动物的反应。
08:42
So the camera's black and white.
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这摄像是黑白的。
08:44
It's not high-resolution.
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它分辨率不是很高。
08:46
And what you're seeing here is a bait box
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这里你看到的是一个诱饵盒子
08:48
with a bunch of -- like the cockroaches of the ocean --
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有着一堆--像海里的蟑螂--
08:51
there are isopods all over it.
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类似甲壳类动物的东西。
08:53
And right in the front
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正前方
08:55
is the electronic jellyfish.
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是电子水母。
08:57
And when it starts flashing,
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当它开始闪烁的时候，
08:59
it's just going to be one of the LEDs that's flashing very fast.
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只有一个发光二极管快速的闪着光。
09:02
But as soon as it starts to flash --
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但是当它开始闪光的时候--
09:04
and it's going to look big, because it blooms on the camera --
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它会看起来很巨大，因为它在镜头前发光--
09:06
I want you to look right here.
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我想让大家注意这里。
09:08
There's something small there that responds.
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有一些小的东西作出了回应。
09:11
We're talking to something.
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我们说的这些东西。
09:13
It looks like a little of string pearls basically --
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它基本上看起来像一小串珍珠，
09:17
in fact, three strings of pearls.
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事实上，三串珍珠。
09:20
And this was very consistent.
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这是非常一致的。
09:22
This was in the Bahamas at about 2,000 feet.
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这是在巴哈马群岛下2000英尺深。
09:24
We basically have a chat room going on here,
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我们在这里有个聊天室，
09:27
because once it gets started, everybody's talking.
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因为一旦它运作，每个人都在说话。
09:30
And I think this is actually a shrimp
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我以为这其实是一个虾米
09:32
that's releasing its bioluminescent chemicals into the water.
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向水中释放出生物体发光的化学物质。
09:35
But the cool thing is, we're talking to it.
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但是有趣的事，我们和它在交谈。
09:37
We don't know what we're saying.
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我们不知道我们说了些什么。
09:40
Personally, I think it's something sexy.
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个人觉得，这是一些性感的东西。
09:42
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
09:44
And then finally,
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接着最后，
09:46
I want to show you some responses that we recorded
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我想给大家看一些我们
09:48
with the world's first deep-sea webcam,
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用世界首台深海摄像头录下的一些发光反应，
09:51
which we had installed in Monterey Canyon last year.
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这些是我们去年在蒙特里峡谷安装的。
09:53
We've only just begun to analyze all of this data.
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我们已经开始分析所有的这些数据。
09:56
This is going to be a glowing source first,
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起初这就像一个发光源，
09:59
which is like bioluminescent bacteria.
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就好像生物荧光细菌。
10:01
And it is an optical cue
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这是一个视觉关于
10:03
that there's carrion on the bottom of the ocean.
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深海底部有腐肉的提示。
10:06
So this scavenger comes in,
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所以这食腐动物到来，
10:09
which is a giant sixgill shark.
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这是一个巨型的灰六鳃鲨。
10:11
And I can't claim for sure
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我不能确定是不是
10:13
that the optical source brought it in, because there's bait right there.
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这视觉的光源吸引它过来，还是因为有诱饵在那里。
10:16
But if it had been following the odor plume,
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但是如果我们跟踪这气味痕迹，
10:18
it would have come in from the other direction.
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它可能会来自另外一个方向。
10:20
And it does actually seem to be trying
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它的确在试着
10:22
to eat the electronic jellyfish.
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吃掉这个电子水母。
10:25
That's a 12-foot-long giant sixgill shark.
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这是只12尺长，巨大的灰六鳃鲨。
10:29
Okay, so this next one is from the webcam,
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好了，这接下来视频是
10:32
and it's going to be this pinwheel display.
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它是旋转型的展示台，
10:35
And this is a burglar alarm.
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这是个防盗报警器。
10:38
And that was a Humboldt squid,
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那是个洪堡鱿鱼，
10:40
a juvenile Humboldt squid, about three feet long.
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一个幼年的洪堡鱿鱼，大约3英尺长。
10:43
This is at 3,000 feet in Monterey Canyon.
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这是在蒙特里峡谷水下3000英尺。
10:46
But if it's a burglar alarm, you wouldn't expect it to attack the jellyfish directly.
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如果这是个防盗报警器，你不能指望它直接攻击这水母。
10:49
It's supposed to be attacking what's attacking the jellyfish.
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它本应当要去攻击那个水母。
10:52
But we did see a bunch of responses like this.
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但是我们的确观察到一系列像这样的发光反应。
10:55
This guy is a little more contemplative.
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这家伙需要更多时间思考。
10:58
"Hey, wait a minute.
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“嗨，等一下。
11:00
There's supposed to be something else there."
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这里本来应该是另外一个东西。”
11:02
He's thinking about it.
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它在思考这个问题。
11:05
But he's persistent.
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但是它是固执的。
11:07
He keeps coming back.
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它一直来回游动。
11:09
And then he goes away for a few seconds
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接着它离开了几秒钟
11:11
to think about it some more,
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来更好的思考这个问题，
11:13
and thinks,
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并想到，
11:15
"Maybe if I come in from a different angle."
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“也许如果我从不同角度攻击的话。”
11:19
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
11:22
Nope.
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算了。
11:24
So we are starting to get a handle on this,
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我们开始着手做这些，
11:27
but only just the beginnings.
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但是仅仅是开始阶段。
11:29
We need more eyes on the process.
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我们需要对流程有更多的关注。
11:31
So if any of you ever get a chance to take a dive in a submersible,
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所以如果你们中任何一个有机会做潜艇下潜的话，
11:34
by all means, climb in and take the plunge.
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想办法，冒险试试。
11:37
This is something that should be on everybody's bucket list,
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这是一件应该在每个人愿望单上的事，
11:40
because we live on an ocean planet.
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因为我们生活在一个海洋星球。
11:44
More than 90 percent, 99 percent,
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我们星球上90%以上的，99%，
11:46
of the living space on our planet
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的生物栖息的地方
11:49
is ocean.
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是海洋。
11:52
It's a magical place
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这是个神奇的地方
11:55
filled with breathtaking light shows
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充斥着窒息的光影表演
12:03
and bizarre and wondrous creatures,
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奇怪而惊人的生物，
12:07
alien life forms
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外星式的生命形式
12:09
that you don't have to travel to another planet to see.
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让你不用穿越到另一个星球去目睹。
12:12
But if you do take the plunge,
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但是如果你真的冒险尝试，
12:15
please remember to turn out the lights.
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请记住关灯。
12:18
But I warn you,
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但是，我警告大家，
12:21
it's addictive.
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这是会上瘾的。
12:30
Thank you.
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谢谢
12:32
(Applause)
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（掌声）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Edith Widder - Marine biologistEdith Widder combines her expertise in research and technological innovation with a commitment to stopping and reversing the degradation of our marine environment.
Why you should listen
A specialist in bioluminescence, Edith Widder helps design and invent new submersible instruments and equipment to study bioluminescence and enable unobtrusive observation of deep-sea environments. Her innovative tools for exploration have produced footage of rare and wonderful bioluminescent displays and never-before-seen denizens of the deep, including, most recently, the first video ever recorded of the giant squid, Architeuthis, in its natural habitat.
In 2005 she founded the Ocean Research & Conservation Association (ORCA), which is dedicated to protecting aquatic ecosystems and the species they sustain through the development of innovative technologies and science-based conservation action.; In an effort to protect and revitalize the ocean she loves she has been focusing on developing tools for finding and tracking pollution -- a major threat to all of our water ecosystems and ultimately to human health. She was awarded a MacArthur "genius" grant in 2006.
In 2012, Widder was among the team that filmed the giant squid (Architeuthis) for the first time in its home ocean.
Edith Widder | Speaker | TED.com