TED2011
Edith Widder: The weird, wonderful world of bioluminescence
伊迪絲·威德：奇妙的生物光世界
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在又黑又暗的海底世界裡，很多海洋生物都能自我發光，以利獵食、交配、 及自我防禦。研究生物發光的專家伊迪絲·威德用影片捕捉到這個閃閃發光的世界。她在TED2011的演講中帶來她那些會發光的夥伴及多部令人驚奇短片。
Edith Widder - Marine biologist
Edith Widder combines her expertise in research and technological innovation with a commitment to stopping and reversing the degradation of our marine environment. Full bio
Edith Widder combines her expertise in research and technological innovation with a commitment to stopping and reversing the degradation of our marine environment. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
So I want to take you on a trip
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我想帶你們去趟旅行
00:17
to an alien world.
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去個奇妙的外星世界
00:20
And it's not a trip
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但是這趟
00:22
that requires light-years of travel,
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不需要去光年之外的外太空
00:25
but it's to a place
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我們去一個地方
00:27
where it's defined by light.
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一個充滿光的地方
00:30
So it's a little-appreciated fact
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一個常常被忽略的事實是
00:33
that most of the animals in our ocean
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大部份的海底生物
00:38
make light.
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都能自己發光
00:40
I've spent most of my career
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我花了畢生心血
00:42
studying this phenomenon called bioluminescence.
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在研究生物發光的奧秘
00:45
I study it because I think understanding it
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因為我認為解開這個奧秘
00:47
is critical to understanding life in the ocean
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對了解海底世界是非常重要的
00:50
where most bioluminescence occurs.
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海底世界蘊藏最豐富的發光生物
00:52
I also use it as a tool
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藉著研究生物發光體
00:54
for visualizing and tracking pollution.
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我還能清楚地觀察與追蹤到環境汙染
00:57
But mostly I'm entranced by it.
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但是事實上我是無可自拔地被牠們的美所吸引
01:00
Since my my first dive in a deep-diving submersible,
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打從我第一次坐著小潛艇潛入海底後就著迷了
01:03
when I went down and turned out the lights
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當我潛入深海，關上探照燈的刹那
01:05
and saw the fireworks displays,
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看到了如煙火般的絢爛的光影
01:07
I've been a bioluminescence junky.
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我就不可自拔地愛上這些發光生物
01:10
But I would come back from those dives
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我必須浮上岸來
01:13
and try to share the experience with words,
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將我看到的美景分享給大家
01:16
and they were totally inadequate to the task.
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但是文字不足以完整地表達我所受到的震憾
01:20
I needed some way to share the experience directly.
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我需要用其他更直接的方法來分享我所見的
01:23
And the first time I figured out that way
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我第一次想到這個妙計是在
01:25
was in this little single-person submersible
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一艘單人座、
01:27
called Deep Rover.
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叫深海探險號的小潛艇裡
01:29
This next video clip,
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接下來的這段影片
01:31
you're going to see how we stimulated the bioluminescence.
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你將會看到我如何刺激這些會發光的海底生物
01:33
And the first thing you're going to see
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首先你將看到的是
01:35
is a transect screen
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一面網子
01:37
that is about a meter across.
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大約有一公尺寬
01:39
(Video) Narrator: In front of the sub,
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（影片）旁白：在潛艇的前方
01:41
a mess screen will come into contact
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的一堆網子會接觸到
01:43
with the soft-bodied creatures of the deep sea.
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許多深海裡的軟體動物
01:46
With the sub's lights switched off,
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當潛艇的燈熄滅後
01:48
it is possible to see their bioluminescence --
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就可以看到這些生物在發光
01:51
the light produced when they collide with the mesh.
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牠們撞上網子的當下會發出光芒
02:00
This is the first time
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這可是史上第一次
02:02
it has ever been recorded.
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被拍攝下來
02:16
Edith Widder: So I recorded that with an intensified video camera
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伊迪絲．威德：我特別用一種模擬
02:19
that has about the sensitivity
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人類在完全黑暗的環境下
02:21
of the fully dark-adapted human eye.
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與肉眼敏感度相同的錄像機拍攝
02:23
Which means that really is what you would see
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換句話說，影片所拍攝到的就如同你自己搭一艘潛艇
02:25
if you took a dive in a submersible.
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潛入海底所看到的一樣
02:27
But just to try to prove that fact to you,
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為了要證明給大家看
02:29
I've brought along some bioluminescent plankton
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我今天還帶來一群會發光海底浮游生物
02:31
in what is undoubtedly a foolhardy attempt
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無庸至疑這可是大膽地嘗試
02:33
at a live demonstration.
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實境演出
02:35
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
02:37
So, if we could have the lights down
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請把燈關掉
02:39
and have it as dark in here as possible,
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保持越暗越好
02:42
I have a flask
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玻璃瓶裡
02:44
that has bioluminescent plankton in it.
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有這些會發光海底浮游生物
02:47
And you'll note there's no light coming from them right now,
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你可能發現，現在什麼也看不到
02:50
either because they're dead --
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要不是他們全死了
02:52
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
02:54
or because I need to stir them up in some way
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就是我得想個法子把他們搖起床
02:57
for you to see what bioluminescence really looks like.
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讓你們看看生物發光體的真面目
03:01
(Gasps)
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（抽氣聲）
03:05
Oops. Sorry.
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啊！對不起
03:07
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
03:16
I spend most of my time working in the dark; I'm used to that.
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我大部份時間都是在黑暗中工作，很習慣了
03:19
Okay.
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好
03:21
So that light
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這光
03:23
was made by a bioluminescent dinoflagellate,
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是會發光的甲藻產生的
03:26
a single-celled alga.
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他們是單細胞藻類的一種
03:28
So why would a single-celled alga
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為什麼單細胞藻類
03:30
need to be able to produce light?
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需要會發光呢？
03:32
Well, it uses it to defend itself from its predators.
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它們用光來保護自己不被獵食
03:35
The flash is like a scream for help.
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這些閃光就像是求救訊號
03:37
It's what's known as a bioluminescent burglar alarm,
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是這些生物的防盜警鈴
03:40
and just like the alarm on your car or your house,
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就像你車子或房子的防盜警鈴
03:43
it's meant to cast unwanted attention onto the intruder,
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會將光線跟焦點打在入侵者的身上
03:46
thereby either leading to his capture
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這樣做不是導致入侵者被逮
03:49
or scaring him away.
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就是將入侵者嚇跑
03:51
There's a lot of animals that use this trick,
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很多動物都用這種計倆
03:53
for example this black dragonfish.
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例如這種黑色巨口魚
03:55
It's got a light organ under its eye.
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在牠眼睛下方有個會發光的器官
03:57
It's got a chin barbel.
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頦鬚也是
03:59
It's got a lot of other light organs you can't see, but you'll see in here in a minute.
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還有其他你看不到的部位會發光，待會兒你就會看到
04:02
So we had to chase this in the submersible for quite sometime,
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我們花了些時間追捕牠
04:06
because the top speed of this fish is one knot,
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因為這種魚最快的速度可達一節
04:09
which was the top speed of the submersible.
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跟我們的小潛艇一樣快
04:11
But it was worth it,
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但是一切都是值得的
04:13
because we caught it in a special capture device,
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我們用一種特殊裝備捉到牠
04:15
brought it up into the lab on the ship,
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一帶到了船上的實驗室
04:17
and then everything on this fish lights up.
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這條魚身上所有的發光體都亮了起來
04:20
It's unbelievable.
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簡直不可思議
04:22
The light organs under the eyes are flashing.
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那個在眼睛下方會發光的器官不停地在閃
04:24
That chin barbel is flashing.
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頦鬚也在閃爍
04:26
It's got light organs on its belly that are flashing,
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魚肚上也有個部位在閃爍
04:28
fin lights.
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鰭也發著光
04:30
It's a scream for help; it's meant to attract attention.
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牠其實是在尖叫求救，希望引起注意。
04:33
It's phenomenal.
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太神奇了。
04:35
And you normally don't get to see this
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平常是看不到這些的
04:37
because we've exhausted the luminescence when we bring them up in nets.
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通常當我們拉起漁網的時候牠們的冷光已經耗盡了。
04:41
There's other ways you can defend yourself with light.
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還有其他利用光來保護自己的方法。
04:44
For example, this shrimp
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比如，這隻蝦
04:46
releases its bioluminescent chemicals into the water
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會將自身生物發光的化學物質釋放到水中
04:49
just the way a squid or an octopus would release an ink cloud.
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就和烏賊或章魚會釋放墨汁一樣。
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This blinds or distracts the predator.
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這會讓捕食者失明或者受到干擾。
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This little squid is called the fire shooter
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這隻小烏賊叫火鎗筒
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because of its ability to do this.
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因為牠可以這樣做
05:00
Now it may look like a tasty morsel,
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也許牠現在看起來像盤可口的小點
05:03
or a pig's head with wings --
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或是顆有翅膀的豬頭
05:05
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
05:08
but if it's attacked,
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但是如果牠被攻擊
05:11
it puts out a barrage of light --
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牠會釋放出一連串的光--
05:14
in fact, a barrage of photon torpedoes.
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事實上，像一連串的光子魚雷。
05:18
I just barely got the lights out in time
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還好我及時關掉我的探照燈
05:20
for you to be able to see those gobs of light
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才能讓你們能看到這一團一團
05:22
hitting the transect screen
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的發光物質撞擊到我們的網
05:24
and then just glowing.
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持續不斷地發著光
05:26
It's phenomenal.
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這的太神奇了
05:30
So there's a lot of animals in the open ocean --
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廣闊的大海中有很多生物
05:32
most of them that make light.
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多數都能自我發光
05:34
And we have a pretty good idea, for most of them, why.
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而我們對生物為什麼要發光也已有足夠的了解
05:36
They use it for finding food, for attracting mates,
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牠們以此來覓食、吸引異性
05:39
for defending against predators.
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或用來抵禦捕食者。
05:41
But when you get down to the bottom of the ocean,
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但是當你下潜到海底的時候，
05:43
that's where things get really strange.
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那是個一切都變得很奇怪的地方。
05:46
And some of these animals
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有一些動物
05:48
are probably inspiration for the things you saw in "Avatar,"
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可能會讓你想起電影“阿凡達”的一些生物
05:51
but you don't have to travel to Pandora to see them.
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但是你不必到潘多拉星球才能看到牠們。
05:54
They're things like this.
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牠們其實就像這
05:56
This is a golden coral, a bush.
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這是一欉金黃色的珊瑚群
05:58
It grows very slowly.
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微微地發著光
06:00
In fact, it's thought that some of these
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事實上有些珊瑚可能
06:02
are as much as 3,000 years old,
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都有３千多年了
06:04
which is one reason that bottom trawling should not be allowed.
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這就是為什麼海底拖網應該被禁止
06:08
The other reason is this amazing bush glows.
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當然還因為這些珊瑚群所散發的美麗
06:12
So if you brush up against it,
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如果你輕拂過牠們
06:14
any place you brushed against it,
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你觸摸過的地方
06:16
you get this twinkling blue-green light
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就會閃著藍綠色的光芒
06:19
that's just breathtaking.
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真的令人難以置信
06:22
And you see things like this.
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當你看到這個
06:24
This looks like something out of a Dr. Seuss book --
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你可能覺得跟Dr Seuss童話繪本裡的東西相似
06:26
just all manner of creatures all over this thing.
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好像所有生物的奇形怪狀都在牠身上
06:30
And these are flytrap anemones.
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牠們是捕蠅海葵
06:33
Now if you poke it, it pulls in its tentacles.
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如果你戳戳它的話，它會收回它的觸鬚
06:36
But if you keep poking it,
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但是如果你一直戳它的話，
06:38
it starts to produce light.
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它就會開始發光
06:41
And it actually ends up looking like a galaxy.
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事實上看起來就像某個銀河星系
06:45
It produces these strings of light,
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正散發出線狀的光芒，
06:47
presumably as some form of defense.
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這其實是某種形式的自我保護
06:50
There are starfish that can make light.
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還有這個會發光的海星、
06:53
And there are brittle stars that produce bands of light
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會發出條狀光芒的海蛇尾
06:56
that dance along their arms.
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光芒會隨著它們的觸手舞動
06:59
This looks like a plant,
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這看上去像一株植物，
07:01
but it's actually an animal.
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但其實是動物。
07:03
And it anchors itself in the sand
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它的底盤可以像氣球一樣鼓起來
07:05
by blowing up a balloon on the end of its stock.
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好把自己固定在沙子中
07:08
So it can actually hold itself in very strong currents,
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以此抵擋强力的潮流
07:10
as you see here.
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就像你看到的一樣
07:12
But if we collect it very gently, and we bring it up into the lab
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但是如果我們小心翼翼地撿起它、帶回到實驗室中
07:15
and just squeeze it at the base of the stock,
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擠壓牠的身體底盤，
07:18
it produces this light
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牠就會發出這樣的光
07:20
that propagates from stem to the plume,
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由觸手漫延到刺管
07:22
changing color as it goes,
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還會變換色彩，
07:25
from green to blue.
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由綠至藍
07:28
Colorization and sound effects
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影片加入了色彩和音效
07:30
added for you viewing pleasure.
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是為了增加你觀看的樂趣。
07:32
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
07:35
But we have no idea why it does that.
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但是我們完全不知道牠為什麼要這麼做。
07:37
Here's another one. This is also a sea pen.
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另外一個例子，也是牠的親戚﹣海鰓。
07:39
It's got a brittle star hitching a ride.
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牠搭着海蛇尾的便車
07:42
It's a green saber of light.
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閃著螢光綠
07:44
And like the one you just saw,
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就像你剛看到的一樣，
07:46
it can produce these as bands of light.
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牠能發出那種帶狀的光
07:48
So if I squeeze the base,
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所以如果我擠壓底部，
07:50
the bands go from base to tip.
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光帶會從底部傳到頂端。
07:54
If I squeeze the tip, they go from tip to base.
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如果我捏頂部，就會從頂端傳到底部。
08:00
So what do you think happens if you squeeze it in the middle?
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那如果我捏中間的話，你覺得會發生什麼事？
08:04
(Gasps)
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（抽氣聲）
08:07
I'd be very interested in your theories about what that's about.
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我很想知到你們對這些現象的解釋為何
08:10
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
08:12
So there's a language of light in the deep ocean,
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在深海裡存在一種光之語，
08:14
and we're just beginning to understand it,
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而我們才剛剛開始了解它。
08:17
and one way we're going about that
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探究的方法之一
08:19
is we're imitating a lot of these displays.
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就是試著模仿這些花樣
08:21
This is an optical lure that I've used.
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這是我曾用過的一個視覺誘餌
08:23
We call it the electronic jellyfish.
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我們叫它電子水母。
08:25
It's just 16 blue LEDs
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它有16顆藍色的發光二極體燈(LED)
08:27
that we can program to do different types of displays.
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能讓我們輸入不同顯示的花樣
08:29
And we view it with a camera system I developed called Eye-in-the-Sea
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我們用我所開發的海之眼攝影系統觀測它
08:32
that uses far red light that's invisible to most animals,
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這系統觀測利用了大多數動物看不見的遠紅外線，
08:34
so it's unobtrusive.
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所以不會引起其注意。
08:36
So I just want to show you
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我想讓大家看
08:38
some of the responses we've elicited
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這些深海生物
08:40
from animals in the deep sea.
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被激發後的反應。
08:42
So the camera's black and white.
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拍攝的錄像只有黑白
08:44
It's not high-resolution.
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也不是高解析
08:46
And what you're seeing here is a bait box
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你現在看到的是一盒誘餌
08:48
with a bunch of -- like the cockroaches of the ocean --
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裡面有滿滿一堆像海蟑螂的
08:51
there are isopods all over it.
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等足類動物
08:53
And right in the front
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正前方
08:55
is the electronic jellyfish.
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則是電子水母。
08:57
And when it starts flashing,
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當它開始閃爍的時候，
08:59
it's just going to be one of the LEDs that's flashing very fast.
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只會有一顆LED燈快速地閃動
09:02
But as soon as it starts to flash --
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但是當它開始閃爍的時候
09:04
and it's going to look big, because it blooms on the camera --
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看起來很巨大，那只是鏡頭的效果
09:06
I want you to look right here.
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請大家注意這裡
09:08
There's something small there that responds.
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有個小東西作出了回應。
09:11
We're talking to something.
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那個東西
09:13
It looks like a little of string pearls basically --
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基本上看起來像一小串珍珠，
09:17
in fact, three strings of pearls.
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事實上，是三串珍珠。
09:20
And this was very consistent.
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這樣的反應是非常一致的。
09:22
This was in the Bahamas at about 2,000 feet.
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這是在巴哈馬群島2000尺深的海底
09:24
We basically have a chat room going on here,
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我們在這裡有個聊天室，
09:27
because once it gets started, everybody's talking.
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只要有“人“開始，大家都在說話，七嘴八舌的。
09:30
And I think this is actually a shrimp
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我認為這隻是蝦
09:32
that's releasing its bioluminescent chemicals into the water.
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牠正向水中釋放生物發光體的化學物質。
09:35
But the cool thing is, we're talking to it.
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但是有趣的是，我們似乎正在對話。
09:37
We don't know what we're saying.
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我們不知道我們說了些什麼。
09:40
Personally, I think it's something sexy.
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個人覺得，應該是一些甜言蜜語。
09:42
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
09:44
And then finally,
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最後
09:46
I want to show you some responses that we recorded
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我想讓大家看一些我們
09:48
with the world's first deep-sea webcam,
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用世界首台深海攝影機拍到的現象，
09:51
which we had installed in Monterey Canyon last year.
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這是我們去年安装在蒙特利峡谷的。
09:53
We've only just begun to analyze all of this data.
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我們才剛剛開始分析這些研究資料。
09:56
This is going to be a glowing source first,
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這起初就像個光源，
09:59
which is like bioluminescent bacteria.
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就好像會發光的細菌
10:01
And it is an optical cue
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指引著
10:03
that there's carrion on the bottom of the ocean.
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深海底部的腐肉
10:06
So this scavenger comes in,
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而這隻海底清道夫循線而來
10:09
which is a giant sixgill shark.
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這是一隻巨型灰六鰓鯊
10:11
And I can't claim for sure
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我不能肯定
10:13
that the optical source brought it in, because there's bait right there.
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是光源吸引牠而來，還是那些誘餌
10:16
But if it had been following the odor plume,
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但是如果我們細究這氣味飄散的方向，
10:18
it would have come in from the other direction.
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牠應該從另外一個方向來。
10:20
And it does actually seem to be trying
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牠正在嘗試
10:22
to eat the electronic jellyfish.
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吃掉那隻電子水母。
10:25
That's a 12-foot-long giant sixgill shark.
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這是條12呎長的巨型灰六鰓鯊。
10:29
Okay, so this next one is from the webcam,
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好了，下一個出場的
10:32
and it's going to be this pinwheel display.
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是座旋轉輪盤
10:35
And this is a burglar alarm.
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其實是個防盗警報器。
10:38
And that was a Humboldt squid,
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那是洪堡魷魚，
10:40
a juvenile Humboldt squid, about three feet long.
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一隻年輕的洪堡魷魚，大約３英呎長。
10:43
This is at 3,000 feet in Monterey Canyon.
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這是在蒙特利峡谷海面下3000呎。
10:46
But if it's a burglar alarm, you wouldn't expect it to attack the jellyfish directly.
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如果這個真的是防盗警報器，它應該不會直接攻擊那隻水母的
10:49
It's supposed to be attacking what's attacking the jellyfish.
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而是反擊其他攻擊水母的生物
10:52
But we did see a bunch of responses like this.
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但是我們反而觀察到一連串這樣的反應
10:55
This guy is a little more contemplative.
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這傢伙正躊躇不前
10:58
"Hey, wait a minute.
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“嘿，等等
11:00
There's supposed to be something else there."
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這裡本來是另一個東西的”
11:02
He's thinking about it.
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他正在思考這個問题。
11:05
But he's persistent.
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他也很執著
11:07
He keeps coming back.
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不斷徘徊
11:09
And then he goes away for a few seconds
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接着牠離開了幾秒鐘
11:11
to think about it some more,
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重新思考眼前的難題
11:13
and thinks,
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然後想到，
11:15
"Maybe if I come in from a different angle."
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"也許我需要從另一個角度進攻"
11:19
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
11:22
Nope.
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失敗
11:24
So we are starting to get a handle on this,
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我們才剛開始着手做這些，
11:27
but only just the beginnings.
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但是僅僅是初始階段。
11:29
We need more eyes on the process.
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我們需要更多人力投入觀測
11:31
So if any of you ever get a chance to take a dive in a submersible,
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所以如果你們其中任何一位有機會乘潜艇下潜的話，
11:34
by all means, climb in and take the plunge.
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不管怎樣一定要試試下潛到深海
11:37
This is something that should be on everybody's bucket list,
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這是每個人在死前一定要做的一件事
11:40
because we live on an ocean planet.
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因為我們生存在一個海洋星球
11:44
More than 90 percent, 99 percent,
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在我們的地球上超過百分之九十、九十九
11:46
of the living space on our planet
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有生命的地方
11:49
is ocean.
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就是大海
11:52
It's a magical place
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那真是個神奇的地方
11:55
filled with breathtaking light shows
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充滿著壯觀的光舞
12:03
and bizarre and wondrous creatures,
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和奇形怪狀神祕的生物
12:07
alien life forms
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像是從外太空來的
12:09
that you don't have to travel to another planet to see.
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而你不必跑去另一個星球去看
12:12
But if you do take the plunge,
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只需要潛入海底就行
12:15
please remember to turn out the lights.
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請記得關掉你的探照燈
12:18
But I warn you,
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我可得警告你
12:21
it's addictive.
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這可是會上癮的
12:30
Thank you.
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謝謝大家
12:32
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Edith Widder - Marine biologistEdith Widder combines her expertise in research and technological innovation with a commitment to stopping and reversing the degradation of our marine environment.
Why you should listen
A specialist in bioluminescence, Edith Widder helps design and invent new submersible instruments and equipment to study bioluminescence and enable unobtrusive observation of deep-sea environments. Her innovative tools for exploration have produced footage of rare and wonderful bioluminescent displays and never-before-seen denizens of the deep, including, most recently, the first video ever recorded of the giant squid, Architeuthis, in its natural habitat.
In 2005 she founded the Ocean Research & Conservation Association (ORCA), which is dedicated to protecting aquatic ecosystems and the species they sustain through the development of innovative technologies and science-based conservation action.; In an effort to protect and revitalize the ocean she loves she has been focusing on developing tools for finding and tracking pollution -- a major threat to all of our water ecosystems and ultimately to human health. She was awarded a MacArthur "genius" grant in 2006.
In 2012, Widder was among the team that filmed the giant squid (Architeuthis) for the first time in its home ocean.
Edith Widder | Speaker | TED.com