Jill Farrant: How we can make crops survive without water
جیل فارانت: چگونه میتوانیم محصولاتی تولید کنیم که بدون آب دوام آورند؟
Jill Farrant is leading the development of drought-tolerant crops to nourish populations in arid climates. Full bio
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extremely drought-tolerant crops,
محصولات مقاوم به خشکی که
to providing food security in the world,
امنیت غذای جهانی به آنها دستیابیم
(گیاهان رستاخیز دار)
droughted state.
محیط بسیار خشک تصویر شده.
that these plants look dead,
start growing, in 12 to 48 hours.
عرض ۱۲ تا ۴۸ ساعت شروع به رشد کنند.
will go towards providing food security?
امنیت غذایی به دنبال خواهد داشت؟
is around 7 billion.
در حال حاضر ۷میلیارد نفر است.
happening in Africa.
این رشد در آفریقا رخ خواهد داد.
organizations of the world
a 70 percent increase
are at the base of the food chain,
اساس زنجیره غذایی هستند،
to have to come from plants.
the potential effects of climate change.
لحاظ نمیشود.
published in 2011,
که در سال ۲۰۱۱ توسط Dai انجام گرفته
of climate change
در نظر گرفته شده
amongst other things --
در میان سایر چیزها --
or infrequent rain.
یا بارش نامنظم.
در اینجا نشان داده شدهاند
used for agriculture,
برای کشاورزی استفاده شدهاند
because of lack of rainfall.
دیگر این امکان وجود ندارد.
that's predicted to happen in 2050.
برای سال ۲۰۵۰ پیشبینی میشود.
in fact, much of the world,
very smart ways of producing food.
بسیار هوشمندانه برای تولید غذا بگردیم.
some drought-tolerant crops.
محصولات مقاوم به خشکسالی باشیم.
to remember about Africa is
is not the easiest thing in the world.
به خشکسالی جزو کارهای آسان نیست.
metabolizing organisms,
of water results in death.
changes to avoid that.
a little bit more water than us,
a little bit more than us,
depending on the species,
to resist or avoid water loss.
دست دادن آب مقاومت میکنند.
can be found in succulents.
را در میان گیاهان گوشتی(آبدار) پیدا کرد.
و جاذب قوی بودن تمایل دارند
at such great cost
are found in trees and shrubs.
را میتوان در گیاهان و درختان یافت.
it through them at all times,
of roots to shoots is so great
به شاخهها عدد بسیار بزرگیه
has been planted upside down.
درخت رو برعکس کاشته باشن.
for hydration of that plant.
of avoidance is found in annuals.
برای جلوگیری از خشک شدن را بتوان در گیاهان یک ساله دید.
of our plant food supplies.
منابع غذایی گیاهی ما را تشکیل میدهند.
you don't see much vegetation growth.
زیادی را مشاهده نمیکنید.
شما این را مشاهده میکنید:
they produce a seed,
that dry and still alive,
و اینقدر هم زنده باشد
is lie in extremes of environment
این است که در این محیط خشن
of desiccation-tolerant seeds
دانههای مقاوم به خشکی
or angiosperms, onto land.
روی زمین شده است
as our major form of food supplies.
که بنیان منابع غذایی ما هستند.
of our plant food supplies.
منبع غذایی ما را تشکیل میدهند.
you can produce a lot of seed.
مقدار زیادی دانه تولید کرد.
so there's a lot of food calories,
وقدار زیادی کالری تولید کنند
for times of famine,
برای زمان قحطی ذخیره کرد.
avoidance or tolerance characteristics.
to help them survive the rest of the year.
دانهای تولید میکنند.
efforts in agriculture
در زمینه کشاورزی انجام شده
و همینطور تحمل آن --
to understand how those work --
که طرز کارشان را نشان میدهد--
of their cellular water,
سلولهای خود را از دست دهند
for months to years,
برای ماهها یا سالها باقی می ماند
desiccation-tolerant.
of environmental conditions.
در بدترین نقطه با شرایط زیستی کنار بیایند.
plant species that can do this.
که میتوانند چنین کاری انجام دهند.
of these three species
so you can see how quickly it happens.
که میتوانید ببینید با چه سرعتی رخ میدهد.
trying to understand how they do this.
فهمیدن چگونگی انجامش کردهام.
of different resurrection plants,
رستاخیزدار کار کردهام
و آبدار نشان داده شدهاند
of these plants serves as a model
که هرکدامشان یک مدل مهیا میکنند
to make drought-tolerant.
به خشکی تولید کنیم.
for example, is a grass,
میتوان یک نمونه علف مشاهده کرد
called Eragrostis tef --
«Eragrostis tef» هم دارد--
شما آن را بهنام «teff» میشناسید
to make drought-tolerant.
نوع مقاوم به خشکی آن را تولید کنیم.
at a number of plants,
به دنبال تعدادی از نمونهها
do they do the same thing?
all that water and not die?
را از دست بدهند ولی نمیرند؟
a systems biology approach
زیست شناسی سیستمی استفاده کردم
a comprehensive understanding
ecophysiological level.
و سطح اکوفیزیولوژی قابل تفسیر باشد.
as they dried out
which is just a term for a technology
که فقط بخشی از فناوریست که
in response to drying.
so we look at the proteome.
بنابراین ما هم به دنبال پروتئین هستیم.
in response to drying?
which make metabolites,
که متابولیتها را تولید میکنند.
because plants are stuck in the ground.
قرار دارند این اطلاعات مهماند که
a highly tuned chemical arsenal
بهینه مواد شیمیایی» خود استفاده میکنند
the stresses of their environment.
تنشهای محیطی محافظت کنند.
involved in drying.
that we do at the molecular level,
are made of lipids.
غشاهای زیستی از جنس لیپیدها هستند.
because they're in water.
those membranes fall apart.
آنگاه آن غشاها هم از کار میافتند.
to turn on genes.
برای روشن کردن ژنها هم عمل میکنند.
and biochemical studies
و زیست شیمی را بکار بستیم
the function of the putative protectants
محافظ احتمالی برسیم که
in our other studies.
to try and understand
with its natural environment.
گیاهان با محیط رسیدیم.
I needed a comprehensive understanding
مورد نیاز که برای فهم کلی از
دسترسی داشتهام تا
for a biotic application.
پیشنهاد با معنی بدهم
genetically modified crops?"
of genetic modification.
wheat, rice and maize,
مثل گندم و برنج و ذرت
from their ancestors,
by conventional breeding.
resurrection plant genes into crops,
we have tried that approach.
some of my collaborators at UCT,
upon an extremely ambitious approach,
whole suites of genes
under extreme drought conditions.
some of the data from that first approach.
about how genes work.
of double-stranded DNA.
of your body or in a plant's body.
of this gene, the next gene will start.
simple on-off switches.
a lot of fine-tuning,
before that gene is switched on.
in biotech studies
and see how the plant responds.
to talk to you about,
a drought-induced promoter,
in a resurrection plant.
is that we do nothing.
genes from resurrection plants.
particularly drought stress,
and can cause crop death.
that's very popularly used in Africa.
are plants without the genes,
do a hell of a lot better.
that there's considerable similarity
in seeds and resurrection plants.
evolved in seed desiccation tolerance
of resurrection plants?
of research from my group
of Henk Hilhorst in the Netherlands,
that are involved in both.
very crudely for maize,
for desiccation tolerance.
at the end of their period of development,
switch on the same genes
in their roots and leaves,
and cellular signals
in resurrection plants,
in the evolution of resurrection plants
for your attention.
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jill Farrant - Professor of molecular and cell biologyJill Farrant is leading the development of drought-tolerant crops to nourish populations in arid climates.
Why you should listen
A professor of molecular and cell biology at the University of Cape Town (UCT) in South Africa, Jill Farrant researches the remarkable (and little known) world of resurrection plants. These are plants that can survive extreme drought, “resurrecting” when moistened or irrigated. If we can better understand their natural preservation mechanisms and their key protectants, she suggests, it could help us develop more drought-tolerant crops to feed populations in increasingly dry and arid climates around the world. Her research may also have medical applications.
Farrant was the African/Arab States recipient of the 2012 L'Oreal-UNESCO Award for Women in Science, one of only five scientists worldwide who were selected by an international jury as "researchers who will have a major impact on society and help light the way to the future." In 2009, she was awarded an A-rating by the National Research Foundation (the first female researcher at UCT ever to receive such a rating) as well as being made a member of the UCT College of Fellows.
Jill Farrant | Speaker | TED.com