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Jill Farrant: How we can make crops survive without water
Džil Farant (Jill Farrant): Kako možemo učiniti da usevi prežive bez vode?
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Kako svetsko stanovništvo raste i posledice klimatske promene dolaze u oštre promene, moraćemo da hranimo više ljudi koristeći manje obradivu zemlju. Molekularni biolog Džil Farant istražuje retki slučaj koji može biti od pomoći: "oživljene biljke" - super otporne biljke koji se vraćaju iz smrti. Da li one mogu održati obećanje za više hrane u dolazećem toplijem, suvom svetu?
Jill Farrant - Professor of molecular and cell biology
Jill Farrant is leading the development of drought-tolerant crops to nourish populations in arid climates. Full bio
Jill Farrant is leading the development of drought-tolerant crops to nourish populations in arid climates. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
I believe that the secret to producing
extremely drought-tolerant crops,
extremely drought-tolerant crops,
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Verujem da je tajna stvaranja useva
ekstremno otpornih na sušu,
ekstremno otpornih na sušu,
00:17
which should go some way
to providing food security in the world,
to providing food security in the world,
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koji bi na neki način
obezbedili hranu u svetu,
obezbedili hranu u svetu,
00:20
lies in resurrection plants,
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u oživljavanju biljaka,
00:23
pictured here, in an extremely
droughted state.
droughted state.
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ovde na slici, u ekstremnom stanju suše.
00:26
You might think
that these plants look dead,
that these plants look dead,
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Možda mislite da ove biljke
izgledaju mrtve,
izgledaju mrtve,
00:29
but they're not.
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ali nisu.
00:30
Give them water,
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Dajte im vodu,
00:31
and they will resurrect, green up,
start growing, in 12 to 48 hours.
start growing, in 12 to 48 hours.
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i one će oživeti, pozeleneti,
počeće da rastu za 12 do 48 sati.
počeće da rastu za 12 do 48 sati.
00:38
Now, why would I suggest
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Zašto bih ja sad predložila
00:39
that producing drought-tolerant crops
will go towards providing food security?
will go towards providing food security?
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da proizvodnjom useva otpornih na sušu
možemo napredovati u sigurnosti hrane?
možemo napredovati u sigurnosti hrane?
00:45
Well, the current world population
is around 7 billion.
is around 7 billion.
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Pa, trenutni broj ljudi na svetu je
oko 7 milijardi.
oko 7 milijardi.
00:48
And it's estimated that by 2050,
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I procenjuje se da će do 2050.
00:51
we'll be between 9 and 10 billion people,
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biti između 9 i 10 milijardi ljudi,
00:54
with the bulk of this growth
happening in Africa.
happening in Africa.
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i većina rasta će se dogoditi u Africi.
00:57
The food and agricultural
organizations of the world
organizations of the world
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Poljoprivredne i prehrambene
organizacije sveta
organizacije sveta
01:00
have suggested that we need
a 70 percent increase
a 70 percent increase
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navode da nam je
potrebno povećanje za 70%
potrebno povećanje za 70%
01:03
in current agricultural practice
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u trenutnoj praksi poljoprivrede
01:05
to meet that demand.
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kako bi se ispunila ta potražnja.
01:07
Given that plants
are at the base of the food chain,
are at the base of the food chain,
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Gledajući na to da su biljke
osnova lanca ishrane,
osnova lanca ishrane,
01:10
most of that's going
to have to come from plants.
to have to come from plants.
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većina toga moraće da dođe od biljaka.
01:13
That percentage of 70 percent
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Tih 70%
01:16
does not take into consideration
the potential effects of climate change.
the potential effects of climate change.
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ne uzima u razmatranje
potencijalne efekte klimatskih promena.
potencijalne efekte klimatskih promena.
01:20
This is taken from a study by Dai
published in 2011,
published in 2011,
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Ovo je preuzeto iz Dajevog istraživanja,
objavljenog 2011,
objavljenog 2011,
01:25
where he took into consideration
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gde je uzeo u razmatranje
01:27
all the potential effects
of climate change
of climate change
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sve potencijalne efekte klimatskih promena
01:29
and expressed them --
amongst other things --
amongst other things --
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i između ostalog istakao je
01:31
increased aridity due to lack of rain
or infrequent rain.
or infrequent rain.
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povećanu sušu
zbog slabe kiše i retke kiše.
zbog slabe kiše i retke kiše.
01:36
The areas in red shown here,
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Delovi označeni crvenom bojom
01:38
are areas that until recently
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delovi su koji do nedavno
01:40
have been very successfully
used for agriculture,
used for agriculture,
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bili uspešno korišćeni za poljoprivredu,
01:43
but cannot anymore
because of lack of rainfall.
because of lack of rainfall.
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ali ne mogu više da se koriste
zbog slabe kiše.
zbog slabe kiše.
01:46
This is the situation
that's predicted to happen in 2050.
that's predicted to happen in 2050.
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Ovo je situacija koja je
predviđena u 2050.
predviđena u 2050.
01:50
Much of Africa,
in fact, much of the world,
in fact, much of the world,
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Većina Afirike će biti, kao i većina sveta
01:53
is going to be in trouble.
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u velikoj nevolji.
01:54
We're going to have to think of some
very smart ways of producing food.
very smart ways of producing food.
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Moraćemo da smislimo pametne načine
za proizvodnju hrane.
za proizvodnju hrane.
01:58
And preferably among them,
some drought-tolerant crops.
some drought-tolerant crops.
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A među njima bi bilo dobro da imamo
i neke useve otporne na sušu.
i neke useve otporne na sušu.
02:01
The other thing
to remember about Africa is
to remember about Africa is
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Druga stvar
koju moramo zapamtiti za Afriku
koju moramo zapamtiti za Afriku
02:04
that most of their agriculture is rainfed.
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je da se većina njihove poljoprivrede
snabdeva kišom.
snabdeva kišom.
02:08
Now, making drought-tolerant crops
is not the easiest thing in the world.
is not the easiest thing in the world.
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Stvaranje useva otpornih na sušu
nije najlakša stvar na svetu.
nije najlakša stvar na svetu.
02:11
And the reason for this is water.
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Razlog je voda.
02:14
Water is essential to life on this planet.
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Voda je glavna stvar
za život na ovoj planeti.
za život na ovoj planeti.
02:17
All living, actively
metabolizing organisms,
metabolizing organisms,
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Svi živi organizmi
sa aktivnim metabolizmom
sa aktivnim metabolizmom
02:21
from microbes to you and I,
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od mikroba do mene i vas,
02:23
are comprised predominately of water.
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sastoje se najviše od vode.
02:25
All life reactions happen in water.
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Sve životne reakcije se događaju u vodi.
02:28
And loss of a small amount
of water results in death.
of water results in death.
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gubitkom male količine vode,
rezultiraju smrću.
rezultiraju smrću.
02:31
You and I are 65 percent water --
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Ja i vi smo 65% sačinjeni od vode,
02:33
we lose one percent of that, we die.
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ukoliko izgubimo 1% toga, umiremo.
02:35
But we can make behavioral
changes to avoid that.
changes to avoid that.
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Ali možemo učiniti promene
ponašanja kako bi izbegli to.
ponašanja kako bi izbegli to.
02:39
Plants can't.
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To biljke ne mogu.
02:41
They're stuck in the ground.
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One ostaju u zemlji.
02:43
And so in the first instance they have
a little bit more water than us,
a little bit more water than us,
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Kao prvi primer,
oni imaju više vode od nas,
oni imaju više vode od nas,
02:46
about 95 percent water,
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oko 95% vode,
02:47
and they can lose
a little bit more than us,
a little bit more than us,
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i mogu da izgube malo više od nas,
02:49
like 10 to about 70 percent,
depending on the species,
depending on the species,
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od 10 do 70 procenata,
u zavisnosti od vrsta,
u zavisnosti od vrsta,
ali samo u kratkim vremenskim periodima.
02:54
but for short periods only.
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02:56
Most of them will either try
to resist or avoid water loss.
to resist or avoid water loss.
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Večina njih će probati da pruža otpor
ili da izbegava gubitak vode.
ili da izbegava gubitak vode.
03:00
So extreme examples of resistors
can be found in succulents.
can be found in succulents.
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Ekstremni primeri onih koji pružaju otpor
mogu se naći u sukulentima.
mogu se naći u sukulentima.
03:04
They tend to be small, very attractive,
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Inače su male, veoma atraktivne,
03:07
but they hold onto their water
at such great cost
at such great cost
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ali se drže njihove vode po svaku cenu,
03:10
that they grow extremely slowly.
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da rastu jako sporo.
03:13
Examples of avoidance of water loss
are found in trees and shrubs.
are found in trees and shrubs.
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Primeri onih koji izbegavaju gubitak vode
mogu se pronaći u drveću i žbunju.
mogu se pronaći u drveću i žbunju.
03:18
They send down very deep roots,
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Oni šire veoma duboke korene,
03:19
mine subterranean water supplies
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prave podzemne zalihe vode
03:21
and just keep flushing
it through them at all times,
it through them at all times,
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koja se rasipa po njima stalno,
03:23
keeping themselves hydrated.
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i tako ostaju hidrirani.
03:25
The one on the right is called a baobab.
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Na desnoj strani je
drvo koje se naziva baobab,
drvo koje se naziva baobab,
03:27
It's also called the upside-down tree,
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takođe se naziva i naopako drvo,
03:29
simply because the proportion
of roots to shoots is so great
of roots to shoots is so great
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zato što je deo od korenja do
izdanaka toliko veliki
izdanaka toliko veliki
03:33
that it looks like the tree
has been planted upside down.
has been planted upside down.
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da daje izlged kao da je drvo
naopako posađeno.
naopako posađeno.
03:36
And of course the roots are required
for hydration of that plant.
for hydration of that plant.
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Naravno, koreni su potrebni za
hidrataciju te biljke.
hidrataciju te biljke.
03:40
And probably the most common strategy
of avoidance is found in annuals.
of avoidance is found in annuals.
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I verovatno najčešća
strategija izbegavanja
strategija izbegavanja
je kod jednogodišnjih biljki.
03:45
Annuals make up the bulk
of our plant food supplies.
of our plant food supplies.
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Jednogodišnje biljke čine većinu
naših zaliha biljaka.
naših zaliha biljaka.
03:49
Up the west coast of my country,
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Na zapadnoj strani moje zemlje,
03:50
for much of the year
you don't see much vegetation growth.
you don't see much vegetation growth.
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većinom godine ne možete videti mnogo
rasta vegetacije.
rasta vegetacije.
03:54
But come the spring rains, you get this:
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Ukoliko dođete za vreme prolećnih kiša,
dobićete ovo-
dobićete ovo-
03:57
flowering of the desert.
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cvetanje pustinje.
03:59
The strategy in annuals,
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Strategija kod jednogodišnjih biljki,
04:00
is to grow only in the rainy season.
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je da rastu samo kada je sezona kiše.
04:03
At the end of that season
they produce a seed,
they produce a seed,
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Na kraju te sezone,
one naprave seme,
one naprave seme,
04:06
which is dry, eight to 10 percent water,
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koje je suvo, 8 do 10 procenata voda,
04:09
but very much alive.
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ali veoma živo.
04:10
And anything that is
that dry and still alive,
that dry and still alive,
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I sve što je toliko suvo a i dalje živo,
04:13
we call desiccation-tolerant.
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nazivamo otpornim na isušivanje.
04:15
In the desiccated state,
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U isušenom stanju,
04:17
what seeds can do
is lie in extremes of environment
is lie in extremes of environment
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seme može da leži
u ekstremnim okruženjima
u ekstremnim okruženjima
04:19
for prolonged periods of time.
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u produženom vremenskim periodima.
04:21
The next time the rainy season comes,
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Sledeći put kada dođe sezona kiše,
04:23
they germinate and grow,
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one klijaju i rastu,
04:25
and the whole cycle just starts again.
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i čitav ciklus krene ispočetka.
04:28
It's widely believed that the evolution
of desiccation-tolerant seeds
of desiccation-tolerant seeds
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Rašireno je verovanje da je evolucija
semenja otpornih na isušivanje
semenja otpornih na isušivanje
04:32
allowed the colonization and the radiation
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omogućila kolonizaciju i širenje
04:34
of flowering plants,
or angiosperms, onto land.
or angiosperms, onto land.
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cvetajućih biljki ili angiosperma,
na zemlju.
na zemlju.
Da se vratimo na jednogodišnje biljke,
koje su naše najveći zalihe hrane.
koje su naše najveći zalihe hrane.
04:38
But back to annuals
as our major form of food supplies.
as our major form of food supplies.
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04:42
Wheat, rice and maize form 95 percent
of our plant food supplies.
of our plant food supplies.
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Pšenica, pirinač i kukuruz čine 95%
naših biljnih zaliha hrane.
naših biljnih zaliha hrane.
04:48
And it's been a great strategy
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I to je bila odlična strategija
04:50
because in a short space of time
you can produce a lot of seed.
you can produce a lot of seed.
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zato što u kratkom vremenskom roku
možete proizvesti mnogo semenja.
možete proizvesti mnogo semenja.
04:53
Seeds are energy-rich
so there's a lot of food calories,
so there's a lot of food calories,
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Seme je puno energije,
zato tu ima mnogo kalorija,
zato tu ima mnogo kalorija,
04:55
you can store it in times of plenty
for times of famine,
for times of famine,
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možete je čuvati kad ste siti
i kad ste gladni,
i kad ste gladni,
ali ima i loša strana tome.
05:00
but there's a downside.
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Biljna tkiva,
05:02
The vegetative tissues,
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05:03
the roots and leaves of annuals,
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korenje i lišče jednogodišnjih biljki,
05:06
do not have much
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nemaju dobre
05:07
by way of inherent resistance,
avoidance or tolerance characteristics.
avoidance or tolerance characteristics.
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urođene karakteristike otpornosti,
izbegavanja ili tolerancije.
izbegavanja ili tolerancije.
Jednostavno im nisu potrebne.
05:11
They just don't need them.
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05:12
They grow in the rainy season
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Rastu u sezoni kiše
05:14
and they've got a seed
to help them survive the rest of the year.
to help them survive the rest of the year.
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i imaju seme koje im pomaže da prežive
kroz ostatak godine.
kroz ostatak godine.
05:17
And so despite concerted
efforts in agriculture
efforts in agriculture
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I uprkos mnogim pokušajima
u poljoprivredi
u poljoprivredi
05:20
to make crops with improved properties
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da se naprave usevi
sa poboljšanim svojstvima
sa poboljšanim svojstvima
05:23
of resistance, avoidance and tolerance --
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otpornosti, izbegavanja i tolerancije,
05:25
particularly resistance and avoidance
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posebno otpornosti i izbegavanja,
jer smo imali dobre modele
kako bi razumeli kako oni funkcionišu -
kako bi razumeli kako oni funkcionišu -
05:27
because we've had good models
to understand how those work --
to understand how those work --
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05:30
we still get images like this.
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i dalje dobijamo slike poput ove.
05:32
Maize crop in Africa,
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Usevi kukuruza u Africi,
05:33
two weeks without rain
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dve nedelje bez kiše
05:35
and it's dead.
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i nisu preživeli.
05:37
There is a solution:
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Postoji rešenje -
05:39
resurrection plants.
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oživljene biljke.
05:41
These plants can lose 95 percent
of their cellular water,
of their cellular water,
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Ove biljke mogu izgubiti
95% svoje ćelijske vode,
95% svoje ćelijske vode,
05:45
remain in a dry, dead-like state
for months to years,
for months to years,
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ostati u suvom, mrtvolikom stanju,
mesecima i godinama,
mesecima i godinama,
05:49
and give them water,
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i dajte im vode,
05:50
they green up and start growing again.
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one pozelene i počnu opet da rastu.
05:53
Like seeds, these are
desiccation-tolerant.
desiccation-tolerant.
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Kao i seme, one su otporne na isušivanje.
05:56
Like seeds, these can withstand extremes
of environmental conditions.
of environmental conditions.
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Kao seme, mogu izdržati
ekstremne vremenske uslove.
ekstremne vremenske uslove.
06:01
And this is a really rare phenomenon.
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Ovo je zaista retka pojava.
06:03
There are only 135 flowering
plant species that can do this.
plant species that can do this.
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Postoji samo 135 vrsta cvetajućih biljaka
koje ovo mogu da urade.
koje ovo mogu da urade.
06:08
I'm going to show you a video
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Pokazaću vam video
06:09
of the resurrection process
of these three species
of these three species
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procesa oživljavanja ove tri vrste
06:12
in that order.
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u tom redu.
06:13
And at the bottom,
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Na dnu,
06:14
there's a time axis
so you can see how quickly it happens.
so you can see how quickly it happens.
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stoji vremenska osa gde možete
videti koliko brzo se odvija.
videti koliko brzo se odvija.
06:56
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
07:02
Pretty amazing, huh?
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Prilično neverovatno, zar ne?
07:03
So I've spent the last 21 years
trying to understand how they do this.
trying to understand how they do this.
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Provela sam prethodnu 21 godinu
pokušavajući da shvatim kako ovo rade.
pokušavajući da shvatim kako ovo rade.
07:08
How do these plants dry without dying?
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Kako se ove biljke isuše a da ne umru?
Ja radim na raznovrsnim
biljkama koje oživljavaju.
biljkama koje oživljavaju.
07:11
And I work on a variety
of different resurrection plants,
of different resurrection plants,
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07:13
shown here in the hydrated and dry states,
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Ovde su pokazane u hidriranim
i sušenim stanjima,
i sušenim stanjima,
07:16
for a number of reasons.
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iz različitih razloga.
07:17
One of them is that each
of these plants serves as a model
of these plants serves as a model
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Jedan je da svaka od ovih
biljaka služi kao model,
biljaka služi kao model,
07:20
for a crop that I'd like
to make drought-tolerant.
to make drought-tolerant.
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za usev koji bih volela da postane
otporan na sušu.
otporan na sušu.
07:23
So on the extreme top left,
for example, is a grass,
for example, is a grass,
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Skroz na levo, na primer,
je trava
je trava
07:26
it's called Eragrostis nindensis,
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naziva se Eragrostis nindensis,
07:28
it's got a close relative
called Eragrostis tef --
called Eragrostis tef --
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ima bliskog rođaka zvanog Eragrostis tef
07:30
a lot of you might know it as "teff" --
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mnogi od vas možda je znaju kao "tef",
07:32
it's a staple food in Ethiopia,
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to je osnovna hrana u Etiopiji,
07:34
it's gluten-free,
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bez glutena,
07:35
and it's something we would like
to make drought-tolerant.
to make drought-tolerant.
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i to je nešto što bi voleli na napravimo
tolerantnim na sušu.
tolerantnim na sušu.
07:38
The other reason for looking
at a number of plants,
at a number of plants,
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Drugi razlog zašto gledamo brojne biljke
07:41
is that, at least initially,
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jeste da, barem u početku,
07:42
I wanted to find out:
do they do the same thing?
do they do the same thing?
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želela sam da saznam
da li rade istu stvar.
da li rade istu stvar.
07:44
Do they all use the same mechanisms
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Da li sve koriste iste mehanizme
07:46
to be able to lose
all that water and not die?
all that water and not die?
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da bi mogli da izgube svu tu vodu
i da ne umru?
i da ne umru?
Zato sam izvršila kako mi nazivamo,
pristup sistemske biologije
pristup sistemske biologije
07:49
So I undertook what we call
a systems biology approach
a systems biology approach
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07:52
in order to get
a comprehensive understanding
a comprehensive understanding
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kako bi dobila obimno shvatanje
07:54
of desiccation tolerance,
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otpornosti na sušu,
07:56
in which we look at everything
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u kome bi gledali sve
07:57
from the molecular to the whole plant,
ecophysiological level.
ecophysiological level.
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od molekula do čitave biljke
na ekofiziološkom nivou.
na ekofiziološkom nivou.
Mi na primer gledamo stvari
kao što su
kao što su
08:00
For example we look at things like
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08:02
changes in the plant anatomy
as they dried out
as they dried out
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promene u anatomiji biljke kada umiru
08:04
and their ultrastructure.
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i njihovu ultrastrukturu.
08:05
We look at the transcriptome,
which is just a term for a technology
which is just a term for a technology
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Gledamo na transkriptome,
što je samo izraz za tehnologiju
što je samo izraz za tehnologiju
08:09
in which we look at the genes
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u kojoj gledamo gene
koji su uključeni ili ugašeni
kao reakcija na sušenje.
kao reakcija na sušenje.
08:10
that are switched on or off,
in response to drying.
in response to drying.
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08:12
Most genes will code for proteins,
so we look at the proteome.
so we look at the proteome.
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Mnogi geni će se promeniti zbog proteina,
zato gledamo na proteome.
zato gledamo na proteome.
08:16
What are the proteins made
in response to drying?
in response to drying?
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U šta su se pretvorili proteini
pri reakciji umiranja?
pri reakciji umiranja?
08:19
Some proteins would code for enzymes
which make metabolites,
which make metabolites,
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Neki proteini se menjaju zbog enzima
koji stvaraju metabolite,
koji stvaraju metabolite,
08:23
so we look at the metabolome.
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zato gledamo na metabolone.
08:25
Now, this is important
because plants are stuck in the ground.
because plants are stuck in the ground.
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Ovo je važno,
jer biljke ostaju u zemlji.
jer biljke ostaju u zemlji.
08:28
They use what I call
a highly tuned chemical arsenal
a highly tuned chemical arsenal
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Oni koriste, kako ja nazivam
visoko podešen hemijski arsenal
visoko podešen hemijski arsenal
08:32
to protect themselves from all
the stresses of their environment.
the stresses of their environment.
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kako bi se zaštitili
od svih uticaja okruženja.
od svih uticaja okruženja.
08:35
So it's important that we look
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Važno je da gledamo na
08:37
at the chemical changes
involved in drying.
involved in drying.
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na hemijske reakcije pri sušenju.
08:40
And at the last study
that we do at the molecular level,
that we do at the molecular level,
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kod poslednjeg istraživanja
na molekularnom nivou,
na molekularnom nivou,
08:43
we look at the lipidome --
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gledamo na lipidome,
08:44
the lipid changes in response to drying.
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lipidne promene u reakciji sa umiranjem.
08:46
And that's also important
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I to je takođe važno
08:47
because all biological membranes
are made of lipids.
are made of lipids.
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jer sve biološke membrane
su sačinjene od lipida.
su sačinjene od lipida.
08:50
They're held as membranes
because they're in water.
because they're in water.
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One se drže kao membrane
zato što su u vodi.
zato što su u vodi.
08:53
Take away the water,
those membranes fall apart.
those membranes fall apart.
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Uzmite vodu i te membrane se raspadnu.
08:56
Lipids also act as signals
to turn on genes.
to turn on genes.
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Lipidi se ponašaju kao signali
kako bi uključili gene.
kako bi uključili gene.
09:00
Then we use physiological
and biochemical studies
and biochemical studies
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Zatim koristimo fiziološka
i biohemijska istraživanja
i biohemijska istraživanja
09:02
to try and understand
the function of the putative protectants
the function of the putative protectants
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da pokušamo da razumemo funkciju
pretpostavljene zaštite
pretpostavljene zaštite
09:06
that we've actually discovered
in our other studies.
in our other studies.
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koju smo zapravo otkrili
u drugim studijama.
u drugim studijama.
09:09
And then use all of that
to try and understand
to try and understand
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I sve to da iskoristimo
kako bi pokušali da razumemo
kako bi pokušali da razumemo
09:11
how the plant copes
with its natural environment.
with its natural environment.
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kako biljka savladava
svoje prirodno okruženje.
svoje prirodno okruženje.
09:15
I've always had the philosophy that
I needed a comprehensive understanding
I needed a comprehensive understanding
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Oduvek sam mislila da mi je trebalo
sveobuhvatno shvatanje
sveobuhvatno shvatanje
09:19
of the mechanisms of desiccation tolerance
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mehanizma otpornosti na sušu
09:22
in order to make a meaningful suggestion
for a biotic application.
for a biotic application.
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kako bi imala značajan predlog
za biotičku primenu.
za biotičku primenu.
09:27
I'm sure some of you are thinking,
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Sigurna sam da neki od vas misle:
09:28
"By biotic application,
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"Pod biotičkom primenom,
09:29
does she mean she's going to make
genetically modified crops?"
genetically modified crops?"
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da li ona misli
na genetski modifikovane useve?"
na genetski modifikovane useve?"
09:34
And the answer to that question is:
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I odgovor na to je -
09:35
depends on your definition
of genetic modification.
of genetic modification.
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zavisi od vaše definicije
genetske modifikacije.
genetske modifikacije.
09:39
All of the crops that we eat today,
wheat, rice and maize,
wheat, rice and maize,
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Sve useve koje jedemo danas,
pšenica, pirinač i kukuruz,
pšenica, pirinač i kukuruz,
09:42
are highly genetically modified
from their ancestors,
from their ancestors,
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veoma su modifikovani
u odnosu na svoje pretke,
u odnosu na svoje pretke,
09:45
but we don't consider them GM
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ali njih ne smatramo za GMO
09:47
because they're being produced
by conventional breeding.
by conventional breeding.
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zato što su oni proizvedeni
uobičajenim uzgojem.
uobičajenim uzgojem.
09:50
If you mean, am I going to put
resurrection plant genes into crops,
resurrection plant genes into crops,
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Ako mislite da ću da stavim
gene oživljenih biljaka u useve,
gene oživljenih biljaka u useve,
09:54
your answer is yes.
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onda je odgovor da.
09:56
In the essence of time,
we have tried that approach.
we have tried that approach.
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U suštini, pokušali smo taj prilaz.
09:59
More appropriately,
some of my collaborators at UCT,
some of my collaborators at UCT,
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Preciznije, neki od mojih
saradnika na UCT-u,
saradnika na UCT-u,
10:02
Jennifer Thomson, Suhail Rafudeen,
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1936
Dženifer Tomson, Suhal Referdin,
10:04
have spearheaded that approach
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su predvodili taj prilaz
10:05
and I'm going to show you some data soon.
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i uskoro ću vam pokazati neke podatke.
10:09
But we're about to embark
upon an extremely ambitious approach,
upon an extremely ambitious approach,
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Uskoro ćemo naići na izuzetno
ambiciozan prilaz,
ambiciozan prilaz,
10:13
in which we aim to turn on
whole suites of genes
whole suites of genes
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u kom ciljamo da uključimo gomile gena,
10:16
that are already present in every crop.
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koji su već prisutni u svakom usevu.
10:19
They're just never turned on
under extreme drought conditions.
under extreme drought conditions.
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Nikad se nisu uključili
zbog uslova izuzetne suše.
zbog uslova izuzetne suše.
10:22
I leave it up to you to decide
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Na vama je da odlučite
10:24
whether those should be called GM or not.
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1953
da se treba nazivati GMO ili ne.
10:27
I'm going to now just give you
some of the data from that first approach.
some of the data from that first approach.
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Sada ću vam dati
samo neke podatke prvog prilaza.
samo neke podatke prvog prilaza.
10:31
And in order to do that
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I kako bih to uradila,
10:32
I have to explain a little bit
about how genes work.
about how genes work.
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moram još malo da objasnim
kako geni funkcionišu.
kako geni funkcionišu.
10:35
So you probably all know
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Verovatno svi znate
10:36
that genes are made
of double-stranded DNA.
of double-stranded DNA.
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da su geni sačinjeni od dvolančanog DNK.
10:38
It's wound very tightly into chromosomes
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Uvijen je veoma čvrto u hromozome
10:40
that are present in every cell
of your body or in a plant's body.
of your body or in a plant's body.
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koji su pristuni u svakoj ćeliji
vašeg tela ili tela biljke.
vašeg tela ili tela biljke.
10:44
If you unwind that DNA, you get genes.
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Ako razmotate taj DNK, dobijate gene.
10:47
And each gene has a promoter,
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Svaki gen ima pokretač,
10:50
which is just an on-off switch,
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koji je samo prekidač,
10:52
the gene coding region,
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deo kodiranja gena,
10:54
and then a terminator,
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a onda i određivač
10:55
which indicates that this is the end
of this gene, the next gene will start.
of this gene, the next gene will start.
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kojei pokazuje da je to kraj tog gena,
gde će sledeći gen početi.
gde će sledeći gen početi.
10:59
Now, promoters are not
simple on-off switches.
simple on-off switches.
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Pokretači nisu samo prekidači.
11:02
They normally require
a lot of fine-tuning,
a lot of fine-tuning,
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Inače im treba puno podešavanja.
11:05
lots of things to be present and correct
before that gene is switched on.
before that gene is switched on.
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Dosta toga mora da bude prisutno i tačno
pre nego što se gen uključi.
pre nego što se gen uključi.
11:10
So what's typically done
in biotech studies
in biotech studies
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Ono što se inače radi u
u biotehničkim istraživanjima,
u biotehničkim istraživanjima,
jeste da se koristi
indukovani pokretač,
indukovani pokretač,
11:13
is that we use an inducible promoter,
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11:15
we know how to switch it on.
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znamo kako da ga uključimo.
11:16
We couple that to genes of interest
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Nadovežemo to na gen koji nas zanima
11:18
and put that into a plant
and see how the plant responds.
and see how the plant responds.
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i stavimo to u biljku kako bi videli
kako biljka reaguje.
kako biljka reaguje.
11:22
In the study that I'm going
to talk to you about,
to talk to you about,
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I istraživanje o kom ću vam govoriti,
moji saradnici su koristili pokretač
koji oseti sušu,
koji oseti sušu,
11:24
my collaborators used
a drought-induced promoter,
a drought-induced promoter,
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11:27
which we discovered
in a resurrection plant.
in a resurrection plant.
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koji smo otkrili u oživljenoj biljki.
11:29
The nice thing about this promoter
is that we do nothing.
is that we do nothing.
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Dobra stvar ovog pokretača
je što mi ništa ne radimo.
je što mi ništa ne radimo.
11:32
The plant itself senses drought.
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Sama biljka oseća sušu,
11:35
And we've used it to drive antioxidant
genes from resurrection plants.
genes from resurrection plants.
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Mi smo to iskoristili da unesemo gene
antioksidante od oživljenih biljki.
antioksidante od oživljenih biljki.
11:40
Why antioxidant genes?
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Zašto geni antioksidanta?
11:42
Well, all stresses,
particularly drought stress,
particularly drought stress,
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Svi napori, pogotovu
napori vezani za sušu,
napori vezani za sušu,
11:45
results in the formation of free radicals,
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rezultira formacijom slobodnih korenja,
11:48
or reactive oxygen species,
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ili vrste reaktivnog kiseonika,
11:50
which are highly damaging
and can cause crop death.
and can cause crop death.
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koji su veoma smrtnonosni i koji
dovode do umiranja useva.
dovode do umiranja useva.
11:53
What antioxidants do is stop that damage.
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Antioksidanti sprečavaju to umiranje.
11:57
So here's some data from a maize strain
that's very popularly used in Africa.
that's very popularly used in Africa.
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Ovo su podaci soja kukuruza
koji se veoma koristi u Africi.
koji se veoma koristi u Africi.
12:01
To the left of the arrow
are plants without the genes,
are plants without the genes,
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Levo od strelice su biljke bez gena,
12:04
to the right --
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desno,
12:05
plants with the antioxidant genes.
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biljke sa genom antioksidanta.
12:07
After three weeks without watering,
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Posle tri nedelje bez zalivanja,
12:09
the ones with the genes
do a hell of a lot better.
do a hell of a lot better.
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one sa genima su mnogo bolje prošle.
12:13
Now to the final approach.
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Konačan pristup,
12:15
My research has shown
that there's considerable similarity
that there's considerable similarity
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moje istraživanje je pokazalo da postoji
velika sličnost
velika sličnost
12:18
in the mechanisms of desiccation tolerance
in seeds and resurrection plants.
in seeds and resurrection plants.
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u mehanizmu otpornosti na sušu i
semenu oživljene biljke.
semenu oživljene biljke.
12:23
So I ask the question,
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Zato postavljam ptianje,
12:24
are they using the same genes?
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da li oni koriste iste gene?
12:26
Or slightly differently phrased,
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Ili drugačije postavljeno,
12:28
are resurrection plants using genes
evolved in seed desiccation tolerance
evolved in seed desiccation tolerance
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da li oživljene biljke koriste gene koji
su evoluirali u seme otporno na sušu
su evoluirali u seme otporno na sušu
u njihovom korenju i listovima?
12:33
in their roots and leaves?
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12:34
Have they retasked these seed genes
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Da li su oni geni semena
zadali drugačije zadatke
zadali drugačije zadatke
12:36
in roots and leaves
of resurrection plants?
of resurrection plants?
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u korenju i listovima
oživljenih biljki?
oživljenih biljki?
12:39
And I answer that question,
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Kako bih odgovorila na to pitanje,
12:41
as a consequence of a lot
of research from my group
of research from my group
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kao posledica mnogo istraživanja
moje grupe
moje grupe
12:44
and recent collaborations from a group
of Henk Hilhorst in the Netherlands,
of Henk Hilhorst in the Netherlands,
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i nedavnih saradnji grupe
Henka Hilhorsta iz Danske,
Henka Hilhorsta iz Danske,
12:47
Mel Oliver in the United States
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Mela Olivera iz SAD
12:49
and Julia Buitink in France.
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i Julije Butink iz Francuske.
12:51
The answer is yes,
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Odgovor je da,
12:53
that there is a core set of genes
that are involved in both.
that are involved in both.
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postoji niz gena
koji su evoluirali za obe stvari.
koji su evoluirali za obe stvari.
12:56
And I'm going to illustrate this
very crudely for maize,
very crudely for maize,
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Sada ću ilustrovati ovo veoma
grubo za kukurz,
grubo za kukurz,
12:59
where the chromosomes below the off switch
267
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kada hromozomi ispod prekidača
za isključivanje
za isključivanje
13:02
represent all the genes that are required
for desiccation tolerance.
for desiccation tolerance.
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predstavljaju sve gene koji su potrebni
za otpornost suše.
za otpornost suše.
13:05
So as maize seeds dried out
at the end of their period of development,
at the end of their period of development,
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Kako se seme kukuruza osušilo
na kraju njihovog razvoja
na kraju njihovog razvoja
13:09
they switch these genes on.
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uključili su ove gene.
13:12
Resurrection plants
switch on the same genes
switch on the same genes
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Oživljene biljke su uključile
iste gene
iste gene
13:15
when they dry out.
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kada su se osušili.
13:17
All modern crops, therefore,
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Svi savremeni usevi
13:19
have these genes
in their roots and leaves,
in their roots and leaves,
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imaju te gene u korenima i listovima,
13:21
they just never switch them on.
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samo ih nikad ne uključuju.
13:22
They only switch them on in seed tissues.
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Uključuju ih samo za tkivo semena.
13:25
So what we're trying to do right now
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Šta mi sada pokušavamo jeste da
13:27
is to understand the environmental
and cellular signals
and cellular signals
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shvatimo signale okruženja i ćelija
13:29
that switch on these genes
in resurrection plants,
in resurrection plants,
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koji uključe ove gene
kod oživljenih biljki,
kod oživljenih biljki,
13:33
to mimic the process in crops.
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kako bi replicirali kod useva.
13:35
And just a final thought.
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I samo jos jedna misao,
13:37
What we're trying to do very rapidly
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ono što pokušavamo veoma brzo da uradimo,
13:39
is to repeat what nature did
in the evolution of resurrection plants
in the evolution of resurrection plants
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jeste da ponovimo šta je priroda uradila
prilikom evolucije oživljenih biljki
prilikom evolucije oživljenih biljki
13:43
some 10 to 40 million years ago.
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pre neki 10 do 40 miliona godina.
13:46
My plants and I thank you
for your attention.
for your attention.
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Moje biljke i ja
vam se zahvaljujemo na pažnji.
vam se zahvaljujemo na pažnji.
13:48
(Applause)
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(aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jill Farrant - Professor of molecular and cell biologyJill Farrant is leading the development of drought-tolerant crops to nourish populations in arid climates.
Why you should listen
A professor of molecular and cell biology at the University of Cape Town (UCT) in South Africa, Jill Farrant researches the remarkable (and little known) world of resurrection plants. These are plants that can survive extreme drought, “resurrecting” when moistened or irrigated. If we can better understand their natural preservation mechanisms and their key protectants, she suggests, it could help us develop more drought-tolerant crops to feed populations in increasingly dry and arid climates around the world. Her research may also have medical applications.
Farrant was the African/Arab States recipient of the 2012 L'Oreal-UNESCO Award for Women in Science, one of only five scientists worldwide who were selected by an international jury as "researchers who will have a major impact on society and help light the way to the future." In 2009, she was awarded an A-rating by the National Research Foundation (the first female researcher at UCT ever to receive such a rating) as well as being made a member of the UCT College of Fellows.
Jill Farrant | Speaker | TED.com