Jill Farrant: How we can make crops survive without water
ジル・ファラント: 干ばつに耐えられる農作物の作り方
Jill Farrant is leading the development of drought-tolerant crops to nourish populations in arid climates. Full bio
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extremely drought-tolerant crops,
これから約束してくれる
生産する鍵は
to providing food security in the world,
droughted state.
that these plants look dead,
start growing, in 12 to 48 hours.
青々と成長し始めます
will go towards providing food security?
提案する理由は 何でしょう?
is around 7 billion.
happening in Africa.
推定されています
organizations of the world
a 70 percent increase
are at the base of the food chain,
あるのを見て分かるように
to have to come from plants.
植物ですから当然です
the potential effects of climate change.
考慮に入れてありません
published in 2011,
アイグオ・ダイの研究からの引用です
さまざまな結果の中で
of climate change
amongst other things --
or infrequent rain.
used for agriculture,
because of lack of rainfall.
that's predicted to happen in 2050.
in fact, much of the world,
very smart ways of producing food.
考えなくてはなりません
some drought-tolerant crops.
干ばつ耐性のある植物です
to remember about Africa is
降水に頼っていることです
is not the easiest thing in the world.
簡単なことではありません
metabolizing organisms,
of water results in death.
死に至る生命体もあります
changes to avoid that.
行動により 回避出来ますが
a little bit more water than us,
a little bit more than us,
ヒトよりも多くの水分—
depending on the species,
生き延びることが出来ます
to resist or avoid water loss.
回避しようとします
can be found in succulents.
at such great cost
are found in trees and shrubs.
木や低木で見られます
it through them at all times,
of roots to shoots is so great
has been planted upside down.
吸水するのに必要なものです
for hydration of that plant.
of avoidance is found in annuals.
「植物の知恵」は一年草で見られます
of our plant food supplies.
多くを占めています
you don't see much vegetation growth.
生育していないようでも
they produce a seed,
種子をつくります
乾燥した状態ですが
that dry and still alive,
is lie in extremes of environment
of desiccation-tolerant seeds
or angiosperms, onto land.
考えられています
as our major form of food supplies.
一年草に戻りましょう
of our plant food supplies.
小麦、米、トウモロコシが
you can produce a lot of seed.
so there's a lot of food calories,
for times of famine,
蓄えて置けます
avoidance or tolerance characteristics.
持っていないのです
to help them survive the rest of the year.
種子を得てきたからです
efforts in agriculture
to understand how those work --
of their cellular water,
失うことにも耐えられ
for months to years,
乾燥し枯死したような状態で生き続けます
desiccation-tolerant.
of environmental conditions.
plant species that can do this.
of these three species
so you can see how quickly it happens.
trying to understand how they do this.
21年間研究してきました
乾燥するのでしょう?
of different resurrection plants,
ここにあるような
of these plants serves as a model
これらの植物どれもが
モデルとして役立つからです
to make drought-tolerant.
for example, is a grass,
called Eragrostis tef --
to make drought-tolerant.
付与したいと我々は考えています
at a number of plants,
同じ働きをしているのか
do they do the same thing?
調べたかったからです
all that water and not die?
a systems biology approach
a comprehensive understanding
システム生物学のアプローチを使いました
システム生物学のアプローチを使いました
ecophysiological level.
生態生理学的レベルまで見て行きます
as they dried out
植物解剖学的変化や
which is just a term for a technology
in response to drying.
so we look at the proteome.
コードするのでプロテオーム解析で
乾燥過程で出来るのか調べます
in response to drying?
which make metabolites,
コードするタンパク質もあるので
because plants are stuck in the ground.
a highly tuned chemical arsenal
と呼ぶ機構を使い
the stresses of their environment.
身を守っているので
involved in drying.
that we do at the molecular level,
are made of lipids.
出来ているからです
because they're in water.
水の中だからであり
those membranes fall apart.
膜組織は崩れてしまいます
to turn on genes.
シグナルとしても働きます
and biochemical studies
生理学・生化学的研究を行って
the function of the putative protectants
保護剤と推定した物質の
in our other studies.
to try and understand
植物が自然環境に
with its natural environment.
理解することが出来ます
I needed a comprehensive understanding
包括的に理解すべきだと
有意義な提案をするためです
for a biotic application.
こう思う方もいらっしゃるでしょう
genetically modified crops?"
作る積もりなのだろうか?」と
of genetic modification.
どう定義するかによります
wheat, rice and maize,
小麦、米、トウモロコシ等は
from their ancestors,
高度に遺伝子操作されています
見なされないのは
by conventional breeding.
行われて来たからです
resurrection plant genes into crops,
と尋ねられれば
we have tried that approach.
some of my collaborators at UCT,
スハイル・ラフディーンが
upon an extremely ambitious approach,
非常に野心的な方法は
whole suites of genes
under extreme drought conditions.
発現したことがなかっただけです
皆さんのお考えにお任せします
some of the data from that first approach.
幾つかお見せしますが
about how genes work.
少し説明します
of double-stranded DNA.
of your body or in a plant's body.
全ての細胞にあります
of this gene, the next gene will start.
次の遺伝子へ移る末端があります
simple on-off switches.
スイッチというだけではなく
a lot of fine-tuning,
before that gene is switched on.
in biotech studies
and see how the plant responds.
どう反応するか見ます
to talk to you about,
我々が復活植物に発見した
a drought-induced promoter,
in a resurrection plant.
is that we do nothing.
我々が何もしなくとも
genes from resurrection plants.
抗酸化遺伝子を単離しました
particularly drought stress,
特に乾燥ストレスで
and can cause crop death.
that's very popularly used in Africa.
トウモロコシの品種から得たデータです
are plants without the genes,
do a hell of a lot better.
はるかに元気です
that there's considerable similarity
種子と復活植物の乾燥耐性機構が
in seeds and resurrection plants.
evolved in seed desiccation tolerance
乾燥耐性が進化した遺伝子を
働いているのでしょうか?
of resurrection plants?
of research from my group
of Henk Hilhorst in the Netherlands,
最近の共同研究から
that are involved in both.
核となる遺伝子があるのです
very crudely for maize,
簡単に説明します
トウモロコシの染色体は
for desiccation tolerance.
全ての遺伝子を含んでいます
成熟し乾燥してしまうと
at the end of their period of development,
switch on the same genes
その同じ遺伝子のスイッチを
in their roots and leaves,
この遺伝子があるのですが
and cellular signals
in resurrection plants,
in the evolution of resurrection plants
猛スピードで再現しているのです
for your attention.
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jill Farrant - Professor of molecular and cell biologyJill Farrant is leading the development of drought-tolerant crops to nourish populations in arid climates.
Why you should listen
A professor of molecular and cell biology at the University of Cape Town (UCT) in South Africa, Jill Farrant researches the remarkable (and little known) world of resurrection plants. These are plants that can survive extreme drought, “resurrecting” when moistened or irrigated. If we can better understand their natural preservation mechanisms and their key protectants, she suggests, it could help us develop more drought-tolerant crops to feed populations in increasingly dry and arid climates around the world. Her research may also have medical applications.
Farrant was the African/Arab States recipient of the 2012 L'Oreal-UNESCO Award for Women in Science, one of only five scientists worldwide who were selected by an international jury as "researchers who will have a major impact on society and help light the way to the future." In 2009, she was awarded an A-rating by the National Research Foundation (the first female researcher at UCT ever to receive such a rating) as well as being made a member of the UCT College of Fellows.
Jill Farrant | Speaker | TED.com