Daniel Susskind: 3 myths about the future of work (and why they're not true)
डेनियल सस्किंड: 3 मिथक नौकरियों के भविष्य के बारे में (और क्यूँ वे सच नहीं हैं)
Daniel Susskind explores the impact of technology, particularly artificial intelligence, on work and society. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
has been spreading lately,
चिंता का विषय बन गया है,
that are unfolding
और रोबोट विज्ञान
there will be significant change.
is what that change will look like.
is both troubling and exciting.
चिंताजनक और रोमांचक, दोनों ही होगा.
unemployment is real,
how I came to that conclusion,
our vision of this automated future.
हमारी दृष्टी को धुंधला किए हुए है.
on our television screens,
descends on the workplace
कार्य-स्थल पर उतर आना,
human beings from particular tasks,
पूर्णतया नहीं ले सकती.
substitute for human beings.
and more important.
human beings directly,
or more efficient at a particular task.
इस्तेमाल कर अनजानी जगह पर जा सकता है.
to navigate on unfamiliar roads.
computer-assisted design software
बनाने के लिए कर सकता है.
more complicated buildings.
सिर्फ़ सीधे तौर पर ही नहीं
just complement human beings directly.
and it does this in two ways.
इसके दो तरीके हैं -
एक केक की तरह मानें,
of the economy as a pie,
makes the pie bigger.
incomes rise and demand grows.
आय भी बढती है और खपत भी.
the size it was 300 years ago.
from tasks in the old pie
in the new pie instead.
doesn't just make the pie bigger.
आकर ही नहीं बढाती है.
the ingredients in the pie.
की पद्धति बदलती है,
their income in different ways,
across existing goods,
for entirely new goods, too.
new roles have to be filled.
खेतों में काम करते थे
most people worked on farms,
कामों से विस्थापित लोग
from tasks in the old bit of pie
in the new bit of pie instead.
complementarities,
to capture the different way
helps human beings.
two forces at play:
that harms workers,
that do the opposite.
making a medical diagnosis
लेने में क्या समानता है?
at a fleeting glimpse have in common?
वह काम हैं जो कुछ समय
that until very recently,
couldn't readily be automated.
can be automated.
की कार को लाने पर काम कर रही हैं.
have driverless car programs.
that can diagnose medical problems.
कई प्रणालिया उपलब्ध हैं.
that can identify a bird
on the part of economists.
वे गलत थे.
they were wrong is very important.
have to copy the way
were trying to figure out
to automate a task
how it was they performed a task,
for a machine to follow.
intelligence at one point, too.
इस्तेमाल होती थी.
on artificial intelligence and the law
commercially available
शानदार होम स्क्रीन है.
a cool screen design at the time.
in the form of two floppy disks,
genuinely were floppy,
as the economists':
how it was she solved a legal problem,
की जाए, जिसका मशीन पालन करे.
in a set of rules for a machine to follow.
सकता है, नियमित कार्य कहलाते हैं,
could explain themselves in this way,
and they could be automated.
अनियमित कार्य हैं,
can't explain themselves,
and they're thought to be out reach.
distinction is widespread.
that are predictable or repetitive,
अनुमान लग सके, जो पुनरावृत्तिय हो
different words for routine.
परिभाषाएँ हैं.
that I mentioned at the start.
of nonroutine tasks.
रोग-निर्धारण कैसे करती है,
how she makes a medical diagnosis,
to give you a few rules of thumb,
और अनुमान की आवश्यकता होगी.
creativity and judgment and intuition.
very difficult to articulate,
मुश्किल समझा जाता था.
would be very hard to automate.
in writing a set of instructions
it's simply going to be wrong.
in data storage capability
routine-nonroutine distinction
उदहारण पर चलते हैं.
of making a medical diagnosis.
ऐसी प्रणाली बना ली है
announced they'd developed a system
whether or not a freckle is cancerous
दाग या चकत्ता कैंसर है या नहीं,
or the intuition of a doctor.
अनुभव की नक़ल नहीं उतार रहा.
बारे में कुछ नहीं पता.
nothing about medicine at all.
करने वाला अल्गोरिथम है
a pattern recognition algorithm
between those cases
in an unhuman way,
of more possible cases
to review in their lifetime.
जीवनकाल में नहीं कर सकता.
how she'd performed the task.
वर्णन नहीं कर पाया.
who dwell upon that the fact
aren't built in our image.
में भाग लिया,
on the US quiz show "Jeopardy!" in 2011,
human champions at "Jeopardy!"
by the philosopher John Searle
Doesn't Know It Won on 'Jeopardy!'"
जीत जाहिर नहीं की.
let out a cry of excitement.
to say what a good job it had done.
अपने अच्छे कार्य की खबर नहीं दी.
that those human contestants played,
की नक़ल नहीं उतार रहा था,
about human intelligence,
on automation than it was in the past.
perform tasks differently to human beings,
मनुष्य से अलग तरीके से करती हैं,
are currently capable of doing
might be capable of doing in the future.
बहुत कुछ करने में सक्षम होंगी.
of technological progress,
known as the lump of labor fallacy.
the lump of labor fallacy
of labor fallacy fallacy,
का भुलावा" कहता हूँ.
लम्प ऑफ़ लेबर फलास्यी ऑफ़ फ्यूचर
is a very old idea.
who gave it this name in 1892.
ने १८९२ में इसे प्रचारित किया.
to come across a dock worker
a machine to make washers,
that fasten on the end of screws.
जो स्क्रू में लगते हैं,
felt guilty for being more productive.
के लिए ग्लानी महसूस कर रहा था.
we expect the opposite,
for being unproductive,
ग्लानी महसूस करते हैं,
on Facebook or Twitter at work.
ज्यादा समय व्यतीत करने पर.
for being more productive,
से परेशान था.
"I know I'm doing wrong.
some fixed lump of work
this machine to do more,
and became more productive,
demand for washers would rise,
for his pals to do.
"the lump of labor fallacy."
का भुलावा" कहा.
about the lump of labor fallacy
जब वे भविष्य में
of all types of work.
out there to be divided up
जिसको मशीनों
making the original lump of work smaller,
जिससे काम का स्वरूप छोटा हो जायेगा,
gets bigger and changes.
that technological progress
New tasks have to be done.
और कुछ नए कार्य पैदा हो जायेंगे.
to perform those tasks.
might get bigger and change,
the extra lump of work themselves.
rather than complement human beings,
to the task of driving a car.
directly complement human beings.
human beings better drivers.
human beings from the driving seat,
की सीट से हटा देगा.
rather than complement human beings,
driverless cars more efficient,
that I mentioned as well.
प्रभाव को देखिये जिनकी हमने बात की थी.
will fall on goods that machines,
are best placed to produce.
मशीने ही बना पाएंगी.
to do the new tasks that have to be done.
बेहतर ढंग से कर पाएंगी.
isn't demand for human labor.
मानवीय श्रम की जरुरत नहीं बढ़ेगी.
in all these complemented tasks,
श्रेष्ठता बनाकर रखेंगे,
that becomes less likely.
ये संभव नहीं हो पायेगा.
upon this balance between two forces:
that harms workers
जो हानिकारक है
that do the opposite.
जिससे फायदा होगा.
has fallen in favor of human beings.
मनुष्यों का फायदा ही हुआ है.
machine substitution,
of tasks performed by human beings.
कार्य समझा जाता था.
are currently capable of
to draw to a polite stop
winds of complementarity
of task encroachment
the force of machine substitution,
those helpful complementarities too.
of that troubling future.
on tasks performed by human beings,
of machine substitution,
बदला जाना और तेज होगा
of machine complementarity.
falls in favor of machines
because I don't think we're there yet,
मंजिल पर नहीं पहुंचे हैं,
that this is our direction of travel.
this is a good problem to have.
one economic problem has dominated:
आर्थिक समस्या हावी रही है
large enough for everyone to live on.
ताकि सबका गुजारा हो सके.
of the first century AD,
for everyone in the world,
on or around the poverty line.
economic growth has taken off.
बहुत आर्थिक प्रगति हुई है.
slices of the pie today,
at two percent,
at a more measly one percent,
will be twice as rich as us.
that traditional economic problem.
सुलझा ली है.
if it does happen,
a symptom of that success,
how to make the pie bigger --
केक के आकार को बड़ा करना -
that everyone gets a slice.
solving this problem won't be easy.
यह समस्या जटिल है.
at the economic dinner table,
or even without work,
बिलकुल भी काम न हो,
how they get their slice.
of discussion, for instance,
of universal basic income
and in Finland and in Kenya.
that's right in front of us,
generated by our economic system
our traditional mechanism
us to think in very different ways.
कई अलग तरीकों से सोचना होगा.
about what ought to be done,
that this is a far better problem to have
कि ये हमारे पूर्वजों की
our ancestors for centuries:
big enough in the first place.
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Daniel Susskind - EconomistDaniel Susskind explores the impact of technology, particularly artificial intelligence, on work and society.
Why you should listen
Daniel Susskind is the co-author, with Richard Susskind, of the best-selling book, The Future of the Professions, and a Fellow in Economics at Balliol College, Oxford University. He is currently finishing his latest book, on the future of work. Previously, he worked in the British Government -- as a policy adviser in the Prime Minister's Strategy Unit, as a policy analyst in the Policy Unit in 10 Downing Street, and as a senior policy adviser in the Cabinet Office. Susskind received a doctorate in economics from Oxford University and was a Kennedy Scholar at Harvard University.
Daniel Susskind | Speaker | TED.com