TEDGlobal 2009
Stefana Broadbent: How the Internet enables intimacy
Kako Internet omogućava intimnost
Filmed:
Readability: 4.1
1,394,067 views
Brinemo kako će IM, SMS, Facebook razmaziti ljudsku intimu, ali istraživanja Stefane Broadbent pokazuju kako je komunikacija tehnologijom sposobna za kultiviranje dubljeg odnosa, donoseći ljubav preko prepreka kao što su udaljenost i pravila na radnom mjestu.
Stefana Broadbent - Tech anthropologist
Stefana Broadbent watches us while we communicate, work and go about our daily lives. She is one of a new class of ethnographers who study the way our social habits and relationships function and mutate in the digital age. Full bio
Stefana Broadbent watches us while we communicate, work and go about our daily lives. She is one of a new class of ethnographers who study the way our social habits and relationships function and mutate in the digital age. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
I believe that there are new, hidden tensions
0
0
4000
Vjerujem da postoje nove, skrivene napetosti
00:19
that are actually happening between people and institutions --
1
4000
3000
koje se zapravo događaju između ljudi i ustanova -
00:22
institutions that are the institutions that people
2
7000
2000
onih ustanova koje ljudi
00:24
inhabit in their daily life:
3
9000
2000
koriste svaki dan:
00:26
schools, hospitals, workplaces,
4
11000
3000
škole, bolnice, radna mjesta,
00:29
factories, offices, etc.
5
14000
3000
tvornice, uredi i sl.
00:32
And something that I see happening
6
17000
3000
I ono što vidim da se događa je
00:35
is something that I would like to call
7
20000
2000
nešto što bih nazvala
00:37
a sort of "democratization of intimacy."
8
22000
2000
vrstom “demokratizacije privatnosti.”
00:39
And what do I mean by that?
9
24000
2000
I što pod tim mislim?
00:41
I mean that what people are doing
10
26000
2000
Mislim da je ono što ljudi rade,
00:43
is, in fact, they are sort of, with their communication channels,
11
28000
4000
zapravo, oni na neki način, preko svojih komunikacijskih kanala
00:47
they are breaking an imposed isolation
12
32000
4000
razbijaju prisilnu izolaciju
00:51
that these institutions are imposing on them.
13
36000
4000
koju im te ustanove nameću.
00:55
How are they doing this? They're doing it
14
40000
2000
Kako oni to čine? Čine to na
00:57
in a very simple way, by calling their mom from work,
15
42000
2000
jednostavan način, tako što zovu mamu s posla,
00:59
by IMing from their office to their friends,
16
44000
4000
dopisuju se preko interneta iz ureda s prijateljima,
01:03
by texting under the desk.
17
48000
2000
šalju SMS poruke ispod stola.
01:05
The pictures that you're seeing behind me
18
50000
2000
Slike koje vidite iza mene
01:07
are people that I visited in the last few months.
19
52000
3000
slike su ljudi koje sam posjetila u posljednjih nekoliko mjeseci.
01:10
And I asked them to come along with the person they communicate with most.
20
55000
4000
Zamolila sam ih da dođu s osobom s kojom najviše komuniciraju.
01:14
And somebody brought a boyfriend, somebody a father.
21
59000
3000
Netko je poveo dečka, netko oca.
01:17
One young woman brought her grandfather.
22
62000
3000
Jedna mlada žena povela je svoga djeda.
01:20
For 20 years, I've been looking at how people use
23
65000
2000
Već 20 godina proučavam kako ljudi koriste
01:22
channels such as email, the mobile phone, texting, etc.
24
67000
4000
komunikacijska sredstva kao što su e-mail, mobiteli, SMS-ovi, i sl.
01:26
What we're actually going to see is that, fundamentally,
25
71000
2000
Ono što ćemo zapravo vidjeti je da, u biti,
01:28
people are communicating on a regular basis
26
73000
3000
ljudi redovito komuniciraju
01:31
with five, six, seven of their most intimate sphere.
27
76000
4000
s pet, šest, sedam ljudi iz svoje najbliže okoline.
01:35
Now, lets take some data. Facebook.
28
80000
2000
Pogledajmo sad neke podatke. Facebook.
01:37
Recently some sociologists from Facebook --
29
82000
2000
Nedavno je nekoliko sociologa s Facebooka --
01:39
Facebook is the channel that you would expect
30
84000
2000
Facebook je komunikacijsko sredstvo za koje biste očekivali
01:41
is the most enlargening of all channels.
31
86000
3000
da je najrasprostranjeniji od svih drugih.
01:44
And an average user,
32
89000
2000
Prosječni korisnik,
01:46
said Cameron Marlow,
33
91000
3000
kaže Cameron Marlow
01:49
from Facebook, has about 120 friends.
34
94000
3000
s Facebooka, ima 120 prijatelja.
01:52
But he actually talks to,
35
97000
2000
Ali zapravo razgovara,
01:54
has two-way exchanges with, about four to six people
36
99000
3000
održava redovitu dvosmjernu komunikaciju s otprilike četiri do šest osoba,
01:57
on a regular base, depending on his gender.
37
102000
2000
ovisno o spolu.
01:59
Academic research on instant messaging
38
104000
2000
Znanstvena istraživanja o komunikaciji putem instant poruka
02:01
also shows 100 people on buddy lists,
39
106000
3000
također pokazuju 100 osoba na popisu prijatelja,
02:04
but fundamentally people chat with two, three, four --
40
109000
3000
ali se zapravo ljudi dopisuju sa svega dvoje, troje, četvero -
02:07
anyway, less than five.
41
112000
2000
u svakom slučaju manje od pet osoba.
02:09
My own research on cellphones and voice calls
42
114000
4000
Moje istraživanje o mobitelima i telefoniranju
02:13
shows that 80 percent of the calls
43
118000
2000
pokazuje da je 80% svih poziva
02:15
are actually made to four people. 80 percent.
44
120000
3000
bilo upućeno prema četiri osobe. 80 posto.
02:18
And when you go to Skype, it's down to two people.
45
123000
3000
A kad je u pitanju Skype, radi se o dvije osobe.
02:21
A lot of sociologists actually are quite disappointed.
46
126000
2000
Mnogo je sociologa prilično razočarano.
02:23
I mean, I've been a bit disappointed sometimes
47
128000
3000
Mislim, ja sam bila pomalo razočarana ponekad
02:26
when I saw this data and all this deployment, just for five people.
48
131000
4000
kada bih vidjela ove podatke i ovakav razvoj situacije, za samo pet ljudi.
02:30
And some sociologists actually feel that
49
135000
2000
Neki sociolozi smatraju da je to
02:32
it's a closure, it's a cocooning,
50
137000
5000
otuđivanje, zatvaranje u čahuru,
02:37
that we're disengaging from the public.
51
142000
2000
da se odvajamo od javnosti.
02:39
And I would actually, I would like to show you that
52
144000
2000
A ja bih vam, zapravo, htjela pokazati da
02:41
if we actually look at who is doing it,
53
146000
2000
ako pogledamo tko to radi
02:43
and from where they're doing it,
54
148000
2000
i odakle se to radi,
02:45
actually there is an incredible social transformation.
55
150000
3000
da je došlo do nevjerojatne društvene promjene.
02:48
There are three stories that I think are quite good examples.
56
153000
2000
Postoje tri priče koje smatram prilično dobrim primjerima.
02:50
The first gentleman, he's a baker.
57
155000
2000
Prvi gospodin je pekar.
02:52
And so he starts working every morning at four o'clock in the morning.
58
157000
3000
On svako jutro počinje raditi u 4 sata.
02:55
And around eight o'clock he sort of sneaks away from his oven,
59
160000
3000
Oko 8 sati nekako se uspije iskrasti,
02:58
cleans his hands from the flour
60
163000
2000
očistiti ruke od brašna
03:00
and calls his wife.
61
165000
2000
i nazvati svoju ženu.
03:02
He just wants to wish her a good day, because that's the start of her day.
62
167000
3000
Samo joj želi poželjeti dobar dan jer to je početak njezina dana.
03:05
And I've heard this story a number of times.
63
170000
3000
A ovakvu sam priču čula nebrojeno puta.
03:08
A young factory worker who works night shifts,
64
173000
3000
Tu je i mladi radnik u tvornici koji radi noćne smjene
03:11
who manages to sneak away from the factory floor,
65
176000
3000
i uspijeva se nakratko išuljati sa svog radnog mjesta
03:14
where there is CCTV by the way,
66
179000
2000
gdje, usput rečeno, postoji i nadzorna kamera,
03:16
and find a corner, where at 11 o'clock at night
67
181000
2000
te naći kutak odakle će u 23 sata
03:18
he can call his girlfriend and just say goodnight.
68
183000
3000
nazvati svoju djevojku samo da joj poželi laku noć.
03:21
Or a mother who, at four o'clock,
69
186000
2000
Ili majka dvoje djece, koja u 16 sati
03:23
suddenly manages to find a corner in the toilet
70
188000
3000
nađe kutak u WC-u
03:26
to check that her children are safely home.
71
191000
4000
kako bi nazvala djecu i provjerila jesu li kod kuće, na sigurnom.
03:30
Then there is another couple, there is a Brazilian couple.
72
195000
2000
Tu je i još jedan par, par iz Brazila.
03:32
They've lived in Italy for a number of years.
73
197000
2000
Puno su godina živjeli u Italiji.
03:34
They Skype with their families a few times a week.
74
199000
3000
Komunicirali su sa svojim obiteljima preko Skype-a nekoliko puta tjedno.
03:37
But once a fortnight, they actually put the computer on their dining table,
75
202000
4000
A svaka dva tjedna doslovno bi stavljali računalo na stol za vrijeme večere,
03:41
pull out the webcam and actually have dinner
76
206000
2000
uključili web-kameru i tako večerali
03:43
with their family in Sao Paulo. And they have a big event of it.
77
208000
3000
sa svojima u Sao Paolu. I to im je uvijek bio važan događaj.
03:46
And I heard this story the first time a couple of years ago
78
211000
3000
A takvu sam priču već čula prije nekoliko godina
03:49
from a very modest family
79
214000
2000
od skromne obitelji
03:51
of immigrants from Kosovo in Switzerland.
80
216000
3000
doseljenika iz Kosova u Švicarsku.
03:54
They had set up a big screen in their living room,
81
219000
3000
Postavili su veliki zaslon u svojoj dnevnoj sobi.
03:57
and every morning they had breakfast with their grandmother.
82
222000
3000
I preko njega su svako jutro doručkovali sa svojom bakom.
04:00
But Danny Miller, who is a very good anthropologist
83
225000
3000
A Danny Miller, izvrstan antropolog
04:03
who is working on Filipina migrant women
84
228000
5000
koji radi sa ženama doseljenicama s Filipina,
04:08
who leave their children back in the Philippines,
85
233000
3000
koje ostavljaju svoju djecu na Filipinima,
04:11
was telling me about how much parenting is going on
86
236000
3000
pričao mi je koliko se puno roditeljskog odgoja odvija
04:14
through Skype,
87
239000
2000
preko Skypea
04:16
and how much these mothers are engaged with their children through Skype.
88
241000
4000
i koliko su te žene povezane sa svojom djecom preko istog.
04:20
And then there is the third couple. They are two friends.
89
245000
3000
A tu je i treći par. To su dva prijatelja.
04:23
They chat to each other every day, a few times a day actually.
90
248000
4000
Dopisuju se međusobno svaki dan, zapravo nekoliko puta dnevno.
04:27
And finally, finally, they've managed to put
91
252000
2000
Napokon su uspjeli staviti
04:29
instant messaging on their computers at work.
92
254000
2000
instant poruke na računala na poslu.
04:31
And now, obviously, they have it open.
93
256000
2000
I sada se otvoreno dopisuju.
04:33
Whenever they have a moment they chat to each other.
94
258000
2000
Kad god imaju slobodnog vremena pričaju.
04:35
And this is exactly what we've been seeing
95
260000
2000
To je upravo ono što viđamo
04:37
with teenagers and kids doing it in school, under the table,
96
262000
3000
kod adolescenata i djece u školama, ispod stola
04:40
and texting under the table to their friends.
97
265000
3000
dok se dopisuju sa svojim prijateljima.
04:43
So, none of these cases are unique.
98
268000
2000
Nijedan od tih slučajeva nije poseban.
04:45
I mean, I could tell you hundreds of them.
99
270000
2000
Mislim, mogla bih vam govoriti o stotinama.
04:47
But what is really exceptional is the setting.
100
272000
3000
No, ono što je stvarno posebno jest okolina.
04:50
So, think of the three settings I've talked to you about:
101
275000
3000
Dakle, sjetite se tri slučaja o kojima sam vam govorila:
04:53
factory, migration, office.
102
278000
3000
tvornica, migracije, ured.
04:56
But it could be in a school, it could be an administration,
103
281000
3000
Ali to može biti škola, ured
04:59
it could be a hospital.
104
284000
2000
pa čak i bolnica.
05:01
Three settings that, if we just step back 15 years,
105
286000
2000
Tri okoline; ako se samo vratimo 15 godina unatrag,
05:03
if you just think back 15 years,
106
288000
3000
ako samo pomislite 15 godina unatrag,
05:06
when you clocked in,
107
291000
2000
kada ste zatvoreni,
05:08
when you clocked in to an office,
108
293000
2000
kada ste zatvoreni u uredu,
05:10
when you clocked in to a factory,
109
295000
2000
kada ste zatvoreni u tvornici,
05:12
there was no contact for the whole duration of the time,
110
297000
3000
tijekom cijelog radnog vremena nije bilo
05:15
there was no contact with your private sphere.
111
300000
3000
kontakta s vašom privatnošću.
05:18
If you were lucky there was a public phone hanging in the corridor or somewhere.
112
303000
4000
Ako ste imali sreće, javni telefon bio je u hodniku ili negdje drugdje.
05:22
If you were in management, oh, that was a different story.
113
307000
3000
Ako ste bili u menadžmentu, oh, to je bila druga priča.
05:25
Maybe you had a direct line.
114
310000
2000
Možda ste imali izravnu liniju.
05:27
If you were not, you maybe had to go through an operator.
115
312000
3000
Ako niste, morali ste ići preko operatera.
05:30
But basically, when you walked into those buildings,
116
315000
3000
Ali kada biste ušli u te zgrade,
05:33
the private sphere was left behind you.
117
318000
3000
vaš privatni život ostajao je vani.
05:36
And this has become such a norm of our professional lives,
118
321000
5000
I to je postala norma naših profesionalnih života,
05:41
such a norm and such an expectation.
119
326000
2000
kao norma i kao očekivanje.
05:43
And it had nothing to do with technical capability.
120
328000
3000
I to nije imalo nikakve veze s tehničkim mogućnostima.
05:46
The phones were there. But the expectation was once you moved in there
121
331000
3000
Telefoni su bili tamo. No, očekivanje nakon što ste se preselili tamo,
05:49
your commitment was fully to the task at hand,
122
334000
3000
vaša predanost bila je usmjerena na zadatak pred vama
05:52
fully to the people around you.
123
337000
3000
i ljudima oko vas.
05:55
That was where the focus had to be.
124
340000
2000
Tamo je vaš fokus i trebao biti.
05:57
And this has become such a cultural norm
125
342000
3000
I to je postala takva kulturalna norma
06:00
that we actually school our children for them to be capable to do this cleavage.
126
345000
4000
da mi djecu čak školujemo da budu sposobna učiniti to odvajanje.
06:04
If you think nursery, kindergarten, first years of school
127
349000
2000
To je ako mislite da su jaslice, dječji vrtići, prve godine školovanja
06:06
are just dedicated to take away the children,
128
351000
3000
samo posvećeni oduzimanju djece
06:09
to make them used to staying long hours away from their family.
129
354000
4000
da ih priviknu na višesatne boravke daleko od svojih obitelji.
06:13
And then the school enacts perfectly well.
130
358000
2000
A onda se škola savršeno uklapa,
06:15
It mimics perfectly all the rituals that we will find in offices:
131
360000
3000
oponaša savršeno sve rituale koje ćemo početi u uredima,
06:18
rituals of entry, rituals of exit,
132
363000
3000
rituale ulaska, izlaska,
06:21
the schedules, the uniforms in this country,
133
366000
4000
raspored, uniforme u ovoj zemlji,
06:25
things that identify you, team-building activities,
134
370000
3000
stvari koje vas identificiraju, aktivnosti za timski razvoj,
06:28
team building that will allow you to basically
135
373000
3000
timski razvoj koji će vam dopustiti da budete
06:31
be with a random group of kids, or a random group of people
136
376000
3000
s nasumičnom grupom djece ili nasumičnom grupom ljudi
06:34
that you will have to be with for a number of time.
137
379000
3000
s kojom ćete morati biti nebrojeno puta.
06:37
And of course, the major thing:
138
382000
2000
I naravno, glavna stvar:
06:39
learn to pay attention,
139
384000
2000
naučiti da obraćate pažnju,
06:41
to concentrate and focus your attention.
140
386000
3000
da se koncentrirate i usmjerite pažnju.
06:44
This only started about 150 years ago.
141
389000
2000
Ovo je počelo tek prije 150 godina.
06:46
It only started with the birth of modern bureaucracy,
142
391000
3000
Počelo je s rođenjem moderne birokracije
06:49
and of industrial revolution.
143
394000
2000
i industrijskom revolucijom.
06:51
When people basically had to go somewhere else to work
144
396000
3000
Kada su ljudi u biti morali ići negdje drugdje na posao
06:54
and carry out the work.
145
399000
2000
i obavljati ga.
06:56
And when with modern bureaucracy there was a very rational approach,
146
401000
3000
I kada se s modernom birokracijom pojavio vrlo racionalan pristup,
06:59
where there was a clear distinction between the private sphere
147
404000
2000
gdje je bila jasna razdvojenost između privatne
07:01
and the public sphere.
148
406000
2000
i javne sfere života.
07:03
So, until then, basically people were living on top of their trades.
149
408000
4000
Dakle, do tada su ljudi živjeli iznad svojih zanata.
07:07
They were living on top of the land they were laboring.
150
412000
3000
Živjeli su na imanju na kojem su radili.
07:10
They were living on top of the workshops where they were working.
151
415000
3000
Živjeli su iznad radionica u kojima su radili.
07:13
And if you think, it's permeated our whole culture,
152
418000
2000
I, ako razmislite, to se probilo u našu cjelokupnu kulturu,
07:15
even our cities.
153
420000
2000
čak i naše gradove.
07:17
If you think of medieval cities, medieval cities the boroughs
154
422000
3000
I ako se sjetite srednjovjekovnih gradova i općina,
07:20
all have the names of the guilds and professions that lived there.
155
425000
3000
svi imaju nazive obrta i zanimanja koja su u njima postojala.
07:23
Now we have sprawling residential suburbias
156
428000
3000
Sada imamo rascjepkana naseljena predgrađa
07:26
that are well distinct from production areas
157
431000
3000
koja su jasno razgraničena od industrijskih zona
07:29
and commercial areas.
158
434000
3000
i komercijalnih područja.
07:32
And actually, over these 150 years,
159
437000
2000
Ustvari, tijekom tih 150 godina,
07:34
there has been a very clear class system that also has emerged.
160
439000
3000
postojao je vrlo jasan klasni sustav.
07:37
So the lower the status of the job
161
442000
4000
Dakle, što niži status u poslu osoba ima,
07:41
and of the person carrying out, the more removed
162
446000
2000
to se više udaljava
07:43
he would be from his personal sphere.
163
448000
3000
od svog privatnog života.
07:46
People have taken this amazing possibility
164
451000
3000
Ljudi su iskoristili ovu nevjerojatnu mogućnost
07:49
of actually being in contact all through the day
165
454000
2000
da budu u kontaktu tijekom cijeloga dana
07:51
or in all types of situations.
166
456000
2000
ili u bilo kojoj situaciji.
07:53
And they are doing it massively.
167
458000
2000
I to rade masovno.
07:55
The Pew Institute, which produces good data
168
460000
2000
Institut Pew koji redovito daje dobre podatke,
07:57
on a regular basis on, for instance, in the States,
169
462000
3000
npr. u SAD-u,
08:00
says that -- and I think that this number is conservative --
170
465000
2000
kaže da – a ja mislim da je taj broj zastario –
08:02
50 percent of anybody with email access at work
171
467000
4000
50 posto ljudi koji imaju pristup e-mailu na poslu,
08:06
is actually doing private email from his office.
172
471000
3000
šalju privatne e-mailove iz ureda.
08:09
I really think that the number is conservative.
173
474000
4000
Uistinu mislim da je taj broj zastario.
08:13
In my own research, we saw that the peak for private email
174
478000
2000
U vlastitom istraživanju uočili smo da se najveći broj privatne elektronske pošte
08:15
is actually 11 o'clock in the morning, whatever the country.
175
480000
4000
šalje u 11 sati prije podne, bez obzira o kojoj zemlji bila riječ.
08:19
75 percent of people admit doing private
176
484000
3000
75 posto ljudi priznaje da obavljaju privatne
08:22
conversations from work on their mobile phones.
177
487000
3000
razgovore mobitelom dok su na poslu.
08:25
100 percent are using text.
178
490000
3000
100 posto ih šalje SMS-ove.
08:28
The point is that this re-appropriation of the personal sphere
179
493000
4000
Stvar je u tome da miješanje privatnog i poslovnog dijela života
08:32
is not terribly successful with all institutions.
180
497000
3000
nije vrlo uspješno u svim ustanovama.
08:35
I'm always surprised the U.S. Army
181
500000
2000
Uvijek me iznenadi što sociolozi američke vojske
08:37
sociologists are discussing of the impact
182
502000
2000
raspravljaju o npr. utjecaju
08:39
for instance, of soldiers in Iraq
183
504000
2000
svakodnevnih razgovora s obitelji
08:41
having daily contact with their families.
184
506000
3000
na vojnike u Iraku.
08:44
But there are many institutions that are actually blocking this access.
185
509000
6000
Ali mnoge institucije zabranjuju taj pristup.
08:50
And every day, every single day,
186
515000
2000
Svakodnevno, svaki dan,
08:52
I read news that makes me cringe,
187
517000
2000
čitam u novinama vijesti od kojih se naježim,
08:54
like a $15 fine
188
519000
2000
kao npr. 15 dolara kazne
08:56
to kids in Texas,
189
521000
2000
djeci u Texasu
08:58
for using, every time they take out their mobile phone in school.
190
523000
3000
svaki puta kada izvade mobitel u školi.
09:01
Immediate dismissal to bus drivers in New York,
191
526000
4000
Automatski otkaz vozačima autobusa u New Yorku
09:05
if seen with a mobile phone in a hand.
192
530000
2000
ako su viđeni sa mobitelom u ruci.
09:07
Companies blocking access to IM or to Facebook.
193
532000
6000
Tvrtke blokiraju pristup dopisivanju preko interneta ili Facebooku.
09:13
Behind issues of security and safety,
194
538000
3000
Iza problema sigurnosti,
09:16
which have always been the arguments for social control,
195
541000
3000
koja je uvijek bila argument za društvenu kontrolu,
09:19
in fact what is going on is that
196
544000
2000
zapravo ono što se događa je da te
09:21
these institutions are trying to decide
197
546000
4000
tvrtke pokušavaju odrediti
09:25
who, in fact, has a right to self determine their attention,
198
550000
3000
tko ima pravo na samoopredjeljenje,
09:28
to decide, whether they should, or not, be isolated.
199
553000
4000
odlučuju tko bi trebao, a tko ne, biti izoliran.
09:32
And they are actually trying to block, in a certain sense,
200
557000
6000
I zapravo pokušavaju zaustaviti, u nekom smislu,
09:38
this movement of a greater possibility of intimacy.
201
563000
7000
taj pokret za veću mogućnost privatnosti.
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Stefana Broadbent - Tech anthropologistStefana Broadbent watches us while we communicate, work and go about our daily lives. She is one of a new class of ethnographers who study the way our social habits and relationships function and mutate in the digital age.
Why you should listen
Stefana Broadbent, a cognitive scientist, has spent decades observing people as they use technology, both at home and at work and everything in between. She looks at the way we use digital channels to forge relationships, to perform our jobs, to engage as citizens, to learn and care for others.
Using traditional and evolving ethnographic practices in her research, now at If You Want To and formerly as Head of Collective Intelligence at NESTA and a Lecturer in Digital Anthropology at University College London, she has made some surprising findings. Did you know, for instance, that the majority of our digital interactions are still with 4 or 5 of our closest ties? Or that one the most significant transformation in our working life has been the possibility of keeping in touch with our loved ones from our workplace?
Stefana Broadbent | Speaker | TED.com