TEDIndia 2009
Romulus Whitaker: The real danger lurking in the water
Romulus Whitaker: Prava opasnost koja vreba iz vode
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Gavijal i kraljevska kobra dva su od najznačajnijih indijskih gmazova i ugroženi su zbog onečišćenih vodotokova. Konzervacionist Romulus Whitaker pokazuje nam rijetke snimke ovih veličanstvenih životinja i poziva nas da sačuvamo rijeke koje održavaju njihove živote kao i naše.
Romulus Whitaker - Herpetologist
Romulus Whitaker is a scientist and conservationist who slings around the globe to study and protect reptiles. Full bio
Romulus Whitaker is a scientist and conservationist who slings around the globe to study and protect reptiles. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
I want you to put off your preconceptions,
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Htio bih da odbacite sve predrasude,
00:18
your preconceived fears and thoughts about reptiles.
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usađene strahove i stavove o reptilima
00:23
Because that is the only way I'm going to get my story across to you.
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jer vam jedino na taj način mogu prenijeti svoju priču.
00:26
And by the way, if I come across as a sort of
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Usput, ako vam budem odavao dojam
00:29
rabid, hippie conservationist,
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zadrtog, hippie zaštitnika životinja,
00:31
it's purely a figment of your imagination.
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to je samo vaša mašta.
00:34
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
00:39
Okay. We are actually the first species on Earth
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Dobro. Mi smo zapravo prva vrsta na Zemlji
00:42
to be so prolific to actually threaten our own survival.
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koja je toliko produktivna da zapravo ugrožava svoj vlastiti opstanak.
00:47
And I know we've all seen images enough to make us numb,
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Znam da smo svi vidjeli hrpu slika koje su nas otupjele,
00:50
of the tragedies that we're perpetrating on the planet.
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slike tragedija koje smo skrivili ovoj planeti.
00:55
We're kind of like greedy kids, using it all up, aren't we?
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Ponašamo se kao pohlepna djeca, iskorištavamo sve što možemo, zar ne?
00:57
And today is a time for me to talk to you about water.
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Danas je došao trenutak da vam pričam o vodi.
01:03
It's not only because we like to drink lots of it,
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Ne samo zato što volimo puno piti vodu
01:06
and its marvelous derivatives, beer, wine, etc.
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i njene predivne derivate, pivo, vino itd.,
01:11
And, of course, watch it fall from the sky
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gledati ju kako pada s neba
01:13
and flow in our wonderful rivers,
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i teče u našim prekrasnim rijekama,
01:16
but for several other reasons as well.
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nego i zbog nekoliko drugih razloga.
01:18
When I was a kid, growing up in New York,
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Kad sam bio dijete, odrastajući u New Yorku,
01:20
I was smitten by snakes, the same way most kids are
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zmije su me oduševile na isti način kao što većinu klinaca
01:22
smitten by tops, marbles, cars, trains, cricket balls.
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privuku zvrkovi, špekule, auti, vlakovi, loptice.
01:27
And my mother, brave lady,
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I moja je majka, hrabra žena,
01:29
was partly to blame,
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dijelom zaslužna za to,
01:31
taking me to the New York Natural History Museum,
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jer me vodila u Prirodoslovni muzej u New Yorku,
01:33
buying me books on snakes,
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kupovala mi knjige o zmijama
01:35
and then starting this infamous career of mine,
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sve dok nisam počeo ovu svoju ozloglašenu karijeru,
01:39
which has culminated in
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koja je kulminirala,
01:41
of course, arriving in India 60 years ago,
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naravno, dolaskom u Indiju prije 60 godina,
01:45
brought by my mother, Doris Norden,
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gdje me dovela moja majka, Doris Norden,
01:47
and my stepfather, Rama Chattopadhyaya.
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i moj očuh, Rama Chattopadhyaya.
01:49
It's been a roller coaster ride.
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Bilo je burno.
01:53
Two animals, two iconic reptiles
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Dvije životinje, dva božanstvena reptila
01:55
really captivated me very early on.
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očarala su me vrlo brzo.
01:58
One of them was the remarkable gharial.
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Jedan od njih bio je nevjerojatni gavijal.
02:01
This crocodile, which grows to almost 20 feet long
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Ovaj krokodil, koji može narasti do gotovo šest metara dužine
02:03
in the northern rivers,
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u sjevernim rijekama,
02:05
and this charismatic snake, the king cobra.
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i ova karizmatična zmija, kraljevska kobra.
02:10
What my purpose of the talk today really is,
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Svrha ovog mog današnjeg govora je
02:12
is to sort of indelibly scar your minds
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da na neki način ostavim trag u vašim glavama
02:15
with these charismatic and majestic creatures.
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o ovim karizmatičnim i maestralnim stvorenjima.
02:18
Because this is what you will take away from here,
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To je ono što se nadam da ćete ponijeti odavde,
02:21
a reconnection with nature, I hope.
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ponovno uspostavljenu vezu s prirodom.
02:26
The king cobra is quite remarkable for several reasons.
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Kraljevska kobra je veličanstvena iz nekoliko razloga.
02:29
What you're seeing here is very recently shot images
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Ovo što vidite su nedavno snimljene slike
02:32
in a forest nearby here,
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iz obližnje šume,
02:34
of a female king cobra making her nest.
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ženke kraljevske kobre kako pravi gnijezdo.
02:36
Here is a limbless animal, capable of gathering a huge mound of leaves,
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Vidimo životinju bez udova sposobnu prikupiti ogromnu hrpu lišća
02:40
and then laying her eggs inside,
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i onda snijeti svoja jaja unutra,
02:42
to withstand 5 to 10 [meters of rainfall],
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podnijeti 5 do 10 metara oborina,
02:46
in order that the eggs can incubate over the next 90 days,
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kako bi jaja prošla inkubaciju kroz sljedećih 90 dana
02:49
and hatch into little baby king cobras.
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i kako bi se izlegle male kraljevske kobre.
02:51
So, she protects her eggs,
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Dakle, ona štiti svoja jaja
02:53
and after three months,
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i nakon tri mjeseca
02:56
the babies finally do hatch out.
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se bebe napokon izlegu.
02:58
A majority of them will die, of course. There is very high mortality
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Većina će ih naravno umrijeti. Smrtnost kod mladih reptila
03:01
in little baby reptiles who are just 10 to 12 inches long.
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koji su samo 25 do 30 cm dugi jako je velika.
03:06
My first experience with king cobras was in '72
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Moje prvo iskustvo s kraljevskim kobrama bilo je ´72. godine,
03:08
at a magical place called Agumbe,
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u magičnom mjestu nazvanom Agumbe,
03:11
in Karnataka, this state.
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u Karnataci, ovoj državi.
03:14
And it is a marvelous rain forest.
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I to je prekrasna prašuma.
03:17
This first encounter
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Prvi susret
03:19
was kind of like the
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je bio nešto kao
03:21
Maasai boy who kills the lion to become a warrior.
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kad mladi Masai ubije lava da bi postao ratnik.
03:25
It really changed my life totally.
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To je potpuno promijenilo moj život.
03:27
And it brought me straight into the conservation fray.
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I odvelo me ravno u bavljenje zaštitom životinja.
03:30
I ended up starting this research
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Na kraju sam pokrenuo ovo istraživanje
03:32
and education station in Agumbe,
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i edukacijsku postaju u Agumbeu,
03:34
which you are all of course invited to visit.
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koju ste svi pozvani posjetiti.
03:37
This is basically a base wherein
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U osnovi, to je baza u kojoj
03:39
we are trying to gather and learn
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pokušavamo skupiti i naučiti
03:41
virtually everything about the biodiversity
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sve o biološkoj raznolikosti
03:43
of this incredibly complex forest system,
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ovog nevjerojatno kompleksnog šumskog sistema,
03:46
and try to hang on to what's there,
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pokušavamo očuvati ono što imamo
03:48
make sure the water sources are protected and kept clean,
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i osigurati da su izvori vode zaštićeni i čisti,
03:51
and of course, having a good time too.
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i naravno, zabavljamo se također.
03:54
You can almost hear the drums
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Skoro da možete i sad čuti udaranje bubnjeva
03:56
throbbing back in that little cottage where we stay when we're there.
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u maloj kolibici gdje budemo kad smo tamo.
04:01
It was very important for us to get through to the people.
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Za nas je jako važno da dopremo do ljudi.
04:05
And through the children is usually the way to go.
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Najlakše je preko djece.
04:08
They are fascinated with snakes. They haven't got
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Oni su fascinirani zmijama. Oni nemaju
04:10
that steely thing that you end up
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onu kočnicu zbog koje ih se na kraju
04:13
either fearing or hating or despising or loathing them in some way.
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ljudi boje ili ih mrze i preziru na neki način.
04:17
They are interested.
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Djeca su zainteresirana.
04:19
And it really works to start with them.
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I stvarno upali ako krenete od njih.
04:21
This gives you an idea of the size of some of these snakes.
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Ovo vam pomaže da si zamislite veličinu nekih od tih zmija.
04:23
This is an average size king cobra, about 12 feet long.
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Ovo je kraljevska kobra prosječne veličine, oko 3,5 m dužine,
04:26
And it actually crawled into somebody's bathroom,
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koja se uvukla u nečiju kupaonicu
04:28
and was hanging around there for two or three days.
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i tamo ostala dva, tri dana.
04:30
The people of this part of India
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Ljudi iz toga dijela Indije
04:32
worship the king cobra.
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štuju kraljevsku kobru
04:34
And they didn't kill it. They called us to catch it.
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pa je nisu ubili. Zvali su nas da je uhvatimo.
04:36
Now we've caught more than 100 king cobras
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Mi smo ulovili više od sto kraljevskih kobri
04:38
over the last three years,
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u zadnje tri godine
04:40
and relocated them in nearby forests.
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i premjestili ih u obližnje šume.
04:43
But in order to find out the real secrets of these creatures
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Ali da bismo saznali sve o tim stvorenjima
04:46
[it was necessary] for us to actually insert
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bilo je potrebno da u njih umetnemo
04:49
a small radio transmitter inside [each] snake.
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male radio odašiljače.
04:52
Now we are able to follow them and find out their secrets,
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Sada ih možemo pratiti i otkriti njihove tajne,
04:56
where the babies go after they hatch,
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kamo mladi idu nakon što se izlegnu
04:59
and remarkable things like this you're about to see.
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i nevjerojatne stvari koje ćete sada vidjeti.
05:03
This was just a few days ago in Agumbe.
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Ovo je bilo prije samo nekoliko dana u Agumbeu.
05:05
I had the pleasure of being close to this large king cobra
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Imao sam zadovoljstvo da budem blizu ovoj velikoj kraljevskoj kobri
05:10
who had caught a venomous pit viper.
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koja je ulovila otrovnu jamičarku.
05:12
And it does it in such a way that it doesn't get bitten itself.
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To je napravila tako da nju samu jamičarka nije ugrizla.
05:15
And king cobras feed only on snakes.
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Kraljevske kobre se hrane samo zmijama.
05:19
This [little snake] was kind of a tid-bit for it,
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Ova mala zmija bila je prava poslastica za nju,
05:21
what we'd call a "vadai" or a donut or something like that.
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ono što bismo mi nazvali „vadai“ ili krafna ili tako nešto.
05:23
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
05:26
Usually they eat something a bit larger.
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Obično jedu nešto malo veće.
05:28
In this case a rather strange and inexplicable
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Dogodila se jedna čudna i neobjašnjiva aktivnost
05:32
activity happened over the last breeding season,
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tijekom zadnje sezone parenja,
05:35
wherein a large male king cobra actually grabbed a female king cobra,
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kad je veliki mužjak kraljevske kobre zgrabio ženku kraljevske kobre,
05:39
didn't mate with it, actually killed it and swallowed it.
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nije se pario s njom, nego ju je ubio i progutao.
05:42
We're still trying to explain and come to terms with
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Još uvijek to pokušavamo objasniti i shvatiti
05:44
what is the evolutionary advantage of this.
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koje bi mogle biti evolucijske prednosti toga.
05:49
But they do also a lot of other remarkable things.
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Ali oni isto tako rade i druge nevjerojatne stvari.
05:52
This is again, something [we were able to see] by virtue of the fact
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Ovo je opet nešto što smo mogli vidjeti samo zbog činjenice
05:54
that we had a radio transmitter in one of the snakes.
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da smo stavili odašiljač u jednu od zmija;
05:57
This male snake, 12 feet long, met another male king cobra.
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ovaj mužjak, dugačak 3,5m, sreo je drugog mužjaka kraljevske kobre.
06:00
And they did this incredible ritual combat dance.
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Otplesali su jedan nevjerojatni ritualno-borbeni ples.
06:04
It's very much like the rutting of mammals, including humans,
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Vrlo je sličan tjeranju kod sisavaca, uključujući i čovjeka;
06:06
you know, sorting out our differences, but gentler, no biting allowed.
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znate, obračunavanje, ali nježnije, ugrizi nisu dozvoljeni.
06:10
It's just a wresting match,
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To je samo hrvanje,
06:12
but a remarkable activity.
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ali svejedno nevjerojatna aktivnost.
06:14
Now, what are we doing with all this information?
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E sad, što mi radimo sa svim tim informacijama?
06:16
What's the point of all this?
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Koja je svrha svega toga?
06:18
Well, the king cobra is literally
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Dakle, kraljevska kobra je doslovno
06:20
a keystone species in these rainforests.
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ključna vrsta u tim prašumama.
06:23
And our job is to convince the authorities
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Naš je posao da uvjerimo vlast
06:27
that these forests have to be protected.
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da te šume moraju biti zaštićene.
06:29
And this is one of the ways we do it,
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Jedan od načina da to učinimo
06:31
by learning as much as we can
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je da naučimo sve što možemo
06:33
about something so remarkable and so iconic in the rainforests there,
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o nečemu tako izvanrednom i tako božanstvenom u prašumi,
06:37
in order to help protect trees, animals
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kako bismo pomogli zaštititi drveće, životinje
06:40
and of course the water sources.
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i, naravno, vodu.
06:42
You've all heard, perhaps, of Project Tiger
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Možda ste svi čuli za Projekt tigar
06:44
which started back in the early '70s,
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koji je pokrenut u ranim ´70-ima,
06:47
which was, in fact, a very dynamic time for conservation.
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koje su zapravo bile vrlo dinamično doba za zaštitu prirode.
06:51
We were piloted, I could say,
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Vodila nas je, mogao bih reći,
06:54
by a highly autocratic stateswoman,
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vrlo diktatorski nastrojena političarka,
06:56
but who also had an incredible passion for environment.
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ali s velikom strašću za okoliš.
07:00
And this is the time when Project Tiger emerged.
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U to je vrijeme Projekt tigar nastao.
07:03
And, just like Project Tiger,
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Isto kao u tom Projektu,
07:06
our activities with the king cobra
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naša djelatnost danas s kobrama
07:08
is to look at a species of animal
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je da se usredotočimo na jednu vrstu
07:10
so that we protect its habitat and everything within it.
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kako bismo zaštitili njeno stanište i sve u njemu.
07:13
So, the tiger is the icon.
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Dakle, tigar je ikona.
07:15
And now the king cobra is a new one.
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A sada je i kraljevska kobra nova ikona.
07:19
All the major rivers in south India
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Sve velike rijeke u južnoj Indiji
07:21
are sourced in the Western Ghats,
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izviru u Zapadnim Gatima,
07:23
the chain of hills running along the west coast of India.
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lancu brežuljaka koji se prostire duž zapadne indijske obale.
07:27
It pours out millions of gallons every hour,
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Milijuni litara protječu svakog sata
07:30
and supplies drinking water to at least 300 million people,
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i opskrbljuju pitkom vodom najmanje 300 milijuna ljudi,
07:34
and washes many, many babies,
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peru se mnoga djeca,
07:37
and of course feeds many, many animals,
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hrane mnoge životinje,
07:40
both domestic and wild,
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domaće i divlje,
07:42
produces thousands of tons of rice.
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proizvode se tisuće tona riže.
07:44
And what do we do? How do we respond to this?
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A što mi radimo? Kako mi odgovaramo na to?
07:46
Well, basically, we dam it, we pollute it,
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Pa, zapravo postavljamo brane, zagađujemo ju,
07:48
we pour in pesticides, weedicides, fungicides.
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usipavamo razne vrste pesticida, herbicida, fungicida.
07:51
You drink it in peril of your life.
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Pijemo vodu koja ugrožava naš život.
07:54
And the thing is, it's not just big industry.
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Stvar je u tome što to ne radi samo krupna industrija.
07:57
It's not misguided river engineers
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Ne rade to samo zabludjeli riječni inžinjeri
07:59
who are doing all this; it's us.
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-- to radimo i mi.
08:01
It seems that our citizens find the best way to dispose of garbage
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Čini se da je bacanje smeća u vodu našim građanima
08:05
are in water sources.
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najbolji način da ga se riješe.
08:07
Okay. Now we're going north, very far north.
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Dobro. Idemo sada na sjever, daleko na sjever.
08:10
North central India, the Chambal River
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Sjever središnje Indije -- na rijeci Chambal
08:12
is where we have our base.
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imamo svoje sjedište.
08:14
This is the home of the gharial, this incredible crocodile.
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Ovo je i dom gavijala, nevjerojatnog krokodila.
08:18
It is an animal which has been on the Earth
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To je životinja koja je na Zemlji
08:21
for just about 100 million years.
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već nekih 100 milijuna godina.
08:24
It survived even during the time that the dinosaurs died off.
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Preživjela je čak i izumiranje dinosaura.
08:28
It has remarkable features.
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Ima izvanredne osobine.
08:30
Even though it grows to 20 feet long,
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Iako naraste i do 6 metara,
08:32
since it eats only fish it's not dangerous to human beings.
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jede samo ribu pa nije opasan za ljude.
08:35
It does have big teeth, however,
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Međutim, ima velike zube
08:37
and it's kind of hard to convince people
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i teško je uvjeriti ljude
08:39
if an animal has big teeth, that it's a harmless creature.
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da je životinja s velikim zubima bezopasno stvorenje.
08:42
But we, actually, back in the early '70s,
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U ranim smo 70-ima
08:46
did surveys,
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napravili istraživanja
08:48
and found that gharial were extremely rare.
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i saznali kako je gavijal jako rijedak.
08:52
In fact, if you see the map,
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Zapravo, ako biste pogledali kartu,
08:54
the range of their original habitat
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vidjeli biste da mu se prvotno stanište
08:56
was all the way from the Indus in Pakistan
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prostiralo od Indusa u Pakistanu
08:59
to the Irrawaddy in Burma.
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do Irrawaddyja u Burmi.
09:01
And now it's just limited to a couple of spots
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Sada je ograničeno na nekoliko mjesta
09:03
in Nepal and India.
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u Nepalu i Indiji.
09:05
So, in fact at this point
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Tako da danas
09:08
there are only 200 breeding gharial left in the wild.
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postoje samo 200 gavijala u divljini sposobnih za reprodukciju.
09:12
So, starting in the mid-'70s
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Dakle, sredinom 70-ih,
09:14
when conservation was at the fore,
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kada je zaštita životinja bila stvar primarne važnosti,
09:17
we were actually able to start projects which were
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bili smo u mogućnosti započeti projekte u kojima
09:20
basically government supported
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nas je vlada podupirala,
09:22
to collect eggs from the wild from the few remaining nests
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a sastojali su se u skupljanju jaja iz rijetkih preostalih divljih gnijezda
09:25
and release 5,000 baby gharial
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i puštanju 5.000 mladih gavijala
09:27
back to the wild.
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u divljinu.
09:29
And pretty soon we were seeing sights like this.
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Uskoro smo viđali ovakve prizore.
09:32
I mean, just incredible to see bunches of gharial
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Mislim, jednostavno je prekrasno vidjeti hrpe gavijala
09:35
basking on the river again.
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kako ponovno uživaju u rijeci.
09:37
But complacency does have a tendency to breed contempt.
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Ali samozadovoljstvo zna uzrokovati prezir.
09:41
And, sure enough, with all the other pressures on the river,
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I sigurno je da sve što se događa na rijeci,
09:44
like sand mining, for example,
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kao na primjer iskopavanje pijeska,
09:47
very, very heavy cultivation all the way down to the river's edge,
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žestoka poljoprivreda cijelom dužinom rijeke,
09:51
not allowing the animals to breed anymore,
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ne dopušta životinjama rasplod
09:53
we're looking at
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pa se suočavamo sa
09:56
even more problems building up for the gharial,
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sve većim problemima za gavijala,
09:59
despite the early good intentions.
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usprkos svim ranijim dobrim namjerama.
10:01
Their nests hatching along the riverside
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Njihova gnijezda uzduž rijeke
10:05
producing hundreds of hatchlings. It's just an amazing sight.
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koja proizvode stotine mladih. To je jednostavno predivan prizor.
10:08
This was actually just taken last year.
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Ovo je slikano prošle godine.
10:10
But then the monsoon arrives,
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Ali onda stigne sezona monsuna,
10:14
and unfortunately downriver there is always a dam or
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a na nesreću, niz rijeku je uvijek brana
10:16
there is always a barrage,
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ili nasip
10:18
and, shoop, they get washed down to their doom.
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i shoop, budu povučeni vodom prema svojoj propasti.
10:22
Luckily there is still a lot of interest.
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Srećom, još uvijek postoji zanimanje.
10:24
My pals in the Crocodile Specialist Group of the IUCN,
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Moji prijatelji u Crocodile Specialist Group iz IUCN-a,
10:27
the [Madras Crocodile Bank], an NGO,
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Madras Crocodile Bank, nevladina organizacija,
10:29
the World Wildlife Fund,
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World Wildlife Fund,
10:31
the Wildlife Institute of India, State Forest Departments,
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Wildlife Institute of India, State Forest Department
10:34
and the Ministry of Environment, we all work together on stuff.
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i Ministarstvo okoliša -- mi svi radimo zajedno na projektima.
10:37
But it's possibly, and definitely not enough.
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Ali vrlo je moguće, zapravo definitivno je da to nije dovoljno.
10:41
For example, in the winter of 2007 and 2008,
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Na primjer, zime 2007. i 2008. godine,
10:46
there was this incredible die-off of gharial, in the Chambal River.
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pojavilo se nevjerojatno odumiranje gavijala u rijeci Chambal.
10:50
Suddenly dozens of gharial appearing on the river, dead.
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Puno gavijala se odjedanput počelo pojavljivati mrtvo u rijeci.
10:52
Why? How could it happen?
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Zašto? Kako se to dogodilo?
10:54
This is a relatively clean river.
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To je relativno čista rijeka.
10:56
The Chambal, if you look at it, has clear water.
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Chambal, ako ju pogledate, ima bistru vodu.
10:59
People scoop water out of the Chambal and drink it,
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Ljudi uzimaju vodu iz nje i piju je,
11:01
something you wouldn't do in most north Indian rivers.
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nešto što se ne radi u većini drugih rijeka na sjeveru Indije.
11:04
So, in order to try to find out the answer to this,
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Da bismo otkrili koji je odgovor na ta pitanja,
11:07
we got veterinarians from all over the world
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zaposlili smo veterinare iz cijelog svijeta
11:09
working with Indian vets to try to figure out what was happening.
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da u suradnji s lokalnim veterinarima otkriju što se dogodilo.
11:12
I was there for a lot of the necropsies on the riverside.
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Bio sam prisutan na mnogo nekropsija na rijeci.
11:16
And we actually looked through
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Stvarno smo pregledali
11:18
all their organs and tried to figure out what was going on.
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sve organe i pokušali otkriti što se zbiva.
11:21
And it came down to something called gout,
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Na kraju se radilo o nečemu što se naziva giht
11:24
which, as a result of kidney breakdown
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-- nakon što bubrezi prestanu raditi,
11:27
is actually uric acid crystals throughout the body,
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kristali mokraćne kiseline šire se po tijelu,
11:30
and worse in the joints,
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a što je najgore i po zglobovima
11:33
which made the gharial unable to swim.
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što je onemogućilo gavijalima da plivaju.
11:36
And it's a horribly painful death.
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A to je užasno bolna smrt.
11:38
Just downriver from the Chambal is the
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Samo malo nizvodno od Chambala
11:40
filthy Yamuna river, the sacred Yamuna river.
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nalazi se prljava rijeka Yamuna, sveta rijeka Yamuna.
11:43
And I hate to be so ironic and sarcastic about it
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Žao mi je što moram biti tako ironičan i sarkastičan oko toga,
11:47
but it's the truth. It's just one of the filthiest cesspools you can imagine.
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ali to je istina. To je jedna od najprljavijih septičkih jama što možete zamisliti.
11:50
It flows down through Delhi, Mathura, Agra,
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Teče kroz Delhi, Mathuru, Agru
11:54
and gets just about every bit of effluent you can imagine.
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i dobiva sav otpad koji možete zamisliti.
11:57
So, it seemed that the toxin that was killing the gharial
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Dakle, ispalo je da je toksin koji je ubijao gavijala
12:01
was something in the food chain,
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dolazio iz hranidbenog lanca,
12:03
something in the fish they were eating.
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iz ribe koju su jeli.
12:05
And, you know, once a toxin is in the food chain
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Znate, jednom kad je toksin u hranidbenom lancu,
12:07
everything is affected, including us.
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utječe na sve pa i na nas.
12:10
Because these rivers are the lifeblood of people all along their course.
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Ove rijeke su vrlo važne za ljude cijelim svojim tokom.
12:14
In order to try to answer some of these questions,
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Da bismo odgovorili na sva ta pitanja,
12:16
we again turn to technology,
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opet smo se okrenuli tehnologiji
12:18
to biological technology, in this case,
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biološkoj tehnologiji, u ovom slučaju
12:21
again, telemetry, putting radios on 10 gharial,
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opet telemetriji -- stavili smo radio na 10 gavijala
12:25
and actually following their movements. They're being watched
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i pratili njihova kretanja. Još ih uvijek svaki dan pratimo
12:27
everyday as we speak, to try to find out
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da bismo otkrili
12:29
what this mysterious toxin is.
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što je taj misteriozni toksin.
12:32
The Chambal river is an absolutely incredible place.
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Rijeka Chambal je apsolutno nevjerojatno mjesto.
12:36
It's a place that's famous to a lot of you who know
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Poznato je mnogima koji znaju
12:39
about the bandits, the dacoits
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za bandite, dakoite
12:42
who used to work up there. And there still are quite a few around.
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koji su tamo obitavali. Ima ih još uvijek.
12:45
But Poolan Devi was one [of them]. Which actually Shekhar Kapur
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Poolan Devi bio je jedan od njih. Shekhar Kapur
12:48
made an incredible movie, "The Bandit Queen," which I urge you to see.
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je napravio izvanredan film, Bandit Queen, koji morate pogledati.
12:51
You'll get to see the incredible [Chambal] landscape as well.
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U njemu možete isto tako vidjeti i divan chambalski krajolik.
12:54
But, again, heavy fishing pressures.
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No, imamo i velike izlove ribe.
12:58
This is one of the last repositories of the
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Ovo je jedno od zadnjih staništa
13:01
Ganges river dolphin,
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gangeškog riječkog dupina,
13:03
various species of turtles,
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različitih vrsta kornjača,
13:05
thousands of migratory birds,
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tisuća migrirajućih ptica,
13:07
and fishing is causing problems like this.
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a ribolov izaziva probleme kao ove.
13:10
And now [these] new elements of human intolerance
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Ti novi elementi ljudske intolerancije
13:15
for river creatures like the gharial
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za riječna stvorenja kao što je gavijal
13:18
means that if they don't drown in the net,
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znače da će im, ako se prije toga ne utope u ribolovnoj mreži,
13:21
then they simply cut their beaks off.
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jednostavno odrezati kljunove.
13:23
Animals like the Ganges river dolphin
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Životinjama kao što je gangeški riječki dupin,
13:25
which is just down to a few left,
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kojeg ima samo nekolicina
13:27
and it is also critically endangered.
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i koji je kritično ugrožen.
13:29
So, who is next? Us?
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Dakle, tko je sljedeći? Mi?
13:31
Because we are all dependent on these water sources.
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Jer svi smo mi ovisni o vodi.
13:34
So, we all know about the Narmada river,
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Svi znamo za rijeku Narmada,
13:36
the tragedies of dams, the tragedies of huge projects
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tragediju o branama, tragediju velikih projekata
13:39
which displace people and wreck river systems
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koji premještaju ljude i uništavaju riječne sisteme
13:42
without providing livelihoods.
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bez da pružaju osiguranu egzistenciju.
13:44
And development just basically going berserk,
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Razvoj je poludio
13:47
for a double figure growth index, basically.
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i to sve zbog indeksa rasta od dvije brojke.
13:50
So, we're not sure where this story is going to end,
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Stoga, nismo sigurni gdje će se ova priča završiti
13:55
whether it's got a happy or sad ending.
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i hoće li imati sretan ili tužan završetak.
13:57
And climate change is certainly going
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A klimatske promjene će svakako
13:59
to turn all of our theories and predictions on their heads.
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prodrmati sve naše teorije i predviđanja.
14:02
We're still working hard at it.
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Još uvijek marljivo radimo na njima.
14:04
We've got a lot of a good team of people working up there.
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Imamo vrlo dobru ekipu ljudi koja radi na tome.
14:07
And the thing is, you know, the decision makers,
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Stvar je u tome, znate, da donositelji odluka,
14:10
the folks in power,
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ljudi koji imaju moć,
14:12
they're up in their bungalows and so on in Delhi,
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sjede u svojim uredima u Delhiju,
14:14
in the city capitals. They are all supplied with plenty of water. It's cool.
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u glavnim gradovima. I svi imaju puno vode na raspolaganju. To je super.
14:17
But out on the rivers there are still millions of people
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Ali vani, uz rijeke su još uvijek milijuni ljudi
14:20
who are in really bad shape.
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koji su u stvarno lošem stanju.
14:23
And it's a bleak future for them.
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Njih čeka tužna budućnost.
14:25
So, we have our Ganges and Yamuna cleanup project.
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Dakle, pokrenuli smo projekte za čišćenje rijeka Ganges i Yamuna.
14:28
We've spent hundreds of millions of dollars on it,
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Potrošili smo stotine milijuna dolara na njih
14:30
and nothing to show for it. Incredible.
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i nemamo ništa kao rezultat. Nevjerojatno.
14:33
So, people talk about political will.
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Ljudi pričaju o političkoj volji.
14:36
During the die-off of the gharial we did galvanize a lot of action.
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Tijekom odumiranja gavijala uspijeli smo pokrenuti razne akcije.
14:39
Government cut through all the red tape,
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Vlada je zaobišla birokraciju,
14:41
we got foreign vets on it. It was great.
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doveli smo strane veterinare da rade na tome. Bilo je super.
14:43
So, we can do it.
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Znači, možemo to.
14:45
But if you stroll down to the Yamuna
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Ali ako se prošetate do Yamune,
14:47
or to the Gomati in Lucknow,
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ili Gomatija u Lucknowu,
14:49
or to the Adyar river in Chennai,
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ili rijeke Adyar u Chennaiju,
14:52
or the Mula-Mutha river in Pune,
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ili rijeke Mula-muta u Puneu,
14:55
just see what we're capable of doing to a river. It's sad.
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vidjet ćete što smo sposobni učiniti rijekama. To je tužno.
14:59
But I think the final note really is
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No, mislim da bi zadnja napomena trebala ipak biti
15:02
that we can do it.
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da mi to možemo.
15:05
The corporates, the artists, the wildlife nuts,
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Birokrati, umjetnici, zaljubljenici u prirodu,
15:08
the good old everyday folks
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dobri stari obični ljudi
15:10
can actually bring these rivers back.
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zapravo mogu pomoći rijekama.
15:13
And the final word is
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I na kraju,
15:15
that there is a king cobra looking over our shoulders.
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kraljevska kobra nas gleda.
15:19
And there is a gharial looking at us from the river.
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I gavijal nas promatra iz rijeke.
15:22
And these are powerful water totems.
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To su moćni vodeni totemi.
15:24
And they are going to disturb our dreams until we do the right thing.
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I oni će nam uznemiravati snove sve dok ne učinimo pravu stvar.
15:28
Namaste.
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Namaskar.
15:30
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
15:36
Chris Anderson: Thanks, Rom. Thanks a lot.
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Chris Anderson: Hvala, Rom. Puno hvala.
15:39
You know, most people are terrified of snakes.
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Znaš, većina ljudi se užasava zmija.
15:42
And there might be quite a few people here who would be
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I možda ima dosta ljudi ovdje koji bi bili
15:44
very glad to see the last king cobra bite the dust.
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jako sretni da vide zadnju kraljevsku kobru kako nestaje s lica Zemlje.
15:47
Do you have those conversations with people?
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Vodiš li takve razgovore s ljudima?
15:50
How do you really get them to care?
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Kako ih nagovoriš da promijene mišljenje?
15:52
Romulus Whitaker: I take the sort of humble approach,
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Romulus Whitaker: Mogao bih reći da im skromno pristupam.
15:57
I guess you could say. I don't say that snakes are huggable exactly.
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Ne govorim da su zmije zapravo slatke i mazne.
16:01
It's not like the teddy bear.
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Nisu one kao plišani medvjedići.
16:04
But I sort of -- there is an innocence in these animals.
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Ali ja -- postoji nekakva nevinost kod tih životinja.
16:08
And when the average person looks at a cobra
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Kada prosječna osoba pogleda kobru
16:10
going "Ssssss!" like that, they say, "My god,
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kako ide: “Ssssss!“, kaže: “Bože,
16:12
look at that angry, dangerous creature."
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pogledaj to ljuto opasno stvorenje!“
16:14
I look at it as a creature who is totally frightened
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Ja ju gledam kao stvorenje koje je užasnuto
16:17
of something so dangerous as a human being.
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zbog nečega tako opasnog kao što je ljudsko biće.
16:20
And that is the truth. And that's what I try to get out.
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I to je istina. I to je ono što im pokušavam dočarati.
16:23
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
16:27
CA: Now, incredible footage you showed of the viper being killed.
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CA: Evo, nevjerojatna snimka koja pokazuje smrt otrovnice.
16:29
You were saying that that hasn't been filmed before.
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Rekao si da to nije nikad dosad bilo snimljeno.
16:32
RW: Yes, this is actually the first time anyone of us knew about it, for one thing.
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RM: Da, ovo je zapravo prvi put da je itko od nas to vidio.
16:35
As I said, it's just like a little snack for him, you know?
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Kao što sam već rekao, to je kao mali zalogajčić za njega, znate?
16:38
Usually they eat larger snakes like rat snakes,
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Obično jedu veće zmije, kao guje
16:40
or even cobras.
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ili čak i kobre.
16:42
But this guy who we're following right now is in the deep jungle.
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Ali ovaj mužjak kojeg pratimo je sada duboko u džungli.
16:45
Whereas other king cobras
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Druge kraljevske kobre
16:47
very often come into the human interface,
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često dođu na ljudska područja,
16:49
you know, the plantations, to find big rat snakes and stuff.
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znate, plantaže, da nađu veće zmije.
16:52
This guy specializes in pit vipers.
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Ovaj se mužjak specijalizirao za jamičarke.
16:55
And the guy who is working there with them,
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Tip koji tamo radi s njima,
16:57
he's from Maharashtra, he said, "I think he's after the nusha."
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on je iz Maharashtre, rekao je: „ Mislim da on to radi samo zbog nushe.“
17:00
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
17:02
Now, the nusha means the high.
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E sad, nusha znači adrenalin.
17:04
Whenever he eats the pit viper he gets this little venom rush.
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Kad god krene jesti jamičarku, digne mu se adrenalin.
17:07
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
17:09
CA: Thanks Rom. Thank you.
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CA: Hvala, Rom. Hvala ti.
17:11
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Romulus Whitaker - HerpetologistRomulus Whitaker is a scientist and conservationist who slings around the globe to study and protect reptiles.
Why you should listen
Romulus Whitaker's boyhood fascination with the snakes near his home in Bombay has developed into a career of getting up close with some of the world's most venomous creatures. In 1972, Whitaker founded India's first snake park, in Madras, with support from the World Wildlife Fund. Later he founded the Madras Crocodile Bank Trust Centre for Herpetology to re-establish three species of crocodiles that were nearing extinction. The bank now houses 3,000 crocodiles of 15 species. Currently, Whitaker is focusing on the Gharial crocodile, whose species has less than 250 members left in Indian waters.
At age 65, he shows no sign of slowing down. “The Dragon Chronicles,” filmed in 2008 for PBS's series Nature, shows Whitaker cave-diving in ice-cold water for Slovenian olms, climbing trees in pursuit of flying lizards in the Western Ghats, and Komodo dragon-wrestling in Indonesia. Awarded the 2005 Whitley prize, Whitaker used the £30,000 purse to start the Agumbe Rainforest Research Station, the first to be built along the whole 1,000km length of the Western Ghats. He uses the research station to study king cobras in their natural habitat.
Romulus Whitaker | Speaker | TED.com