TED2016
Trevor Timm: How free is our freedom of the press?
Trevor Timm: Seberapa bebaskah kebebasan pers kita?
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Di Amerika Serikat, media mempunyai hak untuk menerbitkan informasi rahasia yang perlu diketahui masyarakat, sebagaimana dilindungi dalam ketentuan Amandemen Pertama. Pengawasan pemerintah telah membuat keberadaan para whistleblower, yang merupakan sumber dalam hampir setiap pemberitaan penting mengenai keamanan nasional sejak 9/11, semakin terancam dalam menyampaikan informasi tersebut. Dalam ceramah yang singkat dan informatif ini, salah satu pendiri Freedom of the Press Foundation dan Ted Fellow Trevor Timm, menelusuri perkembangan aktivitas pemerintah melawan para individu yang mengekspos kejahatan dan ketidakadilan, serta mendukung teknologi yang dapat membantu mereka untuk beraktivitas secara aman dan anonim.
Trevor Timm - Writer, activist and legal analyst
Trevor Timm is the co-founder and executive director of Freedom of the Press Foundation, a non-profit organization that supports and defends journalism dedicated to transparency and accountability. Full bio
Trevor Timm is the co-founder and executive director of Freedom of the Press Foundation, a non-profit organization that supports and defends journalism dedicated to transparency and accountability. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
So this is James Risen.
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Ini adalah James Risen.
00:15
You may know him as the
Pulitzer Prize-winning reporter
Pulitzer Prize-winning reporter
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Anda mungkin mengenalnya sebagai
reporter pemenang Pulitzer
reporter pemenang Pulitzer
00:17
for The New York Times.
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dari The New York Times
00:19
Long before anybody knew
Edward Snowden's name,
Edward Snowden's name,
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Jauh sebelum ada yang tahu nama
Edward Snowden,
Edward Snowden,
00:22
Risen wrote a book in which
he famously exposed
he famously exposed
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Risen menulis sebuah buku terkenal
dimana ia mengekspos
dimana ia mengekspos
00:25
that the NSA was illegally wiretapping
the phone calls of Americans.
the phone calls of Americans.
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bahwa NSA menyadap telepon
warga Amerika secara ilegal.
warga Amerika secara ilegal.
00:29
But it's another chapter in that book
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Namun adalah bab lain dalam buku itu
00:31
that may have an even more lasting impact.
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yang mungkin mempunyai efek lebih besar.
00:34
In it, he describes a catastrophic
US intelligence operation
US intelligence operation
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Di dalamnya, ia menjelaskan bencana
operasi intelijen AS
operasi intelijen AS
00:39
in which the CIA quite literally
handed over blueprints
handed over blueprints
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dimana CIA menyerahkan cetak biru
00:42
of a nuclear bomb to Iran.
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bom nuklir ke Iran.
00:44
If that sounds crazy, go read it.
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Jika kedengarannya gila, baca bukunya.
00:46
It's an incredible story.
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Sebuah kisah yang luar biasa.
Tapi tahukah Anda,
siapa yang tidak menyukai bab tersebut?
siapa yang tidak menyukai bab tersebut?
00:48
But you know who didn't like that chapter?
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00:50
The US government.
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Pemerintah AS.
00:52
For nearly a decade afterwards,
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Selama hampir 10 tahun setelahnya,
00:54
Risen was the subject
of a US government investigation
of a US government investigation
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Risen adalah subyek investigasi
pemerintah AS
pemerintah AS
00:58
in which prosecutors demanded
that he testify
that he testify
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dimana para jaksa menuntutnya
untuk bersaksi
untuk bersaksi
01:00
against one of his alleged sources.
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melawan salah satu informannya.
01:02
And along the way, he became the face
for the US government's recent pattern
for the US government's recent pattern
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Seiring waktu, dia menjadi contoh
dari pola terbaru pemerintah AS
dari pola terbaru pemerintah AS
01:06
of prosecuting whistleblowers
and spying on journalists.
and spying on journalists.
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dalam menghukum whistleblower
dan memata-matai wartawan.
dan memata-matai wartawan.
01:10
You see, under the First Amendment,
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Anda tahu, menurut Amandemen Pertama
01:12
the press has the right to publish
secret information in the public interest.
secret information in the public interest.
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pers mempunyai hak menerbitkan
informasi rahasia demi kepentingan publik.
informasi rahasia demi kepentingan publik.
01:16
But it's impossible to exercise that right
if the media can't also gather that news
if the media can't also gather that news
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Tapi mustahil untuk menjalankan hak ini
jika media tidak dapat mengumpulkan berita
jika media tidak dapat mengumpulkan berita
01:21
and protect the identities
of the brave men and women
of the brave men and women
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dan melindungi identitas
orang-orang pemberani yang menyediakan
orang-orang pemberani yang menyediakan
01:24
who get it to them.
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informasi ini ke mereka.
01:26
So when the government came knocking,
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Jadi ketika pemerintah mendatanginya,
01:28
Risen did what many brave reporters
have done before him:
have done before him:
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Risen menolak
layaknya para wartawan pemberani
pendahulunya,
pendahulunya,
01:31
he refused
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01:32
and said he'd rather go to jail.
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dan memilih untuk masuk penjara.
01:34
So from 2007 to 2015,
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Jadi dari tahun 2007 sampai 2015
01:37
Risen lived under the specter
of going to federal prison.
of going to federal prison.
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Risen tinggal dalam ketakutan
dikirim ke penjara federal.
dikirim ke penjara federal.
01:40
That is, until just days before the trial,
when a curious thing happened.
when a curious thing happened.
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Hingga beberapa hari sebelum persidangan,
ketika suatu hal menarik terjadi.
ketika suatu hal menarik terjadi.
01:45
Suddenly, after years of claiming
it was vital to their case,
it was vital to their case,
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Tiba-tiba, setelah bertahun-tahun
mengklaim bahwa kesaksiannya penting,
mengklaim bahwa kesaksiannya penting,
01:49
the government dropped their demands
to Risen altogether.
to Risen altogether.
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pemerintah membatalkan semua
tuntutan kepada Risen.
tuntutan kepada Risen.
01:52
It turns out, in the age
of electronic surveillance,
of electronic surveillance,
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Ternyata, di zaman pengawasan elektronik,
01:55
there are very few places
reporters and sources can hide.
reporters and sources can hide.
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hanya ada sedikit tempat bagi reporter
dan informan untuk bersembunyi.
dan informan untuk bersembunyi.
01:58
And instead of trying and failing
to have Risen testify,
to have Risen testify,
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Alih-alih mencoba dan gagal
untuk mendapatkan kesaksian Risen,
untuk mendapatkan kesaksian Risen,
02:02
they could have his digital trail
testify against him instead.
testify against him instead.
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mereka bisa menggunakan jejak digitalnya
untuk bersaksi melawannya.
untuk bersaksi melawannya.
02:06
So completely in secret
and without his consent,
and without his consent,
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Dengan penuh kerahasiaan dan
tanpa persetujuannya,
tanpa persetujuannya,
02:09
prosecutors got Risen's phone records.
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jaksa mendapatkan rekaman telepon Risen.
02:11
They got his email records,
his financial and banking information,
his financial and banking information,
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Mereka mendapatkan e-mail,
informasi keuangan dan bank,
informasi keuangan dan bank,
02:16
his credit reports,
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laporan kreditnya,
bahkan laporan perjalanan termasuk
daftar penerbangan yang pernah dinaikinya.
daftar penerbangan yang pernah dinaikinya.
02:18
even travel records with a list
of flights he had taken.
of flights he had taken.
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02:21
And it was among this information that
they used to convict Jeffrey Sterling,
they used to convict Jeffrey Sterling,
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Dan menggunakan informasi ini,
mereka menghukum Jeffrey Sterling,
mereka menghukum Jeffrey Sterling,
02:25
Risen's alleged source
and CIA whistleblower.
and CIA whistleblower.
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yang diyakini sebagai informan Risen
dan whistleblower CIA.
dan whistleblower CIA.
02:30
Sadly, this is only one case of many.
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Sedihnya, ini hanya satu
dari banyak kasus.
dari banyak kasus.
02:33
President Obama ran on a promise
to protect whistleblowers,
to protect whistleblowers,
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Presiden Obama berjanji
untuk melindungi whistleblower,
untuk melindungi whistleblower,
namun Departemen Keadilan
telah menuntut lebih banyak whistleblower
telah menuntut lebih banyak whistleblower
02:36
and instead, his Justice Department
has prosecuted more
has prosecuted more
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daripada total yang dihukum
kabinet-kabinet sebelumnya.
kabinet-kabinet sebelumnya.
02:40
than all other administrations combined.
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02:43
Now, you can see how this
could be a problem,
could be a problem,
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Anda bisa lihat potensi masalahnya,
02:45
especially because the government
considers so much of what it does secret.
considers so much of what it does secret.
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terutama karena pemerintah berpandangan
banyak pekerjaan mereka bersifat rahasia.
banyak pekerjaan mereka bersifat rahasia.
02:50
Since 9/11, virtually every important
story about national security
story about national security
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Sejak 9/11, hampir setiap pemberitaan
penting tentang keamanan nasional
penting tentang keamanan nasional
02:55
has been the result of a whistleblower
coming to a journalist.
coming to a journalist.
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adalah karena ada whistleblower
yang mendatangi wartawan.
yang mendatangi wartawan.
02:58
So we risk seeing the press
unable to do their job
unable to do their job
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Jadi ada resiko dimana pers tak bisa
melakukan pekerjaan mereka
melakukan pekerjaan mereka
03:01
that the First Amendment
is supposed to protect
is supposed to protect
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yang seharusnya dilindungi oleh
Amandemen Pertama,
Amandemen Pertama,
03:03
because of the government's
expanded ability to spy on everyone.
expanded ability to spy on everyone.
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karena kemampuan pemerintah untuk
memata-matai semua orang.
memata-matai semua orang.
03:07
But just as technology has allowed
the government
the government
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Namun justru ketika teknologi
memberi solusi bagi pemerintah
memberi solusi bagi pemerintah
03:09
to circumvent reporters' rights,
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untuk mengabaikan hak para reporter,
03:12
the press can also use technology
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pers juga dapat menggunakan teknologi
untuk melindungi informan mereka
lebih baik dari sebelumnya.
lebih baik dari sebelumnya.
03:14
to protect their sources
even better than before.
even better than before.
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03:17
And they can start from the moment
they begin speaking with them,
they begin speaking with them,
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Dan ini bisa dimulai ketika
mereka mulai berkomunikasi,
mereka mulai berkomunikasi,
03:20
rather than on the witness stand
after the fact.
after the fact.
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sebelum mereka dipanggil bersaksi
di pengadilan.
di pengadilan.
03:24
Communications software now exists
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Piranti lunak komunikasi yang
sekarang tersedia
sekarang tersedia
03:26
that wasn't available
when Risen was writing his book,
when Risen was writing his book,
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belum ada ketika Risen menulis bukunya,
03:28
and is much more surveillance-resistant
than regular emails or phone calls.
than regular emails or phone calls.
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dan jauh lebih anti-pengawasan daripada
e-mail biasa ataupun telepon.
e-mail biasa ataupun telepon.
03:33
For example, one such tool is SecureDrop,
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Contohnya, alat seperti SecureDrop,
03:38
an open-source whistleblower
submission system
submission system
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sistem pelaporan whistleblower terbuka
03:40
that was originally created by the late
Internet luminary Aaron Swartz,
Internet luminary Aaron Swartz,
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yang diciptakan pesohor Internet,
almarhum Aaron Swartz,
almarhum Aaron Swartz,
03:44
and is now developed
at the non-profit where I work,
at the non-profit where I work,
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yang dikembangkan oleh
NGO tempat saya bekerja,
NGO tempat saya bekerja,
03:47
Freedom of the Press Foundation.
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Freedom of the Press Foundation.
03:49
Instead of sending an email,
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Alih-alih mengirimkan e-mail,
03:51
you go to a news organization's website,
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Anda mendatangi website media massa,
03:53
like this one here on The Washington Post.
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seperti contoh ini, The Washington Post.
03:56
From there, you can upload a document
or send information
or send information
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Dari sana, Anda dapat mengunggah dokumen
atau mengirim informasi
atau mengirim informasi
03:59
much like you would
on any other contact form.
on any other contact form.
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seperti halnya mengirim dokumen lainnya.
04:02
It'll then be encrypted
and stored on a server
and stored on a server
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Dokumen tersebut akan dienkripsi
dan disimpan di server
dan disimpan di server
04:05
that only the news organization
has access to.
has access to.
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dimana hanya media massa tersebut
yang punya akses.
yang punya akses.
04:08
So the government can no longer
secretly demand the information,
secretly demand the information,
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Jadi pemerintah tak lagi bisa
mengambil informasi secara rahasia,
mengambil informasi secara rahasia,
04:11
and much of the information
they would demand
they would demand
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dan banyak dari informasi
yang mereka inginkan
yang mereka inginkan
04:13
wouldn't be available in the first place.
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memang tidak pernah tersedia.
04:16
SecureDrop, though, is really
only a small part of the puzzle
only a small part of the puzzle
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SecureDrop hanyalah bagian kecil
dari sebuah puzzle
dari sebuah puzzle
04:19
for protecting press freedom
in the 21st century.
in the 21st century.
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untuk melindungi kebebasan pers
di abad ke-21.
di abad ke-21.
04:23
Unfortunately, governments
all over the world
all over the world
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Sayangnya, pemerintah di seluruh dunia
04:25
are constantly developing
new spying techniques
new spying techniques
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terus mengembangkan teknik spionase baru
04:27
that put us all at risk.
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yang beresiko bagi kita semua.
04:30
And it's up to us going forward
to make sure
to make sure
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Dan tergantung pada kita untuk memastikan
bahwa tidak hanya para whistleblower
yang paham teknologi
yang paham teknologi
04:32
that it's not just
the tech-savvy whistleblowers,
the tech-savvy whistleblowers,
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04:35
like Edward Snowden, who have
an avenue for exposing wrongdoing.
an avenue for exposing wrongdoing.
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seperti Edward Snowden, yang punya
kesempatan mengekspos pelanggaran.
kesempatan mengekspos pelanggaran.
04:39
It's just as vital that we protect the
next veteran's health care whistleblower
next veteran's health care whistleblower
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Sama pentingnya untuk melindungi
whistleblower dana kesehatan veteran
whistleblower dana kesehatan veteran
04:44
alerting us to overcrowded hospitals,
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yang memperingati kita akan rumah sakit
yang over-kapasitas
yang over-kapasitas
04:47
or the next environmental worker
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atau pekerja lingkungan
04:49
sounding the alarm
about Flint's dirty water,
about Flint's dirty water,
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yang memperingatkan akan bahaya
air kotor Flint,
air kotor Flint,
04:53
or a Wall Street insider
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ataupun orang dalam Wall Street
04:54
warning us of the next financial crisis.
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yang memperingatkan kita
akan krisis keuangan yang akan datang.
akan krisis keuangan yang akan datang.
04:57
After all, these tools weren't just built
to help the brave men and women
to help the brave men and women
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Alat-alat ini dibuat tidak hanya
untuk orang-orang pemberani
untuk orang-orang pemberani
05:02
who expose crimes,
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yang mengekspos kejahatan,
05:03
but are meant to protect
all of our rights under the Constitution.
all of our rights under the Constitution.
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tapi untuk melindungi semua hak kita
sesuai UUD.
sesuai UUD.
05:07
Thank you.
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Terima kasih.
05:08
(Applause)
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(Tepuk tangan)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Trevor Timm - Writer, activist and legal analystTrevor Timm is the co-founder and executive director of Freedom of the Press Foundation, a non-profit organization that supports and defends journalism dedicated to transparency and accountability.
Why you should listen
Trevor Timm is a co-founder and the executive director of the Freedom of the Press Foundation. He is a journalist, activist, and lawyer who writes a twice weekly column for The Guardian on privacy, free speech, and national security. He has contributed to The Atlantic, Al Jazeera, Foreign Policy, Harvard Law and Policy Review, PBS MediaShift and Politico.
Trevor formerly worked as an activist at the Electronic Frontier Foundation. Before that, he helped the longtime General Counsel of The New York Times, James Goodale, write a book on the Pentagon Papers and the First Amendment. He received his J.D. from New York Law School.
Trevor Timm | Speaker | TED.com