TED2016
Trevor Timm: How free is our freedom of the press?
特雷弗·蒂姆: 出版界究竟多么自由？
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在美国，在第一修正案的保护下，新闻界有权利报道公众需要知道的秘密消息。政府的监视已经让告发者分享信息变得越来越困难。而这些告发者正是9.11之后所有国家安全重大新闻的信息来源。在这个简短却包含大量信息的演讲中，新闻自由基金会的联合创始人、TED成员特雷弗·蒂姆回顾了政府近来对揭露其罪行的个人采取的行动，同时主张用科技的力量让告发者可以更安全匿名的揭露更多罪行。
Trevor Timm - Writer, activist and legal analyst
Trevor Timm is the co-founder and executive director of Freedom of the Press Foundation, a non-profit organization that supports and defends journalism dedicated to transparency and accountability. Full bio
Trevor Timm is the co-founder and executive director of Freedom of the Press Foundation, a non-profit organization that supports and defends journalism dedicated to transparency and accountability. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
So this is James Risen.
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这是詹姆斯·瑞森。
00:15
You may know him as the
Pulitzer Prize-winning reporter
Pulitzer Prize-winning reporter
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他是纽约时报的记者
因获得普利策奖
因获得普利策奖
00:17
for The New York Times.
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被大家所熟知。
00:19
Long before anybody knew
Edward Snowden's name,
Edward Snowden's name,
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在大家还没听说过
爱德华·斯诺登的时候，
爱德华·斯诺登的时候，
00:22
Risen wrote a book in which
he famously exposed
he famously exposed
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瑞森因为写了一本揭露
美国国家安全局非法窃听
美国国家安全局非法窃听
00:25
that the NSA was illegally wiretapping
the phone calls of Americans.
the phone calls of Americans.
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美国民众通话的书
而备受瞩目。
而备受瞩目。
00:29
But it's another chapter in that book
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但是在那本书的另一章节
00:31
that may have an even more lasting impact.
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可能有着更深远的影响。
00:34
In it, he describes a catastrophic
US intelligence operation
US intelligence operation
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那里他描述了美国情报部门
的一次灾难性的行动，
的一次灾难性的行动，
00:39
in which the CIA quite literally
handed over blueprints
handed over blueprints
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上面说中情局
把核弹的设计图
把核弹的设计图
00:42
of a nuclear bomb to Iran.
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交给了伊朗。
00:44
If that sounds crazy, go read it.
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如果你觉得太疯狂
你可以去读一下。
你可以去读一下。
00:46
It's an incredible story.
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真是难以置信。
00:48
But you know who didn't like that chapter?
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谁不喜欢那一章？
00:50
The US government.
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美国政府。
00:52
For nearly a decade afterwards,
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将近十年之后，
00:54
Risen was the subject
of a US government investigation
of a US government investigation
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瑞森成为了美国政府调查的主要人物
00:58
in which prosecutors demanded
that he testify
that he testify
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这次调查中检查方要求他
01:00
against one of his alleged sources.
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对于他所谓的消息来源做不利的证明。
01:02
And along the way, he became the face
for the US government's recent pattern
for the US government's recent pattern
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他逐渐被推到了美国政府
起诉和监视新闻举报
起诉和监视新闻举报
01:06
of prosecuting whistleblowers
and spying on journalists.
and spying on journalists.
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一系列行动的风口浪尖上。
01:10
You see, under the First Amendment,
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在第一修正案下
01:12
the press has the right to publish
secret information in the public interest.
secret information in the public interest.
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为了公众利益
新闻界有权报道各种秘密的消息
新闻界有权报道各种秘密的消息
01:16
But it's impossible to exercise that right
if the media can't also gather that news
if the media can't also gather that news
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但是如果媒体无法收集消息
01:21
and protect the identities
of the brave men and women
of the brave men and women
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无法保护自己勇敢的线人
就没有办法行使
就没有办法行使
01:24
who get it to them.
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自己的权利。
01:26
So when the government came knocking,
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所以当政府人员找上门的时候
01:28
Risen did what many brave reporters
have done before him:
have done before him:
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瑞森像以前很多勇敢的记者一样
01:31
he refused
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他拒绝提供任何信息。
01:32
and said he'd rather go to jail.
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他说他宁愿坐牢。
01:34
So from 2007 to 2015,
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2007年到2015年，
01:37
Risen lived under the specter
of going to federal prison.
of going to federal prison.
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瑞森在监视下
开始了联邦监狱的生活。
开始了联邦监狱的生活。
01:40
That is, until just days before the trial,
when a curious thing happened.
when a curious thing happened.
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就在审判前几天
奇怪的事情发生了。
奇怪的事情发生了。
01:45
Suddenly, after years of claiming
it was vital to their case,
it was vital to their case,
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突然在坚持
瑞森是本案关键几年之后，
瑞森是本案关键几年之后，
01:49
the government dropped their demands
to Risen altogether.
to Risen altogether.
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政府放弃了
对瑞森的所有的要求。
对瑞森的所有的要求。
01:52
It turns out, in the age
of electronic surveillance,
of electronic surveillance,
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实际上在电子监控的年代，
01:55
there are very few places
reporters and sources can hide.
reporters and sources can hide.
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记者和线人无处可逃。
01:58
And instead of trying and failing
to have Risen testify,
to have Risen testify,
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与其一次次要求瑞森举证
又被一次次拒绝，
又被一次次拒绝，
02:02
they could have his digital trail
testify against him instead.
testify against him instead.
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政府选择用他的电子记录
来做不利证明。
来做不利证明。
02:06
So completely in secret
and without his consent,
and without his consent,
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在完全机密且
未经同意的情况下，
未经同意的情况下，
02:09
prosecutors got Risen's phone records.
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检查方拿到了瑞森的电话记录
02:11
They got his email records,
his financial and banking information,
his financial and banking information,
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邮箱记录和
财产及银行信息，
财产及银行信息，
02:16
his credit reports,
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他的信用记录，
02:18
even travel records with a list
of flights he had taken.
of flights he had taken.
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甚至他所乘坐的航班记录列表。
02:21
And it was among this information that
they used to convict Jeffrey Sterling,
they used to convict Jeffrey Sterling,
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用上述的信息
他们确认杰弗里·斯特林
他们确认杰弗里·斯特林
02:25
Risen's alleged source
and CIA whistleblower.
and CIA whistleblower.
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就是瑞森的消息来源
也是中情局的告发者。
也是中情局的告发者。
02:30
Sadly, this is only one case of many.
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很遗憾，这样的事情有很多。
02:33
President Obama ran on a promise
to protect whistleblowers,
to protect whistleblowers,
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奥巴马总统承诺保护告发者，
02:36
and instead, his Justice Department
has prosecuted more
has prosecuted more
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而相反地，
他的司法部门逮捕的告发者
他的司法部门逮捕的告发者
02:40
than all other administrations combined.
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比之前的总统加起来还多。
02:43
Now, you can see how this
could be a problem,
could be a problem,
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这就是一个巨大的问题，
02:45
especially because the government
considers so much of what it does secret.
considers so much of what it does secret.
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尤其当政府对于
保护他们的秘密如此重视的时候。
保护他们的秘密如此重视的时候。
02:50
Since 9/11, virtually every important
story about national security
story about national security
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自9.11之后，基本上所有
关于国家安全的重大新闻
关于国家安全的重大新闻
02:55
has been the result of a whistleblower
coming to a journalist.
coming to a journalist.
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都是由线人提供给记者的。
02:58
So we risk seeing the press
unable to do their job
unable to do their job
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所以因为政府的监视遍布所有人，
03:01
that the First Amendment
is supposed to protect
is supposed to protect
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我们很难看到新闻界行使
03:03
because of the government's
expanded ability to spy on everyone.
expanded ability to spy on everyone.
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第一修正案赋予他们的权利。
03:07
But just as technology has allowed
the government
the government
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不过正如科技让政府
03:09
to circumvent reporters' rights,
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监视记者们的一举一动一样，
03:12
the press can also use technology
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新闻界也可以利用科技
03:14
to protect their sources
even better than before.
even better than before.
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更好地保护他们的线人。
03:17
And they can start from the moment
they begin speaking with them,
they begin speaking with them,
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而且保护可以从
第一次的对话开始，
第一次的对话开始，
03:20
rather than on the witness stand
after the fact.
after the fact.
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而不是庭审在站上证人席的时候。
03:24
Communications software now exists
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现在很多通信软件
03:26
that wasn't available
when Risen was writing his book,
when Risen was writing his book,
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是瑞森写他的书时所没有的，
03:28
and is much more surveillance-resistant
than regular emails or phone calls.
than regular emails or phone calls.
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而且反监视能力
比常规的邮件和电话好很多。
比常规的邮件和电话好很多。
03:33
For example, one such tool is SecureDrop,
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比如有一款叫做
SecureDrop的软件，
SecureDrop的软件，
03:38
an open-source whistleblower
submission system
submission system
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这是一款开源的
检举揭发系统
检举揭发系统
03:40
that was originally created by the late
Internet luminary Aaron Swartz,
Internet luminary Aaron Swartz,
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由亚伦·斯沃茨，
一位已故的互联网大师创造。
一位已故的互联网大师创造。
03:44
and is now developed
at the non-profit where I work,
at the non-profit where I work,
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在我所工作的地方
新闻自由基金会
新闻自由基金会
03:47
Freedom of the Press Foundation.
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开发使用。
03:49
Instead of sending an email,
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不采取发邮件的方式
03:51
you go to a news organization's website,
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你可以去某个新闻机构的网站，
03:53
like this one here on The Washington Post.
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比如这里的华盛顿邮报。
03:56
From there, you can upload a document
or send information
or send information
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在这里你可以上传文档或发送信息
03:59
much like you would
on any other contact form.
on any other contact form.
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就想用其他方式传递信息一样。
04:02
It'll then be encrypted
and stored on a server
and stored on a server
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消息会被加密存放在服务器中
04:05
that only the news organization
has access to.
has access to.
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只有新闻机构的人可以查看。
04:08
So the government can no longer
secretly demand the information,
secretly demand the information,
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所以政府再也无法秘密追踪这些信息，
04:11
and much of the information
they would demand
they would demand
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就算追踪到了信息
04:13
wouldn't be available in the first place.
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也不知道最初来自哪里。
04:16
SecureDrop, though, is really
only a small part of the puzzle
only a small part of the puzzle
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SecureDrop只是
21世纪保护新闻自由
21世纪保护新闻自由
04:19
for protecting press freedom
in the 21st century.
in the 21st century.
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的一块小小的拼图。
04:23
Unfortunately, governments
all over the world
all over the world
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不过世界各地的政府
04:25
are constantly developing
new spying techniques
new spying techniques
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也无时无刻不在
开发新的监视技术
开发新的监视技术
04:27
that put us all at risk.
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让我们更加危险。
04:30
And it's up to us going forward
to make sure
to make sure
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所以让我们努力前行
04:32
that it's not just
the tech-savvy whistleblowers,
the tech-savvy whistleblowers,
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不仅仅保护高科技的告发者
04:35
like Edward Snowden, who have
an avenue for exposing wrongdoing.
an avenue for exposing wrongdoing.
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像斯诺登一样
有自己的渠道揭露恶行的告发者
有自己的渠道揭露恶行的告发者
04:39
It's just as vital that we protect the
next veteran's health care whistleblower
next veteran's health care whistleblower
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也要保护那些
提醒我们医院过于拥挤的
提醒我们医院过于拥挤的
04:44
alerting us to overcrowded hospitals,
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揭发退伍老兵医疗卫生问题的告发者
04:47
or the next environmental worker
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保护那些对弗林特市污水
04:49
sounding the alarm
about Flint's dirty water,
about Flint's dirty water,
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敲响警钟的环卫工人
04:53
or a Wall Street insider
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保护那些让我们警惕
04:54
warning us of the next financial crisis.
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下一次金融危机的华尔街线人。
04:57
After all, these tools weren't just built
to help the brave men and women
to help the brave men and women
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所以，这些工具
不是为了保护那些勇敢的敢于
不是为了保护那些勇敢的敢于
05:02
who expose crimes,
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揭露罪行的线人们
05:03
but are meant to protect
all of our rights under the Constitution.
all of our rights under the Constitution.
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而是为了保护
宪法下所有人应有的权利。
宪法下所有人应有的权利。
05:07
Thank you.
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谢谢。
05:08
(Applause)
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（掌声）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Trevor Timm - Writer, activist and legal analystTrevor Timm is the co-founder and executive director of Freedom of the Press Foundation, a non-profit organization that supports and defends journalism dedicated to transparency and accountability.
Why you should listen
Trevor Timm is a co-founder and the executive director of the Freedom of the Press Foundation. He is a journalist, activist, and lawyer who writes a twice weekly column for The Guardian on privacy, free speech, and national security. He has contributed to The Atlantic, Al Jazeera, Foreign Policy, Harvard Law and Policy Review, PBS MediaShift and Politico.
Trevor formerly worked as an activist at the Electronic Frontier Foundation. Before that, he helped the longtime General Counsel of The New York Times, James Goodale, write a book on the Pentagon Papers and the First Amendment. He received his J.D. from New York Law School.
Trevor Timm | Speaker | TED.com