Juan Enriquez: What will humans look like in 100 years?
Хуан Энрикез: Как люди будут выглядеть через 100 лет?
Juan Enriquez thinks and writes about the profound changes that genomics and other life sciences will bring in business, technology, politics and society. Full bio
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the tools together to evolve ourselves.
чтобы видоизменять наши тела.
and we can evolve plants
когда нельзя не спросить:
where we really have to ask,
and do we want to evolve human beings?
видоизменять человека?
in the context of prosthetics,
в контексте протезирования
in one of these battles.
и потерял руку в одном из них.
of ruling with an iron fist comes from.
о правлении «железной рукой».
have been getting more and more useful,
становились всё функциональнее,
сваренное всмятку.
and as you're thinking about that,
такие как Хью Герр,
absolutely extraordinary prosthetics.
will go out and say,
собираясь на прогулку,
«Какого роста я хочу быть сегодня?»
do I want to climb?
or does somebody want to ballroom dance?
а кто-то — пойти на бальные танцы?
is they've been coming inside the body.
have now become artificial knees.
пришли искусственные колени,
about a heart pacemaker as a prosthetic,
как кардиостимулятор,
that isn't just, "I'm missing my leg,"
«мне не хватает ноги»,
becomes a symbiotic relationship
существовать в симбиозе
that I've ever met --
из тех, что я встречал:
Joe Jacobson, Bob Lander --
Джо Джейкобсон, Боб Ландер, —
for Extreme Bionics.
of what you're seeing here is
now get integrated into the bone.
about how to connect the brain
fundamental aspects of humanity.
основные свойства человека.
depends on the diameter of a nerve.
от диаметра нервных окончаний.
that are external or prosthetic,
theoretically to the point where,
увеличить настолько,
you could step out of the way of a bullet.
вы сможете уйти с траектории полёта пули.
of changes you're talking about.
о которых я говорю.
sort of level of prosthetics.
четвёртый класс протезов.
why these are so interesting
from where prosthetics are something
до которой протезы —
that somebody who is "normal"
which is really interesting,
going on over there.
You can have white noise.
Или слушать белый шум.
they also put a phone into this.
к тому же они добавили туда телефон.
and also as your phone.
и как слуховой аппарат, и как телефон.
want to have a prosthetic voluntarily.
может захотеть такой протез.
of loosely connected little pieces
over the next century or two?
через век или два?»
to a great philosopher
despite being a Yankee fan.
несмотря на то, что он болел за Yankees.
that it's very tough to make predictions,
что очень трудно делать прогнозы,
about the future to begin with,
предсказывать будущее,
with people like Tony Atala,
с такими людьми, как Тони Атала,
isn't having something external, titanium.
титановыми протезами снаружи тела.
is take your own gene code,
брать свой генетический код,
than any kind of a prosthetic.
любых протезов.
the work of Craig Venter and Ham Smith.
работу Крэйга Вентера и Хэма Смита.
that we've been doing
how to reprogram cells.
in those organs.
the cells in those organs,
more radiation-resistant.
устойчивыми к радиации.
that you don't want in your body.
George Church has been in the news a lot
очень часто показывали Джорджа Чёрча,
one of these programmable cells
одну из этих программируемых клеток
an entire human genome into a cell,
to enhance any of that genome?
часть этого генома?
to enhance a human body?
to enhance a human body
to enhance a human body?
multidimensional chess board
многомерная шахматная доска,
human genetics by using viruses
натравливая вирусы
through gene therapy
посредством генной терапии,
от каких-то наследственных недугов.
of those genes in the epigenome
проявляются в эпигеноме,
it's not just one little bit,
to take little portions of it
that's very different.
are very scared by this stuff.
and there are risks to this stuff.
это рискованно.
ever want to do this stuff?
to alter the human body
is the universe is 100 percent malevolent.
что Вселенная на 100% зловредна.
any one of your bodies at random,
любое из ваших тел
of Mercury, you die.
about 80 percent effective.
upstream eddies of biology
in this rapid torrent of entropy.
в стремительном потоке энтропии.
that create biological order.
биологический порядок.
when the Earth becomes very hot,
когда Земля раскаляется,
when you have supervolcanoes,
когда у вас есть супервулканы,
extinction-level events
чреватые массовым вымиранием, —
you can have periodic extinctions.
периодически вымирать.
five times on Earth,
is going to go extinct someday.
однажды исчезнет с лица Земли.
but maybe 10,000 years after that.
а может, 10 000 лет спустя.
of the consequence of that,
are common and natural
типичны, естественны,
to diversify our species.
разнообразить наш вид.
really hard to live on Mars
modify the human body.
человеческого тела.
to make one cell,
the gravity substantially,
формироваться таким же образом
to create your body.
our bodies as they currently are
наши тела в их нынешнем виде
you have to really redesign things
нам придётся заметно видоизмениться,
of Neptune or Jupiter.
Нептуна и Юпитера.
in a series of scales.
to alter his or her looks.
for thousands of years.
and you've got this and you've got that.
делаем это, делаем то.
take place for medical reasons.
медицинской необходимостью.
is a different civilization.
fundamental aspects of the body.
фундаментальные характеристики тела.
the person grows taller,
и он становится выше,
gets fatter or loses metabolism
стал полнее или лишился метаболизма,
in a fundamental way.
кардинально изменяются.
a Life Three civilization,
Цивилизацию III типа,
from what we've got here.
чем всё нам известное.
Deinococcus radiodurans
after a lot of exposure to radiation.
после сильного облучения.
flow through your blood
пропуская кислород через кровь,
really radical redesigns,
that's happened in the last decade
в прошлом десятилетии было то,
a whole lot of planets out there.
далеко от нас.
want to get to these planets,
добраться до этих планет,
and the rest of this stuff --
to the nearest solar system.
beaches somewhere else,
исследовать пляжи где-то там
about something that is very different,
the timescale and the body of humans
временнýю шкалу и тело человека,
absolutely unrecognizable.
to imagine what that might look like,
как это будет выглядеть,
take us even that far.
даже настолько далеко.
that Floyd's been doing
with the basic chemistry of life.
с базовой химией жизни.
is made in ATCGs, the four letters of DNA.
формируется A-T-C-G, кирпичиками ДНК.
all animals, all humans, all cows,
животные, люди, коровы
two of those base pairs,
a parallel system to make life,
система создания жизни,
with most things on Earth
that are immune to all bacteria.
иммунные к бактериям.
that are immune to all viruses.
иммунные к вирусам.
are not a unique solution.
alternate chemistries to us
организмы, отличные от нас,
adaptable to a very different planet
к совершенно иным планетам,
of this experiment,
is based on 20 amino acids.
формируют 20 аминокислот.
if you say ATCG + XY,
а не A-T-X-Y,
20 building blocks to 172,
увеличится с 20 до 172.
172 building blocks of amino acids
172 строительных блока аминокислот,
in very different shapes.
совершенно иные формы жизни.
is a really weird experiment
hundreds of mouse heads.
heart transplants.
пересадки сердца.
the wife or the daughter of the donor
получивший его сердце, ответил,
Do you love this person?
the heart is a muscle,
or tens of thousands of years,
мы говорили:
She took my heart. She broke my heart."
Она разбила мне сердце».
were transplanted with the heart. Nope.
Но нет.
remembers what it's afraid of,
memory and consciousness.
можно трансплантировать.
interesting question is,
is the only input-output mechanism
может ли служить устройством ввода-вывода
that consciousness into something
tens of thousands of years,
десятки тысяч лет,
for a long, long period of time?
в течение очень долгого времени.
в почти 10 миллиардов км,
all of humanity goes.
пропадёт и всё человечество.
to alter the human body
нужно для того,
want a picture that says,
survives long-term extinction.
избежать вымирания человечества.
not to evolve the human body
не менять тело человека,
even though it can be challenging,
to allow us to explore, live
исследовать, жить
we can't even dream of today,
о которых мы сегодня и не мечтаем,
grandchildren might someday.
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Juan Enriquez - FuturistJuan Enriquez thinks and writes about the profound changes that genomics and other life sciences will bring in business, technology, politics and society.
Why you should listen
A broad thinker who studies the intersections of these fields, Enriquez has a talent for bridging disciplines to build a coherent look ahead. He is the managing director of Excel Venture Management, a life sciences VC firm. He recently published (with Steve Gullans) Evolving Ourselves: How Unnatural Selection and Nonrandom Mutation Are Shaping Life on Earth. The book describes a world where humans increasingly shape their environment, themselves and other species.
Enriquez is a member of the board of Synthetic Genomics, which recently introduced the smallest synthetic living cell. Called “JCVI-syn 3.0,” it has 473 genes (about half the previous smallest cell). The organism would die if one of the genes is removed. In other words, this is the minimum genetic instruction set for a living organism.
Juan Enriquez | Speaker | TED.com