TEDSummit
Juan Enriquez: What will humans look like in 100 years?
胡安·恩里克斯: 人类100年后会变成什么样子？
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我们能够进化细菌，植物和动物——未来主义学者胡安·恩里克斯问道：进化人体是否道德？在这个从中世纪假肢到当今神经元工程，再到人造DNA技术的颇具前瞻性的演讲中，胡安·恩里克斯帮我们理清了进化人体的道德标准，并设想了我们未来为移居其他星球而可能做出的人体改造。
Juan Enriquez - Futurist
Juan Enriquez thinks and writes about the profound changes that genomics and other life sciences will bring in business, technology, politics and society. Full bio
Juan Enriquez thinks and writes about the profound changes that genomics and other life sciences will bring in business, technology, politics and society. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:14
Here's a question that matters.
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这里有一个重要的问题。
【改造人体会出现道德问题吗】
00:16
[Is it ethical to evolve the human body?]
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因为我们已经开始拥有
改造自身所需的所有工具了。
改造自身所需的所有工具了。
00:18
Because we're beginning to get all
the tools together to evolve ourselves.
the tools together to evolve ourselves.
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我们可以改造细菌，
我们可以改造植物，
我们可以改造植物，
00:22
And we can evolve bacteria
and we can evolve plants
and we can evolve plants
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我们也可以改造动物，
00:24
and we can evolve animals,
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我们现在已经到了必须要
问这个问题的时候了，
问这个问题的时候了，
00:26
and we're now reaching a point
where we really have to ask,
where we really have to ask,
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00:29
is it really ethical
and do we want to evolve human beings?
and do we want to evolve human beings?
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这是否会导致道德问题，
或者我们是否想要改造人类？
或者我们是否想要改造人类？
在你们思考这个问题的时候，
00:33
And as you're thinking about that,
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让我就假肢为例子
和你们谈谈这件事，
和你们谈谈这件事，
00:35
let me talk about that
in the context of prosthetics,
in the context of prosthetics,
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假肢的过去，现在和未来。
00:39
prosthetics past, present, future.
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这是一只铁制手臂，
00:42
So this is the iron hand
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它属于一位德国伯爵。
00:44
that belonged to one of the German counts.
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嗜爱战争的他，在一场
战役中失去了他的手臂。
战役中失去了他的手臂。
00:46
Loved to fight, lost his arm
in one of these battles.
in one of these battles.
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不过也不是问题，
他做了一套战服，
他做了一套战服，
00:51
No problem, he just made a suit of armor,
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穿上它，
00:53
put it on,
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就拥有了完美的假肢。
00:55
perfect prosthetic.
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00:56
That's where the concept
of ruling with an iron fist comes from.
of ruling with an iron fist comes from.
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这就是术语“铁拳执政”的来源。
当然，这些假肢变得越来越实用，
01:01
And of course these prosthetics
have been getting more and more useful,
have been getting more and more useful,
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越来越现代化。
01:05
more and more modern.
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你可以用它拿像水煮蛋
这样柔软的东西。
这样柔软的东西。
01:06
You can hold soft-boiled eggs.
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你可以做出各种控制，
当你们思考这件事的时候，
当你们思考这件事的时候，
01:08
You can have all types of controls,
and as you're thinking about that,
and as you're thinking about that,
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像修米･赫尔这样神奇的人
01:12
there are wonderful people like Hugh Herr
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就做出了绝对不可思议的假肢。
01:14
who have been building
absolutely extraordinary prosthetics.
absolutely extraordinary prosthetics.
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这就让伟大的艾米·穆林斯
（残奥会短跑冠军）能走出家门说，
（残奥会短跑冠军）能走出家门说，
01:17
So the wonderful Aimee Mullins
will go out and say,
will go out and say,
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01:20
how tall do I want to be tonight?
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今晚我要什么身高，戴哪副假肢呢？
或者她会说：
我今天应该爬哪种岩壁？
我今天应该爬哪种岩壁？
01:23
Or he will say what type of cliff
do I want to climb?
do I want to climb?
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亦或者，有人想去跑个马拉松，
或是参加交际舞会吗？
或是参加交际舞会吗？
01:25
Or does somebody want to run a marathon,
or does somebody want to ballroom dance?
or does somebody want to ballroom dance?
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当你适应了这些事情的时候，
01:30
And as you adapt these things,
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有趣的是，现在的假肢
都已经能来自体内了。
都已经能来自体内了。
01:32
the interesting thing about prosthetics
is they've been coming inside the body.
is they've been coming inside the body.
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所以这些外部假肢
就变成了人造膝盖，
就变成了人造膝盖，
01:36
So these external prosthetics
have now become artificial knees.
have now become artificial knees.
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变成了人造髋关节。
01:39
They've become artificial hips.
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然后它们又更进一步的发展了，
01:41
And then they've evolved further
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不再只是锦上添花的东西，
01:43
to become not just nice to have
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而是至关重要的部分。
01:46
but essential to have.
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01:47
So when you're talking
about a heart pacemaker as a prosthetic,
about a heart pacemaker as a prosthetic,
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当你把一个心脏起搏器当成假肢时，
那你就不仅仅是在说，
“我缺条腿”这么简单，
“我缺条腿”这么简单，
01:51
you're talking about something
that isn't just, "I'm missing my leg,"
that isn't just, "I'm missing my leg,"
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而是“如果我没有这个，我就会死掉。”
01:55
it's, "if I don't have this, I can die."
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在那种程度上，假肢与人体就形成了
01:57
And at that point, a prosthetic
becomes a symbiotic relationship
becomes a symbiotic relationship
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一种共生关系。
02:02
with the human body.
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而四个我见过的最聪明的人——
02:04
And four of the smartest people
that I've ever met --
that I've ever met --
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艾德·鲍登，修米･赫尔，
乔･雅各布森，鲍勃･兰登——
乔･雅各布森，鲍勃･兰登——
02:07
Ed Boyden, Hugh Herr,
Joe Jacobson, Bob Lander --
Joe Jacobson, Bob Lander --
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他们都在一家极致仿生中心工作。
02:12
are working on a Center
for Extreme Bionics.
for Extreme Bionics.
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而你们现在看到的
一件有趣的事情是，
一件有趣的事情是，
02:15
And the interesting thing
of what you're seeing here is
of what you're seeing here is
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这些假肢已经能融入人体骨骼当中，
02:17
these prosthetics
now get integrated into the bone.
now get integrated into the bone.
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能融入皮肤之中，
02:20
They get integrated into the skin.
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也能融入肌肉组织之中。
02:21
They get integrated into the muscle.
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而另一方面，艾德也开始
02:24
And one of the other sides of Ed
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思考如何使用灯光或其他机制
02:27
is he's been thinking
about how to connect the brain
about how to connect the brain
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02:30
using light or other mechanisms
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使大脑能够直接和
02:33
directly to things like these prosthetics.
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假肢类的东西相联结。
如果我们能做到那一点，
02:36
And if you can do that,
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那么我们就可以改变
人类的基本组成部分了。
人类的基本组成部分了。
02:37
then you can begin changing
fundamental aspects of humanity.
fundamental aspects of humanity.
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你对于一个事物的反应速度
是由神经元直径决定的。
是由神经元直径决定的。
02:41
So how quickly you react to something
depends on the diameter of a nerve.
depends on the diameter of a nerve.
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02:46
And of course, if you have nerves
that are external or prosthetic,
that are external or prosthetic,
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但是当然，如果你的神经
是外缘的，或是假肢，
是外缘的，或是假肢，
举个例子，光线或是液态金属，
02:51
say with light or liquid metal,
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那么你们就能增宽神经元的直径，
02:54
then you can increase that diameter
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从理论上来说，我们甚至
可以提升反应速度，
可以提升反应速度，
02:56
and you could even increase it
theoretically to the point where,
theoretically to the point where,
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快到只要能看见枪口的
闪光，就能躲开子弹。
闪光，就能躲开子弹。
02:59
as long as you could see the muzzle flash,
you could step out of the way of a bullet.
you could step out of the way of a bullet.
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这些就是我们准备讨论的
变化的级别。
变化的级别。
03:03
Those are the order of magnitude
of changes you're talking about.
of changes you're talking about.
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这是假肢的第四种境界。
03:08
This is a fourth
sort of level of prosthetics.
sort of level of prosthetics.
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这是一些峰力助听器，
03:10
These are Phonak hearing aids,
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这些东西很有趣，
03:13
and the reason
why these are so interesting
why these are so interesting
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原因是它们已经跨越了假肢是
03:15
is because they cross the threshold
from where prosthetics are something
from where prosthetics are something
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帮助“障碍人群”的门槛了。
03:18
for somebody who is "disabled"
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03:21
and they become something
that somebody who is "normal"
that somebody who is "normal"
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它们变成了“正常人群”
也想要的东西，
03:25
might want to actually have,
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因为这种假肢所能做的，
非常有趣，
非常有趣，
03:27
because what this prosthetic does,
which is really interesting,
which is really interesting,
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不仅仅能够帮助你听见声音，
03:30
is not only does it help you hear,
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还能帮助你专注于听，
03:32
you can focus your hearing,
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能帮你听见别处的声音。
03:33
so it can hear the conversation
going on over there.
going on over there.
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这样你就有了顺风耳。
03:36
You can have superhearing.
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你可以听到全方位的声音。
你可以听见白噪声。
你可以听见白噪声。
03:37
You can have hearing in 360 degrees.
You can have white noise.
You can have white noise.
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你可以录音，顺便提一下，
它们还可以承载手机功能。
它们还可以承载手机功能。
03:40
You can record, and oh, by the way,
they also put a phone into this.
they also put a phone into this.
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所以它的功能不仅是助听，
还可以成为你的手机。
还可以成为你的手机。
03:44
So this functions as your hearing aid
and also as your phone.
and also as your phone.
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到了那时，就会有人
自愿去安装假肢了。
自愿去安装假肢了。
03:47
And at that point, somebody might actually
want to have a prosthetic voluntarily.
want to have a prosthetic voluntarily.
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这些成千的连接疏松的碎片
03:54
All of these thousands
of loosely connected little pieces
of loosely connected little pieces
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正在聚集起来，
03:57
are coming together,
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是时候让我们提出疑问，
03:59
and it's about time we ask the question,
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我们在下一个，或者两个世纪
打算如何改造人类？
打算如何改造人类？
04:01
how do we want to evolve human beings
over the next century or two?
over the next century or two?
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我们向一个伟大的哲学家求助，
04:05
And for that we turn
to a great philosopher
to a great philosopher
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他是非常聪明的人，
尽管是洋基队的粉丝。
尽管是洋基队的粉丝。
04:08
who was a very smart man
despite being a Yankee fan.
despite being a Yankee fan.
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04:12
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
当然，就像约吉·贝拉说过的那样，
预测不是一件简单的事情，
预测不是一件简单的事情，
04:14
And Yogi Berra used to say, of course,
that it's very tough to make predictions,
that it's very tough to make predictions,
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特别是关于未来的预测。
04:18
especially about the future.
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（笑声）
04:20
(Laughter)
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所以说，我们开篇就先不预测未来，
04:21
So instead of making a prediction
about the future to begin with,
about the future to begin with,
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让我们看看当下，发生在像
托尼・阿塔拉这样的人身上的故事吧，
托尼・阿塔拉这样的人身上的故事吧，
04:24
let's take what's happening in the present
with people like Tony Atala,
with people like Tony Atala,
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托尼身上有着30多个再设计过的器官。
04:27
who is redesigning 30-some-odd organs.
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也许最终版本的假肢已经不需要了，
例如金属钛这种外缘材料。
例如金属钛这种外缘材料。
04:31
And maybe the ultimate prosthetic
isn't having something external, titanium.
isn't having something external, titanium.
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也许会来自你们自身的基因编码，
04:34
Maybe the ultimate prosthetic
is take your own gene code,
is take your own gene code,
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重新制造身体的一部分，
04:37
remake your own body parts,
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因为那会比任何一种假肢效果都要好。
04:39
because that's a whole lot more effective
than any kind of a prosthetic.
than any kind of a prosthetic.
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04:44
But while you're at it, then you can take
the work of Craig Venter and Ham Smith.
the work of Craig Venter and Ham Smith.
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当你们这么想的时候，就可以看看
克雷格·文特尔和翰姆·史密斯的工作。
克雷格·文特尔和翰姆·史密斯的工作。
我们一直以来想要做的事情之一，
04:48
And one of the things
that we've been doing
that we've been doing
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04:50
is trying to figure out
how to reprogram cells.
how to reprogram cells.
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就是想出如何重新编码细胞。
如果你可以重新编码细胞，
04:54
And if you can reprogram a cell,
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你就可以改变那些器官中的细胞。
04:55
then you can change the cells
in those organs.
in those organs.
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因此，如果我们可以改变
器官中的细胞，
器官中的细胞，
04:59
So if you can change
the cells in those organs,
the cells in those organs,
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也许我们就能使得
那些细胞更加耐辐射；
那些细胞更加耐辐射；
05:01
maybe you make those organs
more radiation-resistant.
more radiation-resistant.
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也许能让它们吸收更多氧气；
05:04
Maybe you make them absorb more oxygen.
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让它们更加高效的
05:06
Maybe you make them more efficient
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过滤人体所不需要的杂质。
05:07
to filter out stuff
that you don't want in your body.
that you don't want in your body.
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在过去的几周里，
乔治·丘奇经常上新闻，
乔治·丘奇经常上新闻，
05:11
And over the last few weeks,
George Church has been in the news a lot
George Church has been in the news a lot
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因为他一直都在描述
一种可编码细胞，
一种可编码细胞，
05:15
because he's been talking about taking
one of these programmable cells
one of these programmable cells
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以及将整个人类基因组
05:18
and inserting an entire human genome
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插入那个细胞。
05:20
into that cell.
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一旦我们能够将整个
人类基因组插入那个细胞当中，
人类基因组插入那个细胞当中，
05:22
And once you can insert
an entire human genome into a cell,
an entire human genome into a cell,
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05:26
then you begin to ask the question,
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我们就会开始问这样的问题：
05:28
would you want
to enhance any of that genome?
to enhance any of that genome?
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你们想要加强
基因中的任何部分吗？
基因中的任何部分吗？
你们想要强化人体吗？
05:33
Do you want to enhance a human body?
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05:35
How would you want
to enhance a human body?
to enhance a human body?
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你们想要怎样强化人体？
怎样强化是合乎道德的？
05:38
Where is it ethical
to enhance a human body
to enhance a human body
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而怎样又是不合乎道德的？
05:40
and where is it not ethical
to enhance a human body?
to enhance a human body?
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突然之间，我们正在做的，
05:43
And all of a sudden, what we're doing
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仿佛是得到了一个多维棋盘：
05:45
is we've got this
multidimensional chess board
multidimensional chess board
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我们可以通过病毒来改变人类的基因，
05:48
where we can change
human genetics by using viruses
human genetics by using viruses
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05:51
to attack things like AIDS,
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从而攻克艾滋这样的疾病，
或者我们也可以通过
改变基因序列，基因疗法，
改变基因序列，基因疗法，
05:54
or we can change the gene code
through gene therapy
through gene therapy
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来对付遗传性疾病，
05:56
to do away with some hereditary diseases,
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05:59
or we can change the environment,
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又或者说，我们
可以改变我们的环境，
可以改变我们的环境，
我们还可以改变
显性基因的基因表达，
显性基因的基因表达，
06:01
and change the expression
of those genes in the epigenome
of those genes in the epigenome
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06:03
and pass that on to the next generations.
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将表象传递给下一代人。
一瞬之间，就变得不止是一点点了，
06:07
And all of a sudden,
it's not just one little bit,
it's not just one little bit,
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这些一点点累积起来，
06:10
it's all these stacked little bits
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06:12
that allow you
to take little portions of it
to take little portions of it
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每次拿走一点点，
06:15
until all the portions coming together
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直到它们汇集起来，
让你变得完全不同。
06:18
lead you to something
that's very different.
that's very different.
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06:21
And a lot of people
are very scared by this stuff.
are very scared by this stuff.
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很多人对此感到害怕。
这听起来确实很恐怖，
也很有风险。
也很有风险。
06:24
And it does sound scary,
and there are risks to this stuff.
and there are risks to this stuff.
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那么我们到底为什么想要这么做呢？
06:28
So why in the world would you
ever want to do this stuff?
ever want to do this stuff?
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为什么我们希望彻底的
06:30
Why would we really want
to alter the human body
to alter the human body
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06:33
in a fundamental way?
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改变人体呢？
英国皇家天文协会的
06:37
The answer lies in part
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06:39
with Lord Rees,
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洛德・里斯
给我们提供了部分答案。
06:41
astronomer royal of Great Britain.
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他最喜欢说的一句话就是：
宇宙是百分之百邪恶的。
宇宙是百分之百邪恶的。
06:44
And one of his favorite sayings
is the universe is 100 percent malevolent.
is the universe is 100 percent malevolent.
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这是什么意思呢？
06:48
So what does that mean?
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意思就是，随机取下你身体的一部分
06:49
It means if you take
any one of your bodies at random,
any one of your bodies at random,
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扔在宇宙的任何地方，
06:52
drop it anywhere in the universe,
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06:54
drop it in space, you die.
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扔在太空，你就死定了。
扔在太阳上，死定了。
06:56
Drop it on the Sun, you die.
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扔在水星表面上，死定了。
06:58
Drop it on the surface
of Mercury, you die.
of Mercury, you die.
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扔在超新星附近，死定了。
07:00
Drop it near a supernova, you die.
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但幸运的是，这句话
只有80%是正确的。
只有80%是正确的。
07:02
But fortunately, it's only
about 80 percent effective.
about 80 percent effective.
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一位伟大的物理学家曾说过，
07:06
So as a great physicist once said,
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就是那些处于上游的小生物漩涡，
07:10
there's these little
upstream eddies of biology
upstream eddies of biology
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创造了汹涌洪流当中的秩序。
07:14
that create order
in this rapid torrent of entropy.
in this rapid torrent of entropy.
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所以随着宇宙不断耗散能量，
07:20
So as the universe dissipates energy,
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这些处于上游的小型生命漩涡，
创造了生物界的秩序。
创造了生物界的秩序。
07:23
there's these upstream eddies
that create biological order.
that create biological order.
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现在，关于小漩涡的问题就是
07:27
Now, the problem with eddies is,
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它们要消失了。
07:30
they tend to disappear.
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它们会在星河中移动。
07:31
They shift. They move in rivers.
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因为这样的原因，
当小漩涡移动的时候，
当小漩涡移动的时候，
07:34
And because of that, when an eddy shifts,
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当地球变成雪球的时候，
变得炙热的时候，
变得炙热的时候，
07:36
when the Earth becomes a snowball,
when the Earth becomes very hot,
when the Earth becomes very hot,
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当地球被小行星击中的时候，
当我们遇到超级火山爆发的时候，
当我们遇到超级火山爆发的时候，
07:40
when the Earth gets hit by an asteroid,
when you have supervolcanoes,
when you have supervolcanoes,
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当我们遇到太阳耀斑
爆发的时候，
爆发的时候，
07:43
when you have solar flares,
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当我们遇到潜在的
毁灭级事件的时候，
毁灭级事件的时候，
07:45
when you have potentially
extinction-level events
extinction-level events
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07:48
like the next election --
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比如下届选举这种事——
07:50
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
然后突然之间，我们就会
遇到周期性的大灭绝。
遇到周期性的大灭绝。
07:53
then all of a sudden,
you can have periodic extinctions.
you can have periodic extinctions.
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顺便提一下，这已经在地球上
上演过五次了。
上演过五次了。
07:57
And by the way, that's happened
five times on Earth,
five times on Earth,
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因此，人类有朝一日
08:00
and therefore it is very likely
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在地球上灭绝
是非常可能发生的。
是非常可能发生的。
08:02
that the human species on Earth
is going to go extinct someday.
is going to go extinct someday.
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不是下个星期，
08:06
Not next week,
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不是下个月，
08:07
not next month,
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也许就是11月，
但也许是那之后的一万年。
但也许是那之后的一万年。
08:09
maybe in November,
but maybe 10,000 years after that.
but maybe 10,000 years after that.
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08:13
As you're thinking
of the consequence of that,
of the consequence of that,
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想象一下那样的结果，
如果你相信大灭绝
是平常的，自然的，
是平常的，自然的，
08:16
if you believe that extinctions
are common and natural
are common and natural
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会周期性发生，
08:20
and normal and occur periodically,
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这就成为了一个使我们的
物种多样化的道德准则。
物种多样化的道德准则。
08:22
it becomes a moral imperative
to diversify our species.
to diversify our species.
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之所以会成为道德准则，
08:26
And it becomes a moral imperative
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是因为如果我们不彻底修改人体，
08:28
because it's going to be
really hard to live on Mars
really hard to live on Mars
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08:31
if we don't fundamentally
modify the human body.
modify the human body.
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那么我们就很难在火星上生存。
08:34
Right?
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不难理解吧？
我们都来自一个细胞，
08:36
You go from one cell,
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父母一起产生的一个细胞，
08:37
mom and dad coming together
to make one cell,
to make one cell,
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通过连续分裂产生了10兆个细胞。
08:39
in a cascade to 10 trillion cells.
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我们不能确定彻底改变重力时，
08:41
We don't know, if you change
the gravity substantially,
the gravity substantially,
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相同的事情还会发生在我们体内。
08:46
if the same thing will happen
to create your body.
to create your body.
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08:50
We do know that if you expose
our bodies as they currently are
our bodies as they currently are
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我们能确定的是现在将自己的身体
暴露在强辐射下，我们就会死。
08:53
to a lot of radiation, we will die.
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当你这样想的时候，就会发现
仅仅是为了去火星，
仅仅是为了去火星，
08:57
So as you're thinking of that,
you have to really redesign things
you have to really redesign things
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我们就必须重新编码自己。
09:00
just to get to Mars.
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更不用说去海王星或木星的卫星了。
09:01
Forget about the moons
of Neptune or Jupiter.
of Neptune or Jupiter.
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借用一下尼古拉·卡尔达肖夫
（前苏联天体物理学家）的话，
（前苏联天体物理学家）的话，
09:05
And to borrow from Nikolai Kardashev,
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让我们在一系列的
尺度上考虑一下生命。
尺度上考虑一下生命。
09:07
let's think about life
in a series of scales.
in a series of scales.
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09:09
So Life One civilization
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在一级生命文明当中
可以开始改变人类的长相。
09:12
is a civilization that begins
to alter his or her looks.
to alter his or her looks.
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我们已经这样做了数千年了。
09:16
And we've been doing that
for thousands of years.
for thousands of years.
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你可以做腹部整形，
整整这儿，整整那儿。
整整这儿，整整那儿。
09:18
You've got tummy tucks
and you've got this and you've got that.
and you've got this and you've got that.
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09:22
You alter your looks, and I'm told
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你能改变你的长相，我听人说
09:24
that not all of those alterations
take place for medical reasons.
take place for medical reasons.
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不是所有改变的背后
都有医疗缘由。
都有医疗缘由。
（笑声）
09:28
(Laughter)
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看起来很奇怪。
09:30
Seems odd.
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二级生命文明就是完全不同的了。
09:32
A Life Two civilization
is a different civilization.
is a different civilization.
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09:36
A Life Two civilization alters
fundamental aspects of the body.
fundamental aspects of the body.
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二级生命文明就开始
改变人体的基本特征了。
改变人体的基本特征了。
所以你可以注射生长激素，
使人长的更高，
使人长的更高，
09:41
So you put human growth hormone in,
the person grows taller,
the person grows taller,
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或者使用某种药物，
使人变胖，新陈代谢失调，
使人变胖，新陈代谢失调，
09:44
or you put x in and the person
gets fatter or loses metabolism
gets fatter or loses metabolism
197
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或者发生一系列的改变。
09:48
or does a whole series of things,
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但是你已经彻底改变了基础机能了。
09:50
but you're altering the functions
in a fundamental way.
in a fundamental way.
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要成为整个太阳系内文明，
09:53
To become an intrasolar civilization,
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我们必须要经历三级生命文明，
09:55
we're going to have to create
a Life Three civilization,
a Life Three civilization,
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而且明显有别于
所提到的二级文明。
所提到的二级文明。
09:59
and that looks very different
from what we've got here.
from what we've got here.
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也许你会被植入耐辐射球菌，
10:02
Maybe you splice in
Deinococcus radiodurans
Deinococcus radiodurans
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这样在大量暴露于辐射后
受损的细胞仍能复原。
受损的细胞仍能复原。
10:05
so that the cells can resplice
after a lot of exposure to radiation.
after a lot of exposure to radiation.
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10:10
Maybe you breathe by having oxygen
flow through your blood
flow through your blood
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也许你就会将氧气
直接吸入血液当中
直接吸入血液当中
10:13
instead of through your lungs.
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而不是肺中。
10:15
But you're talking about
really radical redesigns,
really radical redesigns,
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但是我们正在讨论的
是完全彻底的重设，
是完全彻底的重设，
在过去十年间
发生了一件有趣的事情，
发生了一件有趣的事情，
10:19
and one of the interesting things
that's happened in the last decade
that's happened in the last decade
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那就是我们在宇宙间
发现了更多的行星。
发现了更多的行星。
10:22
is we've discovered
a whole lot of planets out there.
a whole lot of planets out there.
209
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10:25
And some of them may be Earth-like.
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其中的很多都属于类地行星。
问题在于，如果我们
想要到达那些行星，
想要到达那些行星，
10:29
The problem is, if we ever
want to get to these planets,
want to get to these planets,
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人类拥有的的最快物体——
10:33
the fastest human objects --
212
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朱诺和旅行者，
还有剩下类似的东西——
还有剩下类似的东西——
10:34
Juno and Voyager
and the rest of this stuff --
and the rest of this stuff --
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将花费我们数千万年，
10:37
take tens of thousands of years
214
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才能从这里
到达离我们最近的恒星系。
到达离我们最近的恒星系。
10:39
to get from here
to the nearest solar system.
to the nearest solar system.
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10:42
So if you want to start exploring
beaches somewhere else,
beaches somewhere else,
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所以，如果我们想在
其他地方漫步沙滩，
其他地方漫步沙滩，
10:46
or you want to see two-sun sunsets,
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或者想要看双日落，
那么我们在讨论的
一定是非常不同的东西，
一定是非常不同的东西，
10:49
then you're talking
about something that is very different,
about something that is very different,
218
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3136
因为我们必须要改变
时间维度和人体的构造
时间维度和人体的构造
10:53
because you have to change
the timescale and the body of humans
the timescale and the body of humans
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直到超乎想象的地步。
10:58
in ways which may be
absolutely unrecognizable.
absolutely unrecognizable.
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那就是四级生命文明。
11:02
And that's a Life Four civilization.
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1840
现在，虽然我们无法想象
我们会变成什么样，
我们会变成什么样，
11:05
Now, we can't even begin
to imagine what that might look like,
to imagine what that might look like,
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但是我们已经能看到
11:08
but we're beginning to get glimpses
223
656680
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能把我们带到那里的
一些尖端设备了。
一些尖端设备了。
11:11
of instruments that might
take us even that far.
take us even that far.
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我给你们举两个例子。
11:14
And let me give you two examples.
225
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这就是我们出色的弗洛伊德・瑞姆斯伯格，
（另一位TEDMED演讲者）
（另一位TEDMED演讲者）
11:16
So this is the wonderful Floyd Romesberg,
226
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1953
11:19
and one of the things
that Floyd's been doing
that Floyd's been doing
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2136
弗洛伊德一直在做的事情之一就是
研究基础生命化学。
11:21
is he's been playing
with the basic chemistry of life.
with the basic chemistry of life.
228
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2536
地球上的所有生命都由ATCG组成，
DNA链中的四个结构单元。
DNA链中的四个结构单元。
11:23
So all life on this planet
is made in ATCGs, the four letters of DNA.
is made in ATCGs, the four letters of DNA.
229
671920
4856
所有的细菌，植物，
动物，人类，奶牛，
动物，人类，奶牛，
11:28
All bacteria, all plants,
all animals, all humans, all cows,
all animals, all humans, all cows,
230
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3136
所有的生物。
11:31
everything else.
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1200
11:34
And what Floyd did is he changed out
two of those base pairs,
two of those base pairs,
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弗洛伊德做的就是
改变了其中的两组碱基对，
改变了其中的两组碱基对，
就变成了ATXY组合。
11:38
so it's ATXY.
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11:41
And that means that you now have
a parallel system to make life,
a parallel system to make life,
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这就意味着，你现在拥有了
一个制造生命的平行体系，
一个制造生命的平行体系，
去产生幼儿，去繁殖，去进化，
11:47
to make babies, to reproduce, to evolve,
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不能与地球上的大多数生命配对，
11:51
that doesn't mate
with most things on Earth
with most things on Earth
236
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或者说事实上全都不能。
11:54
or in fact maybe with nothing on Earth.
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1880
也许你能够制造出
对所有细菌免疫的植物。
对所有细菌免疫的植物。
11:56
Maybe you make plants
that are immune to all bacteria.
that are immune to all bacteria.
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也许你能制造出
对所有病毒免疫的植物。
对所有病毒免疫的植物。
11:59
Maybe you make plants
that are immune to all viruses.
that are immune to all viruses.
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但是，这为什么有趣呢？
12:01
But why is that so interesting?
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因为这就意味着，我们
不只有唯一的解决方案了。
不只有唯一的解决方案了。
12:03
It means that we
are not a unique solution.
are not a unique solution.
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这就意味着，我们能够造出
不同于我们的化学生物，
不同于我们的化学生物，
12:07
It means you can create
alternate chemistries to us
alternate chemistries to us
242
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它们能够适应不同星球上的生活，
12:11
that could be chemistries
adaptable to a very different planet
adaptable to a very different planet
243
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它们能创造生命，繁衍生息。
12:16
that could create life and heredity.
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第二个实验，
12:20
The second experiment,
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或者说是这个实验的另一个运用，
12:22
or the other implication
of this experiment,
of this experiment,
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就是我们所有人，所有的
生命都基于20种氨基酸。
生命都基于20种氨基酸。
12:25
is that all of you, all life
is based on 20 amino acids.
is based on 20 amino acids.
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如果我们并不是
去替换其中的两种，
去替换其中的两种，
12:29
If you don't substitute two amino acids,
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我们不用ATXY的模式，
我们用ATCG＋XY的模式，
我们用ATCG＋XY的模式，
12:32
if you don't say ATXY,
if you say ATCG + XY,
if you say ATCG + XY,
249
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我们就能够从20种
基础氨基酸增长到172种，
基础氨基酸增长到172种，
12:37
then you go from
20 building blocks to 172,
20 building blocks to 172,
250
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2760
12:41
and all of a sudden you've got
172 building blocks of amino acids
172 building blocks of amino acids
251
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转瞬间，我们就有了172种
基础氨基酸的模型
基础氨基酸的模型
12:44
to build life-forms
in very different shapes.
in very different shapes.
252
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去建造完全不同的生命形式。
第二个实验，是在中国做的
12:49
The second experiment to think about
is a really weird experiment
is a really weird experiment
253
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3056
一个非常诡异的实验。
12:52
that's been taking place in China.
254
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12:55
So this guy has been transplanting
hundreds of mouse heads.
hundreds of mouse heads.
255
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这个家伙已经换植过
上百只老鼠的头了。
上百只老鼠的头了。
听上去怎么样？
13:00
Right?
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13:02
And why is that an interesting experiment?
257
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为什么这个实验很有趣呢？
13:05
Well, think of the first
heart transplants.
heart transplants.
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想一想第一场心脏移植手术。
他人们以前经常做的一件事
13:07
One of the things they used to do
259
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就是会把器官捐赠者的
妻子或女儿带过来，
妻子或女儿带过来，
13:09
is they used to bring in
the wife or the daughter of the donor
the wife or the daughter of the donor
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13:12
so the donee could tell the doctors,
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这样被捐赠者就可以回答医生的问题，
“你认识这个人吗？你爱她吗？
13:16
"Do you recognize this person?
Do you love this person?
Do you love this person?
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你看到她能感觉到什么吗？”
13:19
Do you feel anything for this person?"
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今天，我们当然会把这当笑话讲。
13:21
We laugh about that today.
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我们笑是因为我们知道
心脏只是一块肌肉，
心脏只是一块肌肉，
13:23
We laugh because we know
the heart is a muscle,
the heart is a muscle,
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但是，在历史上的若干年间，
13:25
but for hundreds of thousands of years,
or tens of thousands of years,
or tens of thousands of years,
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“我把心献给了她。
她勾走了我的心。让我心碎。”
她勾走了我的心。让我心碎。”
13:29
"I gave her my heart.
She took my heart. She broke my heart."
She took my heart. She broke my heart."
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我们都把心脏当成感情的来源，
13:32
We thought this was emotion
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13:33
and we thought maybe emotions
were transplanted with the heart. Nope.
were transplanted with the heart. Nope.
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我们以为感情会与心相随，
一同被移植。不是这样的。
一同被移植。不是这样的。
但是如果换成大脑呢？
13:38
So how about the brain?
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有两种可能的结局。
13:41
Two possible outcomes to this experiment.
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如果你能成功得到
13:43
If you can get a mouse
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一只活着的老鼠，
13:46
that is functional,
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13:47
then you can see,
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你会观察到，
它的新大脑是否是一片空白？
13:50
is the new brain a blank slate?
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甚至，这个大脑是不是有同样的功能？
13:53
And boy, does that have implications.
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第二种可能：
13:57
Second option:
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新的老鼠还记得它的恋爱对象。
13:58
the new mouse recognizes Minnie Mouse.
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14:01
The new mouse
remembers what it's afraid of,
remembers what it's afraid of,
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新的老鼠还记得它害怕什么，
记得迷宫的线路，
14:03
remembers how to navigate the maze,
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14:05
and if that is true,
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如果这是真的，
我们就能够移植
我们的记忆和意识。
我们的记忆和意识。
14:08
then you can transplant
memory and consciousness.
memory and consciousness.
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14:13
And then the really
interesting question is,
interesting question is,
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然后就引发了一个有趣的问题，
移植大脑的过程，
是否是对于下半身唯一的
是否是对于下半身唯一的
14:15
if you can transplant this,
is the only input-output mechanism
is the only input-output mechanism
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14:19
this down here?
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输入输出信号的控制呢？
14:21
Or could you transplant
that consciousness into something
that consciousness into something
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或者说，我们能否将意识转入一个
14:24
that would be very different,
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十分不同的东西里，
使它能够在宇宙中长远留存，
14:26
that would last in space,
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14:27
that would last
tens of thousands of years,
tens of thousands of years,
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能够持续数万年，
这是身体的完全重设，
14:29
that would be a completely redesigned body
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使我们的意识能够存在
很长，很长一段时间？
很长，很长一段时间？
14:31
that could hold consciousness
for a long, long period of time?
for a long, long period of time?
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14:38
And let's come back to the first question:
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那么，让我们重新回到开始的问题：
为什么我们会想要那么做？
14:40
Why would you ever want to do that?
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好吧，让我来告诉你们原因。
14:44
Well, I'll tell you why.
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因为这就是我们的终极自拍照。
14:45
Because this is the ultimate selfie.
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（笑声）
14:48
(Laughter)
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14:50
This is taken from six billion miles away,
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这将来自六十亿英里以外，
14:54
and that's Earth.
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那就是地球。
14:56
And that's all of us.
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里面包括我们所有人。
14:59
And if that little thing goes,
all of humanity goes.
all of humanity goes.
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如果那个小东西能够持续下去，
整个人类就会存活下去。
整个人类就会存活下去。
15:04
And the reason you want
to alter the human body
to alter the human body
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我们之所以想要改变人体，
是因为我们最终想要
一张照片，上面写着，
一张照片，上面写着，
15:06
is because you eventually
want a picture that says,
want a picture that says,
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15:09
that's us, and that's us,
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这是我们，这是我们，
15:11
and that's us,
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这也是我们，
15:12
because that's the way humanity
survives long-term extinction.
survives long-term extinction.
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因为这让人类得以
幸存于漫长的灭绝事件中。
幸存于漫长的灭绝事件中。
15:17
And that's the reason why it turns out
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这就是为什么结果表明，
15:19
it's actually unethical
not to evolve the human body
not to evolve the human body
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不进化人体是不道德的。
15:23
even though it can be scary,
even though it can be challenging,
even though it can be challenging,
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即使那可能很可怕，
即使可能很困难，
即使可能很困难，
15:27
but it's what's going
to allow us to explore, live
to allow us to explore, live
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但这会使我们能够去探索，生存，
到达当今无法想象的地方，
15:30
and get to places
we can't even dream of today,
we can't even dream of today,
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也许我们的曾曾曾曾孙辈
有朝一日会实现这个目标。
有朝一日会实现这个目标。
15:33
but which our great-great-great-great-
grandchildren might someday.
grandchildren might someday.
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非常感谢。
15:37
Thank you very much.
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15:38
(Applause)
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（掌声）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Juan Enriquez - FuturistJuan Enriquez thinks and writes about the profound changes that genomics and other life sciences will bring in business, technology, politics and society.
Why you should listen
A broad thinker who studies the intersections of these fields, Enriquez has a talent for bridging disciplines to build a coherent look ahead. He is the managing director of Excel Venture Management, a life sciences VC firm. He recently published (with Steve Gullans) Evolving Ourselves: How Unnatural Selection and Nonrandom Mutation Are Shaping Life on Earth. The book describes a world where humans increasingly shape their environment, themselves and other species.
Enriquez is a member of the board of Synthetic Genomics, which recently introduced the smallest synthetic living cell. Called “JCVI-syn 3.0,” it has 473 genes (about half the previous smallest cell). The organism would die if one of the genes is removed. In other words, this is the minimum genetic instruction set for a living organism.
Juan Enriquez | Speaker | TED.com