TED2011
Paul Romer: The world's first charter city?
Paul Romer: Prvé charterové mesto na svete?
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V roku 2009 Paul Romer predstavil ideu "charterového mesta" - nový druh mesta s pravidlami, ktoré podporujú demokraciu a obchod. Tento rok na TED2011 rozpráva, ako takéto mesto práve vzniká v Hondurase... s malou pomocou jeho poslednej prednášky.
Paul Romer - Chief Economist and Senior Vice President, World Bank
Paul Romer's research on catch-up growth in low- and middle-income countries has emphasized the importance of government policies that encourage orderly urban expansion. Full bio
Paul Romer's research on catch-up growth in low- and middle-income countries has emphasized the importance of government policies that encourage orderly urban expansion. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
In 2007,
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V roku 2007
00:17
I decided that we needed to reconceptualize
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som sa rozhodol, že potrebujeme nový koncept
00:19
how we thought about economic development.
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uvažovania o ekonomickom vývoji.
00:21
Our new goal should be
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Našim novým cieľom by malo byť,
00:23
that when every family thinks about where they want to live and work,
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aby každá rodina, ktorá premýšľa o tom, kde chce žiť a pracovať,
00:26
they should be able to choose between
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mala možnosť vybrať si medzi
00:28
at least a handful
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aspoň hŕstkou
00:30
of different cities
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rozličných miest,
00:32
that were all competing to attract new residents.
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ktoré sa budú snažiť pritiahnuť čo najviac obyvateľov.
00:35
Now we're a long way away from that goal right now.
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Nateraz sme od tohto cieľa vzdialení.
00:38
There are billions of people in developing countries
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V rozvojových krajinách žijú miliardy ľudí,
00:41
who don't have even a single city that would be willing to welcome them.
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ktorí nemajú ani jedno mesto, ktoré by bolo ochotné ich privítať.
00:44
But the amazing thing about cities
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Úžasná vec na mestách je,
00:46
is they're worth so much more
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že stoja omnoho viac,
00:48
than it costs to build them.
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než je potrebné na ich výstavbu.
00:50
So we could easily supply the world
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Takže môžeme svetu dodať
00:53
with dozens, maybe hundreds,
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desiatky, možno stovky
00:55
of new cities.
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nových miest.
00:57
Now this might sound preposterous to you
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Možno vám to znie absurdne,
00:59
if you've never thought about new cities.
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ak ste o nových mestách nikdy nepremýšľali.
01:01
But just substitute apartment building for cities.
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Ale len zameňte mesto za bytový dom.
01:03
Imagine half the people who wanted to be in apartments already had them;
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Predstavte si, že polovica ľudí, ktorí chcú byt, ho už majú
01:06
the other half aren't there yet.
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a druhá polovica ešte nie.
01:08
You could try and expand the capacity
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Môžete vyskúšať rozšíriť kapacitu
01:11
by doing additions on all the existing apartments.
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prístavbou k všetkým existujúcim bytom.
01:14
But you know what you'd run into
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Ale viete na čo by ste narazili
01:16
is those apartments and the surrounding areas
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v už existujúcich bytoch a priľahlom okolí
01:18
have rules to avoid discomfort
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majú pravidlá, ktorými sa vyhýbajú nepohodliu
01:20
and the distractions of construction.
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a rušeniu prestavbou.
01:23
So it's extremely hard to do all of those additions.
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Takže sa tieto prístavby robia veľmi ťažko.
01:25
But you could go out someplace brand new,
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Ale môžete ísť na nové miesto,
01:27
build a brand new apartment building,
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postaviť úplne nový bytový dom,
01:30
as long as the rules there
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pokiaľ pravidlá, ktoré tam zavediete,
01:32
were ones that facilitated construction
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budú podporovať výstavbu
01:34
rather than getting in the way.
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a nebudú jej brániť.
01:36
So I proposed
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Tak som navrhol,
01:38
that governments create new reform zones
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aby vlády vytvorili nové reformované zóny,
01:41
big enough to hold cities
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dosť veľké na mestá
01:43
and gave them a name: charter cities.
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a pomenovali ich charterové mestá.
01:46
Later I learned that at about this same time,
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Neskôr som zistil, že v približne rovnakom čase,
01:48
Javier and Octavio
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Javier and Octavio
01:50
were thinking about the challenge of reform
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rozmýšľali nad reformou
01:52
in Honduras.
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v Hondurase.
01:54
They knew that about 75,000 Hondurans every year
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Vedia, že každoročne 75 000 Hondurasanov
01:58
would leave to go to the United States,
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odíde do Spojených štátov,
02:00
and they wanted to ask, what could they do
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a pýtali sa, čo by mohli spraviť,
02:02
to make sure that those people could stay
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aby títo ľudia ostali
02:04
and do the same things in Honduras.
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a robili rovnaké veci v Hondurase.
02:07
At one point, Javier said to Octavio,
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A raz Javier vraví Octaviovi:
02:09
"What if we took some of our empty land --
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„Čo keby sme vzali kus našej prázdnej zeme -
02:11
what if we just gave it to an embassy --
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čo keby sme ju dali ambasáde -
02:13
give some to the U.S. embassy; give some to the Canadian embassy --
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dali časť americkej ambasáde a časť kanadskej ambasáde -
02:16
and then if people want to go work
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a potom, keď budú chcieť ľudia pracovať
02:18
under the rules of Canada or under the rules of the United States,
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pod kanadskými či americkými zákonmi
02:20
they can go get jobs,
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môžu sa tam zamestnať
02:22
do everything they do on those embassy grounds
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robiť všetko na území tých ambasád
02:24
that they would otherwise have to go to Canada or the U.S. to do?"
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za čím by inak museli ísť do Kanady či Štátov?“
02:29
In the summer of 2009,
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V lete v roku 2009,
02:31
Honduras went through a wrenching constitutional crisis.
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Honduras prešiel ťažkou ústavnou krízou.
02:34
At the next regularly scheduled election,
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V najbližších voľbách,
02:37
Pepe Lobo won in a landslide
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vyhral s veľkým náskokom Pepe Lobo
02:39
on a platform that promised reform,
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sľubujúc reformu,
02:42
but reconciliation as well.
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ale i zmierenie.
02:45
He asked Octavio to be his chief of staff.
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Požiadal Octavia, aby bol jeho veliacim dôstojníkom.
02:49
Meanwhile, I was getting ready
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V tom čase som si pripravoval
02:51
to give a talk at TEDGlobal.
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svoju prednášku na TEDGlobal.
02:53
Through a process of refinement,
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Vylepšoval som,
02:55
trial and error, a lot of user testing,
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metódou pokus-omyl testoval,
02:58
I tried to boil this complicated concept of charter city
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snažil vysvetliť komplikovaný koncept charterového mesta
03:01
down to the bare essentials.
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jednoduchým spôsobom.
03:05
The first point was the importance of rules,
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Dôležité sú pravidlá,
03:07
like those rules that say
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ako napríklad tie, ktoré určujú,
03:09
you can't come in and disturb all the existing apartment holders.
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že nemôžete rušiť majiteľov bytov.
03:12
We pay a lot of attention to new technologies,
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Venujeme veľa pozornosti novým technológiám
03:14
but it takes technologies and rules to get progress,
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ale chce to technológie i pravidlá, aby sme dosiahli pokrok.
03:17
and it's usually the rules that hold us back.
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A zvyčajne nám v pokroku bránia práve pravidlá.
03:21
In the fall of 2010, a friend from Guatemala
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Na jeseň 2010 poslal kamarát z Guatemaly
03:24
sent Octavio a link to the TEDTalk.
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Octaviovi odkaz na TEDTalk.
03:27
He showed it to Javier.
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On to ukázal Javierovi.
03:29
They called me.
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Potom mi zavolali.
03:31
They said, "Let's present this to the leaders of our country."
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Povedali: „Poďme to ukázať predstaviteľom našej krajiny.“
03:34
So in December we met in Miami,
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Tak sme sa v decembri stretli v Miami,
03:37
in a hotel conference room.
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v konferenčnej miestnosti.
03:39
I tried to explain this point
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Snažil som sa vysvetliť,
03:41
about how valuable cities are,
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akú majú mestá hodnotu,
03:43
how much more valuable they are than they cost.
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o čo sú hodnotnejšie, než je ich cena.
03:45
And I used this slide
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A použil som tento obrázok,
03:47
showing how valuable the raw land is
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aby som ukázal, koľko stojí pozemok
03:49
in a place like New York City:
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na mieste ako New York.
03:51
notice, land that's worth thousands of dollars, in some cases,
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Všimnite si, že zem má hodnotu tisícok dolárov, v niektorých prípadoch,
03:54
per square meter.
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za meter štvorcový.
03:56
But it was a fairly abstract discussion,
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Ale bola to dosť abstraktná diskusia
03:59
and at some point when there was a pause,
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a v určitom momente, keď vznikla pauza,
04:02
Octavio said,
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Octavio vraví:
04:04
"Paul, maybe we could watch the TEDTalk."
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„Paul, asi si radšej pozrieme TEDTalk.“
04:07
(Laughing)
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(smiech)
04:09
So the TEDTalk laid out in very simple terms,
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TEDTalk jednoduchými slovami vysvetlil, že
04:12
a charter city is a place
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charterové mesto je miesto,
04:14
where you start with uninhabited land,
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kde začnete s neobývanou zemou,
04:17
a charter that specifies the rules that will apply there
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charter určí, aké pravidlá sa tam budú používať
04:20
and then a chance for people to opt in,
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a ľudia majú možnosť súhlasiť a
04:22
to go live under those rules or not.
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žiť s týmito pravidlami alebo nie.
04:26
So I was asked by the president of Honduras
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Tak sa ma spýtal prezident Hondurasu,
04:29
who said that we need to do this project,
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ktorý povedal, že tento projekt musíme uskutočniť,
04:31
this is important,
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že je to dôležité,
04:33
this could be the way forward for our country.
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že to môže byť cesta vpred pre jeho krajinu.
04:36
I was asked to come to Tegucigalpa
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Požiadali ma, aby som šiel do Tegucigalpy
04:38
and talk again on January fourth and fifth.
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a mal prednášku štvrtého a piateho januára.
04:41
So I presented
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Tak som odprezentoval
04:43
another fact-filled lecture
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faktami nabitú prednášku,
04:45
that included a slide like this,
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ktorá obsahovala obrázok ako tento,
04:47
which tried to make the point that, if you want to create a lot of value in a city,
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ktorým som sa snažil ukázať, že ak chcete vytvoriť v meste hodnoty,
04:50
it has to be very big.
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musíte vytvoriť niečo veľké.
04:52
This is a picture of Denver,
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Toto je obrázok Denveru,
04:54
and the outline is the new airport that was built in Denver.
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obrys je nové letisko postavené v Denveri.
04:56
This airport alone
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Len samotné letisko
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covers more than 100 square kilometers.
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zaberá viac než 100 kilometrov štvorcových.
05:00
So I was trying to persuade the Hondurans,
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Snažil som sa presvedčiť Hondurasanov,
05:02
if you build a new city,
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že ak stavajú nové mesto,
05:04
you've got to start with a site that's at least 1,000 square kilometers.
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musia začať s plochou aspoň 1000 kilometrov štvorcových.
05:07
That's more than 250 hundred-thousand acres.
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To je viac než 250 tisíc akrov.
05:13
Everybody applauded politely.
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Všetci s tým zdvorilo súhlasili.
05:15
The faces in the audience
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Tváre v publiku
05:17
were very serious and attentive.
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boli veľmi vážne a pozorné.
05:20
The leader of the congress came up on stage and said,
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Vedúci kongresu prišiel na pódium a vraví:
05:23
"Professor Romer, thank you very much for your lecture,
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„Profesor Romer, veľmi pekne vám ďakujeme za prednášku,
05:26
but maybe we could watch the TEDTalk.
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ale asi si radšej pozrieme TEDTalk.
05:29
I've got it here on my laptop."
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Mám to so sebou na notebooku.“
05:33
So I sat down, and they played the TEDTalk.
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Tak som si sadol a oni si pozreli TEDTalk.
05:36
And it got to the essence,
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Základom toho je, že
05:38
which is that a new city could offer new choices for people.
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nové mesto môže ponúknuť pre ľudí nové možnosti.
05:41
There would be a choice of a city which you could go to
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Mesto, do ktorého môžu ísť,
05:43
which could be in Honduras,
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ktoré by bolo v Honurase,
05:45
instead of hundreds of miles away in the North.
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namiesto sto míľ vzdialenej krajiny na severe.
05:47
And it also involved new choices for leaders.
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A ponúka nové možnosti pre predstaviteľov krajiny.
05:49
Because the leaders in the government there in Honduras
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Pretože vláda tu v Hondurase
05:52
would need help from partner countries,
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by potrebovala pomoc od partnerských krajín,
05:54
who could benefit from partner countries
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môže ťažiť z partnerských krajín,
05:56
who help them set up the rules in this charter and the enforcement,
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ktoré im pomôžu zaviesť pravidlá a ich presadzovanie,
05:59
so everybody can trust
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takže každý môže dôverovať,
06:01
that the charter really will be enforced.
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že v charterovom meste sa pravidlá budú presadzovať.
06:04
And the insight of President Lobo
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Prezident Lobo porozumel, že
06:06
was that that assurance of enforcement
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istota presadzovania pravidiel,
06:09
that I was thinking about
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o ktorej som hovoril
06:11
as a way to get the foreign investors to come in and build the city
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je spôsob, akým prilákať investorov, aby prišli a vybudovali mesto
06:14
could be equally important for all the different parties in Honduras
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je to rovnako dôležité pre všetky strany v Hondurase,
06:17
who had suffered for so many years
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ktorý rokmi trpel
06:19
from fear and distrust.
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strachom a nedôverou.
06:21
We went and looked at a site.
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Šli sme sa pozrieť na vyhradenú plochu.
06:23
This picture's from there.
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Tento obrázok je odtiaľ.
06:25
It easily could hold a thousand square kilometers.
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Pojme až tisíc kilometrov štvorcových.
06:28
And shortly thereafter, on January 19th,
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Krátko na to, devätnásteho januára,
06:31
they voted in the congress to amend their constitution
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zmenil kongres voľbou ústavu,
06:34
to have a constitutional provision
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aby mali ústavný predpis,
06:36
that allows for special development regions.
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ktorý umožňuje špeciálne vývojové oblasti.
06:38
In a country which had just gone through this wrenching crisis,
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V krajine, ktorá práve prešla krízou,
06:41
the vote in the congress in favor of this constitutional amendment
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bol pomer hlasov kongresu v prospech tejto ústavnej novely
06:44
was 124 to one.
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124 k jednému.
06:47
All parties, all factions in society, backed this.
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Všetky politické strany, všetky spoločenské frakcie to odobrili.
06:50
To be part of the constitution, you actually have to pass it twice in the congress.
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Aby sa to stalo súčasťou ústavy, kongres to v skutočnosti musí schváliť dvakrát.
06:53
On February 17th they passed it again
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Sedemnásteho februára to schválili znova
06:56
with another vote of 114 to one.
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v pomere 114 k jednému.
06:59
Immediately after that vote,
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Hneď po hlasovaní,
07:01
on February 21st to the 24th,
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medzi 21. a 24. februárom,
07:04
a delegation of about 30 Hondurans
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sa delegácia asi tridsiatich Hondurasanov
07:06
went to the two places in the world
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vybrala na dve miesta na svete,
07:08
that are most interested in getting into the city building business.
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ktoré sa najviac zaujímajú o biznis výstavby miest.
07:10
One is South Korea.
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Jedno je Južná Kórea.
07:12
This is a picture of a big, new city center
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Toto je obrázok veľkého, nového mestského centra,
07:14
that's being built in South Korea --
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ktoré sa stavia v Južnej Kórei -
07:16
bigger than downtown Boston.
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je väčšie než centrum v Bostone.
07:18
Everything you see there was built in four years,
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Všetko, čo tu vidíte postavili za štyri roky,
07:20
after they spent four years getting the permits.
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potom, čo štyri roky zháňali povolenia.
07:24
The other place that's very interested in city building is Singapore.
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Druhé miesto, ktoré sa zaujíma o výstavbu miest je Singapur.
07:26
They've actually built two cities already in China
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Už postavili dve mestá v Číne
07:28
and are preparing the third.
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a pripravujú výstavbu tretieho.
07:30
So if you think about this practically,
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Takže, ak na tým porozmýšľate,
07:32
here's where we are.
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sme na tom takto.
07:34
They've got a site; they're already thinking about this site for the second city.
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Majú miesto na výstavbu, premýšľajú o umiestnení druhého mesta.
07:37
They're putting in place a legal system
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Dávajú dokopy právny systém,
07:39
that could allow for managers to come in,
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ktorí by umožnil príchod manažérov
07:41
and also an external legal system.
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a tiež externý právny systém.
07:43
One country has already volunteered to let its supreme court
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Jedna krajina už ponúkla, aby jej Najvyšší súd
07:46
be the court of final appeal for the new judicial system there.
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bol odvolacím súdom pre novovytvorený súdny systém.
07:49
There's designers and builders of cities
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Dizajnéri a stavbári miest
07:51
who are very interested.
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sa o projekt veľmi zaujímajú.
07:53
They even can bring with them some financing.
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Prinesú so sebou aj časť financovania.
07:55
But the one thing you know they've already solved
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Ale jedna vec, ktorú už majú istú,
07:57
is that there's lots of tenants.
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je kopec nájomcov.
07:59
There's lots of businesses that would like to locate in the Americas,
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Mnohé podniky by radi prišli do Ameriky,
08:02
especially in a place with a free trade zone,
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zvlášť do miesta voľného obchodu,
08:04
and there's lots of people who'd like to go there.
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a je mnoho ľudí, ktorí by tam radi šli.
08:07
Around the world, there's 700 million people
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Na svete je asi 700 miliónov ľudí,
08:09
who say they'd like to move permanently someplace else right now.
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ktorí by sa radi natrvalo usadili na inom mieste.
08:12
There's a million a year
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Milión ľudí ročne
08:14
who leave Latin America to go to the United States.
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opustí Latinskú Ameriku a ide do Spojených štátov.
08:16
Many of these are a father
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Mnoho z nich otcov,
08:18
who has to leave his family behind to go get a job --
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ktorí zanechávajú svoje rodiny, aby si našli prácu,
08:20
sometimes a single mother
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niekedy slobodné matky,
08:22
who has to get enough money to even pay for food or clothing.
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ktoré musia získať peniaze na jedlo či ošatenie pre svoje deti.
08:25
Sadly, sometimes there are even children
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Bohužiaľ, niekedy dokonca deti,
08:27
who are trying to get reunited with their parents
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ktoré sa snažia nájsť svojich rodičov,
08:29
that they haven't seen, in some cases, for a decade.
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ktorých nevideli, v niektorých prípadoch aj dekádu.
08:34
So what kind of an idea is it
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Nuž, čo je to za nápad,
08:36
to think about building a brand new city in Honduras?
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rozmýšľať o budovaní úplne nového mesta v Hondurase?
08:38
Or to build a dozen of these,
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O stavbe desiatky takých miest,
08:40
or a hundred of these, around the world?
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či stoviek takých miest po celom svete?
08:42
What kind of an idea is it
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Čo je to za nápad,
08:44
to think about insisting
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trvať na tom,
08:46
that every family have a choice of several cities
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aby každá rodina mala na výber z viacerých miest,
08:49
that are competing to attract new residents?
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ktoré medzi sebou súťažia v lákaní nových obyvateľov?
08:52
This is an idea worth spreading.
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Toto je myšlienka hodná zdieľania.
08:55
And my friends from Honduras
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A moji priatelia z Hondurasu
08:57
asked me to say thank you, TED.
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ma požiadali, aby som sa TED poďakoval.
08:59
(Applause)
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(Potlesk)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Paul Romer - Chief Economist and Senior Vice President, World BankPaul Romer's research on catch-up growth in low- and middle-income countries has emphasized the importance of government policies that encourage orderly urban expansion.
Why you should listen
Paul Romer believes in the power of ideas. He first studied how to speed up the discovery and implementation of new technologies. But to address the big problems we'll face this century -- insecurity, harm to the environment, global poverty -- new technologies will not be enough. We must also speed up the discovery and implementation of new rules, of new ideas about how people interact.
Throughout human history, big improvements in systems of rules took place when new governments entered the scene. In today's world, this process has been largely shut down. To bring it back to life, Romer proposes that we create new cities where people can go to escape from bad rules and opt in to new and better ones. With better rules, people can be safe, self-interest can protect the environment, and investment can bring families all the resources that the modern world has to offer.
Romer took office as the World Bank's Chief Economist and Senior Vice President in October 2016.
Paul Romer | Speaker | TED.com