TED2012
Joshua Foer: Feats of memory anyone can do
Joshua Foer: Neverjetne sposobnosti spomina. Ima jih vsak
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Obstajajo ljudje, ki si lahko hitro zapomnijo zaporedja tisočih števil, vrstni red igralnih kart v enem kupu (ali v desetih!) in še veliko več. Znanstveni novinar Joshua Foer opisuje tehniko, ki se imenuje palača spomina, in prikaže njeno najbolj neverjetno lastnost: vsak se je lahko nauči, vključno z njim.
Joshua Foer - Writer
Joshua Foer is a science writer who 'accidentally' won the U.S. Memory Championship. Full bio
Joshua Foer is a science writer who 'accidentally' won the U.S. Memory Championship. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:16
I'd like to invite you to close your eyes.
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Prosil bi vas, da zaprete oči.
00:20
Imagine yourself standing
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Predstavljajte si, da stojite
00:23
outside the front door of your home.
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pred pragom svoje hiše.
Rad bi, da ste pozorni na bravo vrat,
00:27
I'd like you to notice the color of the door,
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00:30
the material that it's made out of.
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na material, iz katerega so narejena.
00:34
Now visualize a pack of overweight nudists on bicycles.
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Sedaj si predstavljajte gručo debelih nudistov na kolesih.
00:41
They are competing in a naked bicycle race,
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Tekmujejo v nudistični kolesarski tekmi
00:44
and they are headed straight for your front door.
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in kolesarijo naravnost proti vašim vratom.
00:48
I need you to actually see this.
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Hočem, da to zares vidite.
00:50
They are pedaling really hard, they're sweaty,
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Gonijo na vso moč. Močno se potijo.
00:53
they're bouncing around a lot.
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Poskakoujejo gor in dol
00:56
And they crash straight into the front door of your home.
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in se zaletijo naravnost v vaša vrata.
01:00
Bicycles fly everywhere, wheels roll past you,
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Kolesa letijo na vse strani, gume se kotalijo mimo vas.
01:04
spokes end up in awkward places.
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Špice pristanejo na nenavadnih mestih.
Prestopite prag hiše.
01:07
Step over the threshold of your door
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Vstopite v vežo ali hodnik, kar pač je na drugi strani.
01:11
into your foyer, your hallway, whatever's on the other side,
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01:13
and appreciate the quality of the light.
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Zavedajte se kakšna je svetloba.
01:17
The light is shining down on Cookie Monster.
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Svetloba sveti na Muppetka Cookieja.
01:23
Cookie Monster is waving at you
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Cookie vam maha s police
01:26
from his perch on top of a tan horse.
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in sedi na svetlo rjavem konju.
01:29
It's a talking horse.
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Gre za govorečega konja.
01:31
You can practically feel his blue fur tickling your nose.
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Čutite, kako vas njegov moder kožuh žgečka po nosu.
01:35
You can smell the oatmeal raisin cookie that he's about to shovel into his mouth.
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Vohate lahko piškot, ki ga drži in ga bo vsak čas pohrustal.
Pojdite mimo njega v dnevno sobo.
01:40
Walk past him. Walk past him into your living room.
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01:43
In your living room, in full imaginative broadband,
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V dnevni sobi si z vso svojo širokopasovno domišlijo
01:46
picture Britney Spears.
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predstavljajte Britney Sprears.
01:49
She is scantily clad, she's dancing on your coffee table,
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V obleki, ki komaj kaj prekriva, pleše na klubski mizici
01:55
and she's singing "Hit Me Baby One More Time."
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in poje eno svojih pesmi.
01:57
And then follow me into your kitchen.
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Potem pojdite z mano v vašo kuhinjo.
02:00
In your kitchen, the floor has been paved over with a yellow brick road
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Tla v kuhinji so tlakovana z rumenimi tlakovci,
iz pečice pa proti vam prihajajo
02:04
and out of your oven are coming towards you
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Doroteja, Kositrni drvar,
02:08
Dorothy, the Tin Man,
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02:10
the Scarecrow and the Lion from "The Wizard of Oz,"
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Strašilo in Lev iz Čarovnika iz Oza.
Z roko v roki poskakujejo naravnost proti vam.
02:13
hand-in-hand skipping straight towards you.
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02:15
Okay. Open your eyes.
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Dobro, odprite oči.
Rad bi vam opisal zelo bizarno tekmovanje,
02:20
I want to tell you about a very bizarre contest
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02:23
that is held every spring in New York City.
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ki se vsako leto odvija v New Yorku.
02:26
It's called the United States Memory Championship.
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Imenuje se vseameriško tekmovanje v urjenju spomina.
Nekaj let nazaj sem se tekmovanja udeležil v vlogi
02:30
And I had gone to cover this contest a few years back
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02:33
as a science journalist
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znanstvenega novinarja.
02:35
expecting, I guess, that this was going to be
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Najbrž sem pričakoval, da bo tekmovanje podobno
02:37
like the Superbowl of savants.
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super tekmovanju za nadpovprečno razvite.
02:40
This was a bunch of guys and a few ladies,
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Na tekmovanju je bilo kup moških in nekaj dam
02:44
widely varying in both age and hygienic upkeep.
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različnih let in z različno razvitim čutom za higieno.
(Smeh)
02:48
(Laughter)
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02:51
They were memorizing hundreds of random numbers,
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Na pamet so se učili na stotine naključnih številk,
02:55
looking at them just once.
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ki so jih pogledali le enkrat.
02:56
They were memorizing the names of dozens and dozens and dozens of strangers.
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Na pamet so se učili na ducate in ducate imen tujcev.
03:01
They were memorizing entire poems in just a few minutes.
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V nekaj minutah so se naučili besedila celotne pesmi.
03:04
They were competing to see who could memorize
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Tekmovali so v tem, kdo si zapomni
03:06
the order of a shuffled pack of playing cards the fastest.
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vrstni red premešanih igralnih kart najhitreje.
03:10
I was like, this is unbelievable.
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Mislil sem si, da je to neverjetno,
03:12
These people must be freaks of nature.
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da so ti ljudje čudo narave.
03:15
And I started talking to a few of the competitors.
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Začel sem se pogovarjati s tekmovalci.
03:19
This is a guy called Ed Cook
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To je Ed Cook,
03:20
who had come over from England
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ki prihaja iz Anglije,
03:22
where he had one of the best trained memories.
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kjer velja za človeka z najbolj izurjenim spominom.
03:24
And I said to him, "Ed, when did you realize
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Vprašal sem ga: "Ed, kdaj si spoznal,
03:27
that you were a savant?"
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da si nadpovprečno razvit?"
03:30
And Ed was like, "I'm not a savant.
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In Ed mi odgovori: "Saj nisem.
03:33
In fact, I have just an average memory.
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Pravzaprav imam čisto povprečen spomin."
03:35
Everybody who competes in this contest
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Vsi, ki se udeležijo tega tekmovanja, vam bodo rekli,
03:37
will tell you that they have just an average memory.
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da imajo le povprečen spomin.
03:40
We've all trained ourselves
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Le izurili smo se,
03:42
to perform these utterly miraculous feats of memory
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da si zapomnimo nepredstavljive količine podatkov,
03:46
using a set of ancient techniques,
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s pomočjo starodavnih metod.
03:48
techniques invented 2,500 years ago in Greece,
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Metod, ki so jih pred 2500 leti iznašli Grki.
Metode, ki je uporabljal sam Cicero,
03:52
the same techniques that Cicero had used
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03:55
to memorize his speeches,
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da si je zapomnil svoje govore,
03:57
that medieval scholars had used to memorize entire books."
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ki so jih srednjeveški učenjaki uporabljali,
da so si zapomnili celotno vsebino knjig.
04:01
And I was like, "Whoa. How come I never heard of this before?"
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Vprašal sem se: "Hej, kako da nisem še nikoli slišal o tem?"
Stali smo pred tekmovalno dvorano
04:05
And we were standing outside the competition hall,
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04:08
and Ed, who is a wonderful, brilliant,
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in Ed, ki je čudovit, pameten,
a nekoliko ekscentričen anglež,
04:11
but somewhat eccentric English guy,
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04:14
says to me, "Josh, you're an American journalist.
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mi reče: "Josh, ti si ameriški novinar.
Ali poznaš Britney Spears?"
04:19
Do you know Britney Spears?"
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In jaz: "Kaj? Ne. Zakaj?"
04:21
I'm like, "What? No. Why?"
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"Ker bi Britney Spears res rad naučil,
04:26
"Because I really want to teach Britney Spears
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kako si zapomniti vrstni red zmešanih igralnih kart
04:29
how to memorize the order of a shuffled pack of playing cards
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04:31
on U.S. national television.
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na ameriški državni televiziji.
Tako bi svetu dokazal, da to lahko naredi vsak."
04:34
It will prove to the world that anybody can do this."
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(Smeh)
04:37
(Laughter)
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Rekel sem: "No, jaz nisem Britney Spears,
04:41
I was like, "Well I'm not Britney Spears,
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04:45
but maybe you could teach me.
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ampak, lahko naučiš mene.
04:48
I mean, you've got to start somewhere, right?"
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Nekje moreš začeti, kajne."
04:50
And that was the beginning of a very strange journey for me.
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Tako se je zame začelo zelo nenavadno potovanje.
Doberšen del naslednjega leta sem preživel tako,
04:54
I ended up spending the better part of the next year
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04:57
not only training my memory,
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da sem treniral svoj spomin, obenem pa sem ga tudi raziskoval.
04:59
but also investigating it,
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Poskušal sem razumeti, kako deluje,
05:01
trying to understand how it works,
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zakaj včasih ne deluje
05:03
why it sometimes doesn't work
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in kakšen bi lahko bil njegov potencial.
05:05
and what its potential might be.
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Spoznal sem vrsto zanimivih ljudi.
05:07
I met a host of really interesting people.
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To je E.P.
05:10
This is a guy called E.P.
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Trpi za amnezijo in je po vsej verjetnosti imel
05:11
He's an amnesic who had, very possibly,
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05:14
the very worst memory in the world.
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najslabši spomin na svetu.
Njegov spomin je bil tako slab,
05:17
His memory was so bad
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05:18
that he didn't even remember he had a memory problem,
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da si ni zapomnil niti tega, da ima težave s spominom.
05:21
which is amazing.
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05:23
And he was this incredibly tragic figure,
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Bil je izredno tragičen primer, a dal mi je vpogled, v kolikšni meri
05:25
but he was a window into the extent
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05:27
to which our memories make us who we are.
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nas naš spomin naredi to, kar smo.
Spoznal pa sem tudi tega človeka.
05:31
The other end of the spectrum: I met this guy.
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To je Kim Peek,
05:34
This is Kim Peek.
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05:35
He was the basis for Dustin Hoffman's character in the movie "Rain Man."
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na podlagi katerega je zasnovan lik Dustina Hoffmana v filmu Rain man.
Skupaj sva preživela en popoldan.
05:39
We spent an afternoon together
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V knjižnici v Salt Lake Cityju sva se na pamet učila telefonske imenike.
05:41
in the Salt Lake City Public Library memorizing phone books,
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05:45
which was scintillating.
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Kar je bilo vznemerjivo.
05:48
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
05:51
And I went back and I read a whole host of memory treatises,
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Vrnil sem se in prebral kup razprav o spominu.
Razprav, ki so bile napisane pred 2000 in več leti.
05:55
treatises written 2,000-plus years ago
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V latinščini, v antiki
05:58
in Latin in Antiquity
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06:00
and then later in the Middle Ages.
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in potem pozneje v srednjem veku.
06:03
And I learned a whole bunch of really interesting stuff.
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Spoznal sem celo vrsto zelo zanimivih stvari.
06:05
One of the really interesting things that I learned
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Ena izmed zelo zanimivih stvari je bila ta,
06:08
is that once upon a time,
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da v tistih časih
06:11
this idea of having a trained, disciplined, cultivated memory
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ideja o izurjenem, discipliniranem spominu,
še zdaleč ni bila tako tuja, kot se nam danes zdi.
06:17
was not nearly so alien as it would seem to us to be today.
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06:22
Once upon a time, people invested in their memories,
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Nekoč so ljudje invesitrali v svoj spomin,
v neutrudno nadgrajevanje svojega spomina.
06:26
in laboriously furnishing their minds.
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Tekom zadnjih tisočletij
06:31
Over the last few millenia
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smo iznašli vrsto tehnologij:
06:34
we've invented a series of technologies --
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06:36
from the alphabet to the scroll
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od abecede do zvitka, do kodeksa, tiska, fotografije,
06:39
to the codex, the printing press, photography,
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06:41
the computer, the smartphone --
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računalnika, pametnega telefona,
06:43
that have made it progressively easier and easier
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s katerimi smo vse lažje in lažje
06:46
for us to externalize our memories,
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svoj spomin shranjevali zunaj naših glav,
06:49
for us to essentially outsource
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da smo v osnovi začeli oddajati
06:51
this fundamental human capacity.
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to temeljno človeško sposobnost.
Te tehnologije so omogočile naš moderen svet,
06:54
These technologies have made our modern world possible,
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06:58
but they've also changed us.
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obenem pa so nas spremenile.
07:00
They've changed us culturally,
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Spremenile so našo kulturo
07:02
and I would argue that they've changed us cognitively.
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in trdil bi, da so spremenile tudi naše kognitivne navade.
07:05
Having little need to remember anymore,
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Ker si nam ni več treba zapomniti toliko podatkov,
07:08
it sometimes seems like we've forgotten how.
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se včasih zdi, da smo tudi pozabili, kako.
07:11
One of the last places on Earth
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Eden izmed zadnjih krajev na Zemlji, kjer še najdemo ljudi, ki so še navdušeni nad idejo
07:13
where you still find people passionate about this idea
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07:16
of a trained, disciplined, cultivated memory
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o izurjenem, discipliniranem, kultiviranen spominu,
07:19
is at this totally singular memory contest.
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je na tem edinem tekmovanju iz spomina.
Pravzaprav zdaj ni več edino, saj se tekmovanja sedaj prirejajo po vsem svetu.
07:22
It's actually not that singular,
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07:23
there are contests held all over the world.
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07:25
And I was fascinated, I wanted to know how do these guys do it.
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Bil sem fasciniran. Želel sem vedeti, kako jim uspe.
Nekaj let nazaj je skupina raziskovalcev na univerzi v Londonu
07:29
A few years back a group of researchers at University College London
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v laboratorj pripeljala skupino prvakov v urjenju spomina.
07:34
brought a bunch of memory champions into the lab.
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07:37
They wanted to know:
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Želeli so ugotoviti, ali se njihovi možgani
07:38
Do these guys have brains
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07:40
that are somehow structurally, anatomically different from the rest of ours?
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po zgradbi in obliki razlikujejo od drugih.
07:44
The answer was no.
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Ugotovili so, da se ne.
Ali so pametnejši od drugih?
07:47
Are they smarter than the rest of us?
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07:50
They gave them a bunch of cognitive tests,
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Rešiti so morali kup kognitivnih testov
07:52
and the answer was not really.
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in prišli so do sklepa, da niti niso.
07:54
There was however one really interesting and telling difference
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Ugotovili pa so eno zelo zanimivo razliko
med možgani prvakov v urjejenju spomina
07:58
between the brains of the memory champions
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08:00
and the control subjects that they were comparing them to.
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in možgani oseb, s katerimi so jih primerjali.
08:02
When they put these guys in an fMRI machine,
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Ko so na teh osebah opravili magnetno resonanco
08:05
scanned their brains
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in jim skenirali možgane,
08:07
while they were memorizing numbers and people's faces and pictures of snowflakes,
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medtem ko so se na pamet učili številke, obraze in slike snežink,
08:12
they found that the memory champions
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so odkrili, da so prvaki v urejnju spomina
08:14
were lighting up different parts of the brain
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aktivirali druge predele možganov kot ostali.
08:17
than everyone else.
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08:19
Of note, they were using, or they seemed to be using,
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Uporabljali so, oziroma, zdelo se je, da uporabljajo
08:22
a part of the brain that's involved in spatial memory and navigation.
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predel možganov, s katerim zaznavamo prostor in ga uporabljamo pri navigaciji.
08:26
Why? And is there something the rest of us can learn from this?
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Zakaj? Ali se iz tega ostali kaj naučimo?
08:32
The sport of competitive memorizing
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Tekmovalno urjenje spomina
je nekakšna tekma ena na ena.
08:37
is driven by a kind of arms race
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Kjer vsako leto nekdo
08:39
where every year somebody comes up
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najde nov način, kako si še hitreje zapomniš še več stvari,
08:43
with a new way to remember more stuff more quickly,
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08:45
and then the rest of the field has to play catchup.
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drugi pa ga morajo potem dohiteti.
08:47
This is my friend Ben Pridmore,
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To je moj prijatelj Ben Pridmore.
08:49
three-time world memory champion.
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Trikratni prvak v urjenju spomina.
08:51
On his desk in front of him
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Na mizi pred njim je 36 premešanih kupov kart,
08:52
are 36 shuffled packs of playing cards
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ki si jih skuša zapomniti v eni uri,
08:56
that he is about to try to memorize in one hour,
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08:59
using a technique that he invented and he alone has mastered.
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z uporabo metode, ki jo je sam iznašel in v kateri se je sam izuril.
09:03
He used a similar technique
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1911
Podobno metodo je uporabil,
09:05
to memorize the precise order
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2442
da si je zapomnil zaporedje 4,140 naključnih binarnih vrednosti
09:08
of 4,140 random binary digits
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v pol ure.
09:13
in half an hour.
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09:16
Yeah.
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1931
Ja.
09:18
And while there are a whole host of ways
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In čeprav obstaja množica načinov,
kako si zapomniti stvari na teh tekmovanjih,
09:22
of remembering stuff in these competitions,
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3577
lahko vse tehnike, ki se uporabljajo, razložimo z enim samim konceptom,
09:25
everything, all of the techniques that are being used,
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09:28
ultimately come down to a concept
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09:31
that psychologists refer to as elaborative encoding.
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ki ga psihologi imenujejo elaborativno kodiranje.
Ta proces dobro prikazuje eleganten paradoks,
09:35
And it's well illustrated by a nifty paradox
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09:37
known as the Baker/baker paradox,
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poznan kot Pek/pek paradoks, ki gre takole:
09:39
which goes like this:
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1562
09:41
If I tell two people to remember the same word,
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Če dvema osebama rečem, naj si zapomnita isto besedo,
če vam rečem:
09:44
if I say to you,
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09:45
"Remember that there is a guy named Baker."
189
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3627
"Zapomnite si, da obstaja človek, ki mu je ime Pek."
Tako mu je ime.
09:49
That's his name.
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1506
09:50
And I say to you, "Remember that there is a guy who is a baker."
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Vam pa rečem: "Zapomnite, da obstaja človek, ki je pek."
Čez nekaj časa se vrnem k vam in vas vprašam: "Se spomnite tiste besede,
09:56
And I come back to you at some point later on,
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3242
09:59
and I say, "Do you remember that word
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ki sem vam jo povedal pred nekaj časa? Se spomnite, katera je bila?"
10:03
that I told you a while back?
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10:04
Do you remember what it was?"
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1798
10:06
The person who was told his name is Baker
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3267
Verjetnost, da si bo oseba, ki sem ji rekel, da je bilo človeku ime Pek,
10:09
is less likely to remember the same word
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2319
zapomnila enako besedo, kot oseba, ki sem ji rekel, da je oseba po poklicu pek, je manjša.
10:11
than the person was told his job is that he is a baker.
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3851
10:15
Same word, different amount of remembering; that's weird.
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3079
Enaka beseda, drugačna količina podatkov, ki se jih je treba zapomniti. To je čudno.
10:18
What's going on here?
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1977
Kaj se dogaja?
10:20
Well the name Baker doesn't actually mean anything to you.
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5036
Ime Pek vam pravzaprav ne pomeni nič.
10:25
It is entirely untethered
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Pomolnoma je ločena
od ostalih spominov, ki plavajo v vaših glavah.
10:27
from all of the other memories floating around in your skull.
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3238
10:31
But the common noun baker,
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1890
Samostalnik pek pa ...
10:33
we know bakers.
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1871
Vsi poznamo peke.
10:34
Bakers wear funny white hats.
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2029
Peki nosijo smešne bele kape. Peki imajo roke vse od moke.
10:37
Bakers have flour on their hands.
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1627
10:38
Bakers smell good when they come home from work.
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2075
Peki dobro dišijo, ko pridejo iz službe. Mogoče celo poznamo nekoga, ki je pek.
10:40
Maybe we even know a baker.
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2127
10:42
And when we first hear that word,
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1411
In ko prvič slišimo to besedo, začnemo "obešati" te asociacije na to besedo
10:44
we start putting these associational hooks into it
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2845
10:47
that make it easier to fish it back out at some later date.
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4071
in tako si jo čez nekaj časa lažje prikličemo nazaj v spomin.
10:51
The entire art of what is going on
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2958
Vsa umetnost tega, kar se dogaja na teh tekmovanijh v spominu,
10:54
in these memory contests
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2115
10:56
and the entire art of remembering stuff better in everyday life
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3227
in vsa umetnost tega, da si stvari bolje zapomnimo v vsakdanjem življenju
10:59
is figuring out ways to transform capital B Bakers
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3986
je, da najdemo načine, kako veliko črko v "Peku"
11:03
into lower-case B bakers --
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1996
spremenimo v malo črko.
11:05
to take information that is lacking in context,
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3387
Da vzamemo informacije, ki jim primanjkuje konteksta,
11:08
in significance, in meaning
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2306
pomembnosti, pomena
in jih spremenimo na način,
11:11
and transform it in some way
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1550
11:12
so that it becomes meaningful
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2175
da dobijo pomen,
11:14
in the light of all the other things that you have in your mind.
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4785
v primerjavi z vsemi ostalimi stvarmi v naših glavah.
11:19
One of the more elaborate techniques for doing this
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3734
Ena izmed bolj izpopolnjenjih tehnik, da to dosežemo,
11:23
dates back 2,500 years to Ancient Greece.
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3919
sega 2500 let nazaj, v obdobje antične Grčije.
Imenovali so jo palača spomina.
11:27
It came to be known as the memory palace.
225
671417
1978
Zgodba o njenem nastanku gre takole:
11:29
The story behind its creation goes like this:
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3425
Živel je pesnik po imenu Simonides,
11:32
There was a poet called Simonides
227
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2972
11:35
who was attending a banquet.
228
679792
1906
ki se je udeležil banketa.
11:37
He was actually the hired entertainment,
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2248
Pravzaprav je bil najet, da je skrbel za vzdušje.
11:39
because back then if you wanted to throw a really slamming party,
230
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3012
V tistih časih je namreč nekdo, ki je želel prirediti res hudo zabavo,
11:42
you didn't hire a D.J., you hired a poet.
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3212
namesto DJ-ja najel pesnika.
11:46
And he stands up, delivers his poem from memory, walks out the door,
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4870
On vstane, zrecitira na pamet svojo pesem, in odide ven.
11:50
and at the moment he does, the banquet hall collapses,
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5112
V tistem trenutku se dvorana poruši
in pokoplje vse pod sabo.
11:56
kills everybody inside.
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2681
11:58
It doesn't just kill everybody,
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2565
Ne samo, da vse pobije,
temveč trupla tako iznakazi, da jih ni moč več prepoznati.
12:01
it mangles the bodies beyond all recognition.
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3864
NIhče ne more reči, kdo je bil notri.
12:05
Nobody can say who was inside,
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2321
12:07
nobody can say where they were sitting.
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3171
Nihče ne more reči, kje so sedeli.
12:10
The bodies can't be properly buried.
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2239
Trupla ni moč pokopati, kot se spodobi.
12:12
It's one tragedy compounding another.
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3843
Nesrečam ni konca.
12:16
Simonides, standing outside,
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2704
Simonides, ki stoji zunaj,
12:19
the sole survivor amid the wreckage,
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2131
edini preživeli med ruševinami,
12:21
closes his eyes and has this realization,
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3636
zapre oči in doživi spoznanje,
to, da lahko v svojih mislih
12:25
which is that in his mind's eye,
244
729307
2538
12:27
he can see where each of the guests at the banquet had been sitting.
245
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5145
vidi, kje je sedel vsak posamezni gost na zabavi.
Sorodnike prime za roko
12:32
And he takes the relatives by the hand
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736990
2343
12:35
and guides them each to their loved ones amid the wreckage.
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4058
in jih odvede do njihovih ljubljenih med ruševinami.
12:39
What Simonides figured out at that moment
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Simonides je v tistem trenutko spoznal
12:42
is something that I think we all kind of intuitively know,
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3433
nekaj, kar vsi na nek intuitivni način vemo,
da čeprav si še tako slabo
12:45
which is that, as bad as we are
250
750088
2412
12:48
at remembering names and phone numbers
251
752500
2894
zapomnimo imena in telefonske številke,
12:51
and word-for-word instructions from our colleagues,
252
755394
2658
in navodila naših sodelavcev,
12:53
we have really exceptional visual and spatial memories.
253
758052
5490
imamo zares izjemen vizualen in prostorski spomin.
Če bi vas prosil, da ponovite prvih 10 besed
12:59
If I asked you to recount the first 10 words
254
763542
3596
zgodbe o Simonidesu, ki sem vam jo ravnokar povedal,
13:03
of the story that I just told you about Simonides,
255
767138
2464
13:05
chances are you would have a tough time with it.
256
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2488
bi imeli gotovo s tem težave.
13:07
But I would wager
257
772090
2314
Ampak stavil bi, da če bi vas prosil, da se spomnite,
13:10
that if I asked you to recall
258
774404
2683
13:12
who is sitting on top of a talking tan horse
259
777087
4556
kdo sedi na govorečem svetlo rjavem konju
v vaši veži ravno v tem trenutku,
13:17
in your foyer right now,
260
781643
1998
13:19
you would be able to see that.
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2325
bi vam to uspelo.
13:21
The idea behind the memory palace
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2530
Pri palači spomina gre za to,
13:24
is to create this imagined edifice in your mind's eye
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4633
da si v svojih mislih ustvarimo domišljisko stavbo
in vanjo naselimo podobe,
13:29
and populate it with images
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1746
13:30
of the things that you want to remember --
265
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2208
stvari, ki si jih želimo zapomniti.
13:32
the crazier, weirder, more bizarre,
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3329
Bolj kot je podoba nora, čudaška, bizarna,
smešna, spotakljiva, neokusna,
13:36
funnier, raunchier, stinkier the image is,
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3600
večja je vrjetnost, da je ne boste pozabili.
13:39
the more unforgettable it's likely to be.
268
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2875
13:42
This is advice that goes back 2,000-plus years
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2834
To je nasvet, ki sega več kot 2000 let nazaj, k prvim latinskim razpravam o spominu.
13:45
to the earliest Latin memory treatises.
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2785
13:48
So how does this work?
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1829
Kako torej to deluje?
13:50
Let's say that you've been invited
272
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2540
Recimo, da ste bili povabljeni,
13:52
to TED center stage to give a speech
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3806
da predavate na TED-ovi konferenci
13:56
and you want to do it from memory,
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2534
in govor želite podati na pamet.
13:59
and you want to do it the way that Cicero would have done it
275
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5045
Želite ga podati tako, kot bi ga Cicero,
če ga bi povabili na TEDxRim 2000 let nazaj.
14:04
if he had been invited to TEDxRome 2,000 years ago.
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4659
14:08
What you might do
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2258
Mogoče bi si predstavljali,
14:11
is picture yourself at the front door of your house.
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5219
da stojite pred pragom vaše hiše
14:16
And you'd come up with some sort
279
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2042
in bi si izmislili neko popolnoma noro, trapasto, nepozabno podobo,
14:18
of an absolutely crazy, ridiculous, unforgettable image
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3508
14:21
to remind you that the first thing you want to talk about
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2983
da bi si zapomnili, da je prva stvar, ki jo želite omeniti,
14:24
is this totally bizarre contest.
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2792
to popolnoma bizarno tekmovanje.
14:27
And then you'd go inside your house,
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2833
Potem bi vstopili v hišo in bi zagledali podobo Muppetka Cookija
14:30
and you would see an image of Cookie Monster
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854554
2852
14:33
on top of Mister Ed.
285
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1887
na vrhu gospoda Eda.
14:35
And that would remind you
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1269
To bi vas spomnilo, da želite predstaviti vašega prijatelja Eda Cooka.
14:36
that you would want to then introduce your friend Ed Cook.
287
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3174
14:39
And then you'd see an image of Britney Spears
288
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2664
Potem bi zagledali podobo Britney Spears, kar bi vas spomnilo na anekdoto, ki jo želite povedati.
14:42
to remind you of this funny anecdote you want to tell.
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866400
2812
Potem bi šli v kuhinjo in četrta tema, o kateri ste želeli govoriti,
14:45
And you go into your kitchen,
290
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1672
14:46
and the fourth topic you were going to talk about
291
870884
1845
14:48
was this strange journey that you went on for a year,
292
872729
2938
je bilo to nenavadno enoletno potovanje
in imeli bi nekaj prijateljev, ki bi vam pomagali pri obujanju spomina.
14:51
and you have some friends to help you remember that.
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4964
14:56
This is how Roman orators memorized their speeches --
294
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4219
Tako so se rimski govorci učili svojih govorov.
15:00
not word-for-word, which is just going to screw you up,
295
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3394
Ne besedo za besedo, kar vas bo samo zmedlo,
ampak temo za temo.
15:04
but topic-for-topic.
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2412
Pravzaprav izraz "topic sentence" (tema)
15:06
In fact, the phrase "topic sentence,"
297
890656
2907
15:09
that comes from the Greek word "topos,"
298
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3300
izhaja iz grške besede "topos",
15:12
which means "place."
299
896863
1720
kar pomeni "kraj".
15:14
That's a vestige
300
898583
1567
To je zapuščina iz dni, ko so ljudje o govorništvu in retoriki razmišljali z vidika prostorskih pojmov.
15:16
of when people used to think about oratory and rhetoric
301
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2320
15:18
in these sorts of spatial terms.
302
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2238
15:20
The phrase "in the first place,"
303
904708
1937
Fraza "na prvem mestu" je kot da bi rekel "na prvem mestu naše palače spomina".
15:22
that's like in the first place of your memory palace.
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3423
To se mi je zdelo naravnost fascinantno in sem popolnoma padel notri.
15:25
I thought this was just fascinating,
305
910068
1980
15:27
and I got really into it.
306
912048
1900
15:29
And I went to a few more of these memory contests.
307
913948
2748
Udeležil sem se še nekaj tovrstnih tekmovanj in prišel sem na idejo, da bi napisal kaj daljšega
15:32
And I had this notion that I might write something longer
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916696
2561
15:35
about this subculture of competitive memorizers.
309
919257
3293
o tej subkulturi tekmovanj v urjenju spomina.
15:38
But there was a problem.
310
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2027
Obstajal pa je problem.
15:40
The problem was that a memory contest
311
924577
2748
Težava je bila v tem, da je tekmovanje v urjenju spomina
15:43
is a pathologically boring event.
312
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3729
patološko dolgočasen dogodek.
15:46
(Laughter)
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931054
2606
(Smeh)
V bistvu je kot da bi gledal kup ljudi med pisanjem mature.
15:49
Truly, it is like a bunch of people sitting around taking the SATs.
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4550
Najbolj napeto postane takrat, ko si nekdo začne masirati senca.
15:54
I mean, the most dramatic it gets
315
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1694
15:55
is when somebody starts massaging their temples.
316
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1379
15:57
And I'm a journalist, I need something to write about.
317
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3038
Jaz pa sem novinar, rabim nekaj, o čemer lahko pišem.
Vem, da se v glavah tekmovalcev dogajajo neverjetna stvari,
16:00
I know that there's this incredible stuff happening in these people's minds,
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3777
a do tega nimam dostopa.
16:03
but I don't have access to it.
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2100
Spoznal sem, da moram, če želim povedati to zgodbo,
16:06
And I realized, if I was going to tell this story,
320
950198
2719
16:08
I needed to walk in their shoes a little bit.
321
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2750
nekaj časa preživeti v njihovi koži.
16:11
And so I started trying to spend 15 or 20 minutes
322
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3581
Tako sem vsako jutro poskusil nameniti 15 do 20 minut,
16:15
every morning before I sat down with my New York Times
323
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2835
preden sem v roke prijel časopis,
16:17
just trying to remember something.
324
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2521
temu, da sem si nekaj zapomnil.
16:20
Maybe it was a poem.
325
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1669
Mogoče je bila to pesem.
16:22
Maybe it was names from an old yearbook
326
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2039
Mogoče so bila to imena iz starega šolskega almanaha,
16:24
that I bought at a flea market.
327
968312
2259
ki sem ga kupil na boljšaku.
16:26
And I found that this was shockingly fun.
328
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5496
Spoznal sem, da je začuda zabavno.
Tega ne bi nikoli pričakoval.
16:31
I never would have expected that.
329
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2078
Bilo je zabavno, ker v bistvu ni šlo za urjenje spomina.
16:34
It was fun because this is actually not about training your memory.
330
978145
3363
16:37
What you're doing is you're trying to get better and better and better
331
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3038
Postati poskušaš vedno boljši in boljši
16:40
at creating, at dreaming up,
332
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2429
pri ustvarjanju, izmišljanju teh naravnost nesmiselnih, spotakljivih, smešnih
16:42
these utterly ludicrous, raunchy, hilarious
333
986975
2894
in upam da nepozabnih podob v svojih mislih.
16:45
and hopefully unforgettable images in your mind's eye.
334
989869
4125
16:49
And I got pretty into it.
335
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1583
Stvar me je res pritegnila.
16:51
This is me wearing my standard competitive memorizer's training kit.
336
995577
6657
To sem jaz, na glavi pa imam standardno napravo za tekmovalno urjenje spomina.
16:58
It's a pair of earmuffs
337
1002234
1966
Glušnike
17:00
and a set of safety goggles that have been masked over
338
1004200
3409
in varnostna očala, ki sem jih popolnoma zatemnil, pustil sem le dve majhni odprtini,
17:03
except for two small pinholes,
339
1007609
2673
17:06
because distraction is the competitive memorizer's greatest enemy.
340
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5326
saj je dekoncentracija najhujši sovražnik tekmovalca v urjenju spomina.
17:11
I ended up coming back to that same contest that I had covered a year earlier.
341
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5767
Vrnil sem se na isto tekmovanje, s katerega sem leto prej poročal.
17:17
And I had this notion that I might enter it,
342
1021375
2106
Zamislil sem si, da bi se ga udeležil.
Bil bi nekakšen poskus participativnega novinarstva.
17:19
sort of as an experiment in participatory journalism.
343
1023481
3302
17:22
It'd make, I thought, maybe a nice epilogue to all my research.
344
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4521
Mislil sem si, da bi bil to posrečen epilog mojim raziskavam.
Težava je bila v tem, da je šel poskus čez vse meje.
17:27
Problem was the experiment went haywire.
345
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3738
Na tekmovanju sem zmagal,
17:30
I won the contest,
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1035042
2737
česar nisem načrtoval.
17:33
which really wasn't supposed to happen.
347
1037779
3103
(Aplavz)
17:36
(Applause)
348
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5849
Lepo je,
17:42
Now it is nice
349
1046731
1705
da si lahko zapomniš govore
17:44
to be able to memorize speeches
350
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2827
in telefonske številke in nakupovalne sezname,
17:47
and phone numbers and shopping lists,
351
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3094
17:50
but it's actually kind of beside the point.
352
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2776
a smisel ni v tem.
To so le triki.
17:53
These are just tricks.
353
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Triki, ki delujejo,
17:55
They are tricks that work
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ker temeljijo na bolj ali manj osnovnih principih
17:57
because they're based on some pretty basic principles
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18:00
about how our brains work.
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delovanja naših možganov.
18:02
And you don't have to be building memory palaces
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Ni vam potrebno graditi palač spomina,
18:06
or memorizing packs of playing cards
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ali si zapomniti kupov kart, da potegnemo nekaj zase iz vpogleda v
18:08
to benefit from a little bit of insight
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18:10
about how your mind works.
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delovanje naših možganov.
18:12
We often talk about people with great memories
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O ljudeh z odličnim spominom pogosto govorimo, kot da jim je bil položen v zibelko,
18:14
as though it were some sort of an innate gift,
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18:16
but that is not the case.
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a to ne drži.
18:18
Great memories are learned.
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Odličen spomin se pridobi.
Na najbolj osnovni stopnji, zapomnimo si takrat, ko smo pozorni.
18:22
At the most basic level, we remember when we pay attention.
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18:26
We remember when we are deeply engaged.
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Zapomnimo si, ko se z nečim intenzivno ukvarjamo.
18:29
We remember when we are able
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Zapomnimo si takrat, ko smo zmožni vzeti informacijo ali izkušnjo
18:30
to take a piece of information and experience
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18:33
and figure out why it is meaningful to us,
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in ugotoviti, zakaj je za nas pomembna. Zakaj je bistvena, zakaj je barvna.
18:35
why it is significant, why it's colorful,
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Ko smo jo sposobni preoblikovati na način, da ima smisel
18:38
when we're able to transform it in some way
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18:40
that it makes sense
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18:42
in the light of all of the other things floating around in our minds,
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v primerjavi z vsemi ostalimi stvarmi v naši glavi,
18:44
when we're able to transform Bakers into bakers.
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ko smo zmožni preoblikovati Peke v peke.
18:49
The memory palace, these memory techniques,
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Palača spomina, te miselne tehnike, so le bližnjice.
18:52
they're just shortcuts.
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18:54
In fact, they're not even really shortcuts.
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Pravzaprav v resnici niso bližnjice. Delujejo zato, ker vas pripravijo, da delujete.
18:56
They work because they make you work.
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Spodbujajo nenkakšno poglobljeno procesiranje,
19:00
They force a kind of depth of processing,
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nekakšen tok misli, ki ga večina ponavadi ne prakticira.
19:04
a kind of mindfulness,
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19:05
that most of us don't normally walk around exercising.
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19:09
But there actually are no shortcuts.
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V resnici to niso bližnjice.
19:12
This is how stuff is made memorable.
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Na ta način stvari postanejo nepozabne.
Če izpostavim eno stvar, ki jo danes želim deliti z vami,
19:15
And I think if there's one thing that I want to leave you with,
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19:19
it's what E.P.,
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je to tisto, kar je E.P.,
ki trpi za amnezijo in se ne spominja niti tega, da ima težave s spominom, zapustil meni.
19:22
the amnesic who couldn't even remember that he had a memory problem,
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19:26
left me with,
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19:27
which is the notion
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Zavedanje,
19:29
that our lives are the sum of our memories.
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da je naše življenje skupek naših spominov.
19:34
How much are we willing to lose
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Koliko smo pripravljeni izgubiti
19:40
from our already short lives
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v naših, že tako kratkih, življenjih,
19:44
by losing ourselves in our Blackberries, our iPhones,
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s tem, da se izgubljamo v naših blackberryjih, i-phonih,
s tem, da ne posvečamo pozornosti ljudem okoli nas, ki se z nami pogovarjajo,
19:51
by not paying attention to the human being across from us
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19:54
who is talking with us,
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s tem, da smo tako leni, da se nam ne da poglobljeno procesirati?
19:56
by being so lazy that we're not willing
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19:58
to process deeply?
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Iz prve roke sem se naučil,
20:02
I learned firsthand
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20:04
that there are incredible memory capacities
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da so neverjetne miselne sposobnosti
20:08
latent in all of us.
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skrite prav v vsakem izmed nas.
20:10
But if you want to live a memorable life,
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A če želimo živeti nepozabno življenje,
20:13
you have to be the kind of person
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moramo biti oseba,
20:15
who remembers to remember.
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ki si zapomni, da si zapomni.
20:18
Thank you.
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Hvala.
20:20
(Applause)
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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Joshua Foer - WriterJoshua Foer is a science writer who 'accidentally' won the U.S. Memory Championship.
Why you should listen
In 2005 science writer Joshua Foer went to cover the U.S. Memory Championship. A year later he was back -- as contestant. A year of mental training with Europe's top memorizer turned into a book, Moonwalking with Einstein, which is both a chronicle of his immersion in the memory culture and wonderfully accessible and informative introduction to the science of memory. Much more surprisingly, that year of training also turned into a first-place victory at the national competition in New York and the chance to represent the U.S. at the World Memory Championship. Foer's writing has appeared in National Geographic, Slate, the New York Times, and other publications. He is the co-founder of the Atlas Obscura, an online guide to the world’s wonders and curiosities, and is also the co-founder of the design competition Sukkah City.
Joshua Foer | Speaker | TED.com