TED2018
Benedetta Berti: Did the global response to 9/11 make us safer?
Benedetta Berti: Nas je globalni odzvi na 11. september naredil bolj varne?
Filmed:
Readability: 4.8
1,430,420 views
Če želimo, da bo obstojna, dolgoročna varnost v svetu norma, je čas, da radikalno razmislimo, kako jo lahko dosežemo, pravi sodelavka TED-a in raziskovalka konfliktov Benedetta Berti. V pronicljivem govoru Bertijeva razloži, da je ustvarjanje varnejšega sveta manj povezano z uničenjem sovražnikov na bojišču in bolj povezano z zaščito civilistov, ne glede na to, od kod so in kje živijo.
Benedetta Berti - Conflict and security researcher
Benedetta Berti studies how conflicts impact civilians. Full bio
Benedetta Berti studies how conflicts impact civilians. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
Almost 20 years have passed since 9/11.
0
1404
3276
Skoraj 20 let je minilo od 11. septembra.
00:18
It is time to take stock of where we stand
1
6120
3216
Čas je, da ugotovimo, kje smo,
00:21
and stop and think.
2
9360
1440
se ustavimo in razmislimo.
00:24
It is time to ask ourselves,
3
12000
2096
Čas je, da se vprašamo,
00:26
have the assumptions and policies
4
14120
2136
če so nas domneve in strategije,
00:28
we developed in the wake
of those tragic events
of those tragic events
5
16280
2296
ki smo jih razvili po teh tragičnih dogodkih,
00:30
truly made us more secure?
6
18600
2480
res naredile bolj varne.
00:33
Have they made our societies,
both in Europe and in the United States,
both in Europe and in the United States,
7
21880
4536
So naredile našo družbo,
tako v Evropi kot v ZDA,
tako v Evropi kot v ZDA,
00:38
more resilient?
8
26440
1200
bolj odporno?
00:40
I've worked all my life
in the field of security and defense,
in the field of security and defense,
9
28720
4015
Vse življenje delam na področju
varnosti in obrambe
varnosti in obrambe
00:44
and I am convinced
that now, more than ever,
that now, more than ever,
10
32759
3217
in prepričana sem, da moramo
zdaj bolj kot kdaj prej
zdaj bolj kot kdaj prej
00:48
we need to radically reframe
the way we think and act about security,
the way we think and act about security,
11
36000
5416
radikalno spremeniti svoj način mišljenja
in ukrepanja v zvezi z varnostjo,
in ukrepanja v zvezi z varnostjo,
00:53
and especially
about international security.
about international security.
12
41440
2520
še posebej mednarodno varnostjo.
00:57
By international security,
I actually mean what we do,
I actually mean what we do,
13
45000
3616
Z izrazom mednarodna varnost
dejansko mislim, kar počnemo,
dejansko mislim, kar počnemo,
01:00
how we prepare our countries
14
48640
1336
kako se pripravljamo
01:02
to better respond
and prevent external threats,
and prevent external threats,
15
50000
3496
na boljši odziv in preprečevanje
zunanjih groženj
zunanjih groženj
01:05
and how we protect our citizens.
16
53520
1920
ter kako ščitimo svoje državljane.
01:08
The key to both
17
56760
1696
Ključ do obojega
01:10
is to focus on protecting civilians,
18
58480
2656
je osredotočanje na zaščito civilistov
01:13
both in our own countries
19
61160
1616
tako v naših državah
01:14
and in those where we are present
in the name of security.
in the name of security.
20
62800
2920
kot tudi v tistih, kjer smo
prisotni v imenu zaščite.
prisotni v imenu zaščite.
01:19
Now, this idea goes
against the fixed narrative
against the fixed narrative
21
67280
2656
Ta ideja je v nasprotju s fiksno zgodbo,
01:21
that we developed over the past 20 years
22
69960
2736
ki smo jo razvili v zadnjih 20 letih,
01:24
over what security is and how to get it,
23
72720
2680
o tem, kaj je varnost in kako jo doseči.
01:28
but that narrative is flawed,
and worse, it is counterproductive.
and worse, it is counterproductive.
24
76400
5080
Ta zgodba je napačna in, še slabše,
kontraproduktivna je.
kontraproduktivna je.
01:34
Over the past 20 years,
25
82680
2016
V zadnjih 20 letih smo se
01:36
both in the United States and in Europe,
26
84720
2776
tako v Evropi kot v ZDA
01:39
we've come to accept that we must
talk about security in zero sum terms,
talk about security in zero sum terms,
27
87520
4816
navadili, da se moramo o svoji
varnosti pogovarjati z ničelno vsoto,
varnosti pogovarjati z ničelno vsoto,
01:44
as if the only way to gain more security
is by compromising on values and rights:
is by compromising on values and rights:
28
92360
5536
kot da je edina pot do varnosti
kompromis med vrednotami in pravicami:
kompromis med vrednotami in pravicami:
01:49
security versus human rights,
29
97920
3096
varnost proti človekovim pravicam,
01:53
safety versus freedom and development.
30
101040
3936
varnost proti svobodi in razvoju.
01:57
This is a false opposition.
31
105000
2496
To je napačen odpor.
01:59
It just doesn't work like that.
32
107520
1696
Tako preprosto ne gre.
02:01
We need to recognize
33
109240
1816
Prepoznati moramo,
02:03
that security and human rights
are not opposite values,
are not opposite values,
34
111080
2816
da si varnost in človekove pravice
ne nasprotujejo,
ne nasprotujejo,
02:05
they are intrinsically related.
35
113920
2200
ampak da so neločljivo povezane.
02:09
After all, the most basic human right
36
117080
3336
Konec koncev je najosnovnejša
človekova pravica
človekova pravica
02:12
is the right to live
and to be free from violence,
and to be free from violence,
37
120440
3336
pravica živeti in to v nenasilju.
02:15
and a state's most basic responsibility
38
123800
3016
Najosnovnejša odgovornost države je,
02:18
is to guarantee that right
for its citizens.
for its citizens.
39
126840
2359
da zagotovi to pravico
za svoje državljane.
za svoje državljane.
02:21
Conversely, if we think
about communities all over the world
about communities all over the world
40
129960
4176
In obratno, če pomislimo na skupnosti
po vsem svetu,
po vsem svetu,
02:26
affected by war and conflict,
41
134160
2696
prizadete od vojne in sporov,
02:28
it is insecurity and violence
42
136880
2336
sta prav negotovost in nasilje tisto,
02:31
that stops them from achieving
their full freedom and development.
their full freedom and development.
43
139240
4416
kar jim preprečuje, da bi dosegle
popolno svobodo in razvoj.
popolno svobodo in razvoj.
02:35
Now, they need basic security
just as much as we do
just as much as we do
44
143680
4016
Osnovno varnost potrebujejo
prav tako kot mi
prav tako kot mi
02:39
and they need it
so they can live a normal life
so they can live a normal life
45
147720
3336
in potrebujejo jo zato,
da bodo lahko normalno živeli
da bodo lahko normalno živeli
02:43
and so that they can
enjoy their human rights.
enjoy their human rights.
46
151080
2856
in uživali svoje človekove pravice.
02:45
This is why we need to shift.
47
153960
2176
Zato se moramo premakniti.
02:48
We need to acknowledge
that sustainable security
that sustainable security
48
156160
2856
Priznati si moramo, da obstojna varnost
02:51
builds on a foundation of human rights,
49
159040
2816
gradi na temeljih človekovih pravic,
02:53
builds on promoting
and respecting human rights.
and respecting human rights.
50
161880
3360
gradi na promociji in spoštovanju
človekovih pravic.
človekovih pravic.
02:58
Also, over the past two decades,
51
166320
2616
V zadnjih dveh desetletjih smo tudi
03:00
we have accepted that the best way
to guarantee our own security
to guarantee our own security
52
168960
4216
sprejeli, da je najboljši
način, kako si zagotoviti lastno varnost,
način, kako si zagotoviti lastno varnost,
03:05
is by defeating our enemies,
53
173200
1856
premagati svoje sovražnike.
03:07
and to do that, we need to rely
almost exclusively on the military.
almost exclusively on the military.
54
175080
4000
In da bi to storili, se moramo zanesti
skoraj izključno na vojsko.
skoraj izključno na vojsko.
03:12
Again, this clashes with my work,
with my research,
with my research,
55
180600
3096
To je spet v nasprotju z mojim delom,
z mojim raziskovanjem
z mojim raziskovanjem
03:15
with what I see in the field.
56
183720
1381
tega, kar vidim na terenu.
03:17
What I see is that building
sustainable security
sustainable security
57
185125
3611
Kar vidim, je, da je grajenje
obstojne varnosti
obstojne varnosti
03:20
has a lot less to do
with crushing enemies,
with crushing enemies,
58
188760
2536
manj povezano z uničenjem sovražnika,
03:23
has a lot less to do
with winning on the battlefield,
with winning on the battlefield,
59
191320
2616
manj povezano z zmago na bojišču
03:25
and has a lot more to do
with protecting victims
with protecting victims
60
193960
2576
in veliko bolj z zaščito žrtev
03:28
and building stability.
61
196560
1400
ter grajenjem stabilnosti.
03:30
And to do that, well, the military alone
62
198760
2496
Da bi to storili, je sama vojska
03:33
is simply insufficient.
63
201280
1640
preprosto nezadostna.
03:36
This is why I believe we need to shelve
the never-ending War on Terror,
the never-ending War on Terror,
64
204280
4776
Zato verjamem, da moramo prekiniti
nikoli dokončano vojno proti terorizmu
nikoli dokončano vojno proti terorizmu
03:41
and we need to replace it
with a security agenda
with a security agenda
65
209080
2576
in jo zamenjati z varnostnim programom,
03:43
that is driven by the principle
of protecting civilians,
of protecting civilians,
66
211680
3936
ki ga vodi princip zaščite civilistov,
03:47
no matter where they are from,
what passport they hold,
what passport they hold,
67
215640
3416
ne glede na to, od kod so,
kateri poti list imajo
kateri poti list imajo
03:51
or where they live:
68
219080
1616
ali kje živijo:
03:52
Vancouver, New York,
69
220720
2376
v Vancouvru, New Yorku,
03:55
Kabul, Mosul, Aleppo or Douma.
70
223120
3600
Kabuli, Mosulu, Aleppu ali Doumi.
03:59
Sustainable security tells us
that we're more likely
that we're more likely
71
227600
3336
Obstojna varnost nam pove,
da bomo verjetno
da bomo verjetno
04:02
to have long-term security
at home for ourselves
at home for ourselves
72
230960
3816
deležni dolgoročne varnosti doma zase,
04:06
if we focus our engagements abroad
on protecting civilians
on protecting civilians
73
234800
4136
če osredotočimo svoje posege
v tujini na zaščito civilistov
v tujini na zaščito civilistov
04:10
and on ensuring their lives are lived
in dignity and free from violence.
in dignity and free from violence.
74
238960
5736
in na skrb, da bodo njihova
življenja dostojanstvena in brez nasilja.
življenja dostojanstvena in brez nasilja.
04:16
For example, we all know
that defeating ISIS
that defeating ISIS
75
244720
3256
Vsi na primer vemo, da je poraz ISIS
04:20
is a security achievement.
76
248000
1776
varnostni dosežek.
04:21
Absolutely.
77
249800
1296
Absolutno.
04:23
But rebuilding destroyed homes,
78
251120
3376
A obnavljanje uničenih domov,
04:26
restoring order,
79
254520
1936
vzpostavljanje reda,
04:28
ensuring a representative
political system,
political system,
80
256480
3176
zagotavljanje vzorčnega
političnega sistema,
političnega sistema,
04:31
these are just as, if not more important,
81
259680
2976
vse to je prav tako, če ne bolj pomembno
04:34
and not just for the security
of civilians in Iraq and in Syria,
of civilians in Iraq and in Syria,
82
262680
3536
in ne le za varnost civilistov v Iraku in Siriji,
04:38
but for our own security
and for global stability.
and for global stability.
83
266240
3360
ampak za našo lastno varnost
in globalno stabilnost.
in globalno stabilnost.
04:43
More fundamentally,
84
271200
1320
Še pomembneje,
04:45
ISIS's danger should not just be counted
in the number of weapons it holds
in the number of weapons it holds
85
273760
5416
nevarnost ISIS se ne bi smela šteti
le po številu orožja, ki ga imajo,
le po številu orožja, ki ga imajo,
04:51
but also in the number of children
it has kept out of school
it has kept out of school
86
279200
3456
ampak po številu otrok,
ki zaradi nje niso hodili v šolo
ki zaradi nje niso hodili v šolo
04:54
or indoctrinated.
87
282680
1440
ali so bili indoktrinirani.
04:57
This is from a security perspective.
88
285040
2296
To je s stališča varnosti.
04:59
From a security perspective,
89
287360
1616
S stališča varnosti
05:01
the long-term generational impact
of having millions of children in Syria
of having millions of children in Syria
90
289000
6016
dolgoročni generacijski vpliv
na milijone otrok v Siriji,
na milijone otrok v Siriji,
05:07
growing up knowing only war
and out of school,
and out of school,
91
295040
4456
ki odraščajo izven šole in poznajo
le vojno -
le vojno -
05:11
this is a far more dangerous
threat to stability
threat to stability
92
299520
3296
to je mnogo bolj nevarna grožnja stabilnosti
05:14
than all of ISIS's weapons combined,
93
302840
2816
kot vse orožje ISIS skupaj
05:17
and we should spend just as much time
and just as much energy to counter this
and just as much energy to counter this
94
305680
6136
in morali bi porabiti prav toliko časa
in energije, da bi se borili proti temu,
in energije, da bi se borili proti temu,
05:23
as what we spend
when countering ISIS militarily.
when countering ISIS militarily.
95
311840
4240
kot ju zapravimo
za vojaški boj proti ISIS.
za vojaški boj proti ISIS.
05:29
Over the past two decades,
our security policy has been short-term.
our security policy has been short-term.
96
317480
3856
V zadnjih dveh desetletjih je bila
naša varnostna politika kratkoročna.
naša varnostna politika kratkoročna.
05:33
It has focused on the here and now.
97
321360
2576
Osredotočala se je na tukaj in zdaj.
05:35
It has systematically downplayed
the link between what we do today
the link between what we do today
98
323960
4336
Sistematično je zmanjševala pomen
povezave med tem, kar danes počnemo
povezave med tem, kar danes počnemo
05:40
in the name of security
99
328320
1496
v imenu varnosti,
05:41
and the long-term impact of those choices.
100
329840
2896
in dolgoročnimi posledicami teh odločitev.
05:44
In the years after 9/11,
101
332760
2176
V letih po 11. septembru
05:46
some of the choices,
102
334960
2056
so nas nekatere odločitve,
05:49
some of the policies we've implemented
103
337040
2416
nekatere politike, ki smo jih uvedli,
05:51
have probably made us less,
not more secure in the long term.
not more secure in the long term.
104
339480
4560
verjetno naredile dolgoročno manj,
ne pa bolj varne.
ne pa bolj varne.
05:56
Sustainable, civilian-centered security
105
344840
3216
Obstojna varnost,
osredotočena na civiliste,
osredotočena na civiliste,
06:00
needs to look at what happens
in the long term.
in the long term.
106
348080
3296
mora videti, kaj se dogaja dolgoročno.
06:03
Again, for example,
107
351400
1280
Primer:
06:05
relying on drones to target enemies
in faraway countries may be a tool.
in faraway countries may be a tool.
108
353600
4936
zanašanje na drone, da zadenejo sovražnike
v daljnih deželah, je lahko orodje.
v daljnih deželah, je lahko orodje.
06:10
It may be a tool to make sure
or to lessen the threat
or to lessen the threat
109
358560
3216
Lahko je orodje, ki zagotovi
ali zmanjša grožnjo
ali zmanjša grožnjo
06:13
of an imminent attack
on the United States.
on the United States.
110
361800
3016
neizogibnega napada na ZDA.
06:16
But what about the long-term impact?
111
364840
3376
Kaj pa dolgoročna posledica?
06:20
If civilians are killed,
112
368240
2256
Če bodo civilisti ubiti,
06:22
if communities are targeted,
113
370520
2776
če bodo skupnosti napadene,
06:25
this will feed a vicious circle
114
373320
3096
bo to ohranjalo začarani krog
06:28
of war, conflict,
trauma and radicalization,
trauma and radicalization,
115
376440
4056
vojne, konflikta, travme in radikalizacije
06:32
and that vicious circle is at the center
of so many of the security challenges
of so many of the security challenges
116
380520
3696
in ta začarani krog je v središču
premnogih varnostnih izzivov,
premnogih varnostnih izzivov,
06:36
we face today.
117
384240
1200
s katerimi se danes soočamo.
06:38
This will not make us safer
in the long term.
in the long term.
118
386120
2400
To nas dolgoročno ne bo zaščitilo.
06:41
We need civilian security,
119
389960
3256
Potrebujemo varnost za civiliste,
06:45
we need sustainable
civilian-centered security,
civilian-centered security,
120
393240
3656
potrebujemo obstojno varnost,
ki se osredotoča na civiliste,
ki se osredotoča na civiliste,
06:48
and we need it now.
121
396920
1536
in potrebujemo jo takoj zdaj.
06:50
We need to encourage thinking
and research around this concept,
and research around this concept,
122
398480
3656
Vzpodbuditi moramo razmišljanje
in raziskave tega koncepta
in raziskave tega koncepta
06:54
and to implement it.
123
402160
1480
in ga uporabiti.
06:56
We live in a dangerous world.
124
404840
2456
Živimo v nevarnem svetu.
06:59
We have many threats
to peace and conflict.
to peace and conflict.
125
407320
2840
Imamo mnogo groženj miru in konflikte.
07:03
Much like in the days after 9/11,
126
411720
2176
Podobno kot v dneh po 11. septembru
07:05
we simply cannot afford
not to think about international security.
not to think about international security.
127
413920
3840
si ne moremo privoščiti, da ne bi
razmišljali o mednarodni varnosti.
razmišljali o mednarodni varnosti.
07:10
But we have to learn the lessons
of the past 20 years.
of the past 20 years.
128
418840
3616
Upoštevati moramo izkušnje zadnjih 20 let.
07:14
To get it right, to get security right,
129
422480
2816
Da bomo prav ravnali, da bomo
imeli pravo varnost,
imeli pravo varnost,
07:17
we need to focus on the long term.
130
425320
2216
se moramo osredotočati na dolgi rok.
07:19
We need to focus on protecting civilians.
131
427560
2416
Osredotočiti se moramo
na zaščito civilistov
na zaščito civilistov
07:22
And we need to respect
and acknowledge the fact
and acknowledge the fact
132
430000
2656
in spoštovati ter priznati dejstvo,
07:24
that sustainable security
builds on a foundation of human rights.
builds on a foundation of human rights.
133
432680
4360
da obstojna varnost gradi
na temeljih človekovih pravic.
na temeljih človekovih pravic.
07:30
Otherwise, in the name of security,
134
438200
3216
Drugače v imenu varnosti
07:33
we risk leaving the world
135
441440
1736
tvegamo, da bomo svet
07:35
a far more dangerous and unstable place
136
443200
3456
pustili bolj nevaren in nestabilen,
07:38
than what we already found it in.
137
446680
1920
kot smo ga dobili.
07:41
Thank you.
138
449880
1216
Hvala.
07:43
(Applause)
139
451120
3600
(aplavz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Benedetta Berti - Conflict and security researcherBenedetta Berti studies how conflicts impact civilians.
Why you should listen
Benedetta Berti is an expert on the role of armed groups and the future of armed conflict, especially in the Middle East. She has spent over a decade researching non-state armed groups, from terrorists to insurgents to militias, and has worked with governments, international organizations and NGOs to offer new approaches to better understand and tackle modern conflict. As a security and humanitarian consultant, Berti has designed disarmament campaigns; conducted trainings of counter-insurgency and protection of civilians; worked on violence prevention; and assisted humanitarian organizations on issues related to gaining access to war-torn areas. She has conducted research and worked across the globe -- from Central and Latin America to the Middle East, and from the United States to Eastern Africa -- and has focused her work on some of the world's most complex conflicts, from Syria, to Iraq, to Gaza, to Burundi.
Berti has written four books, and her writing has appeared in Foreign Policy and Foreign Affairs.
Benedetta Berti | Speaker | TED.com