INK Conference
Susan Lim: Transplant cells, not organs
Susan Lim: Transplantirajmo ćelije, ne organe
Filmed:
Readability: 5.3
695,997 views
Pionir u polju hirurgije Susan Lim je uradila prvu transplantaciju jetre u Aziji. Ali moralna dilema povezana sa transplantacijama (kako se došlo do organa donora.....) je inspirisala da dublje porazmisli o tom fenomenu i postavi pitanje: Da li bismo mogli da transplantiramo ćelije,a ne cele organe? Na konferenciji znanja i inovacija, ona nam otkriva sve o svojim novim istraživanjima, u kojima je pronašla lekovite ćelije na veoma neočekivanim mestima.
Susan Lim - Surgeon
A surgical pioneer in Singapore, Susan Lim is a researcher and entrepreneur. Full bio
A surgical pioneer in Singapore, Susan Lim is a researcher and entrepreneur. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:16
So I was privileged to train in transplantation
0
1000
4000
Imala sam privilegiju da me metodama transplantacije podučavaju
00:20
under two great surgical pioneers:
1
5000
2000
dva fantastična pionira u hirurgiji
00:22
Thomas Starzl,
2
7000
2000
Tomas Štarzl,
00:24
who performed the world's first successful liver transplant
3
9000
3000
čovek koji je obavio prvu uspešnu transplantaciju jetre na svetu,
00:27
in 1967,
4
12000
2000
1967. godine,
00:29
and Sir Roy Calne,
5
14000
2000
i Gospodin Roj Kaln,
00:31
who performed the first liver transplant in the U.K.
6
16000
3000
koji je odradio prvu transplantaciju jetre u Velikoj Britaniji
00:34
in the following year.
7
19000
3000
godinu dana nakon toga.
00:37
I returned to Singapore
8
22000
2000
Potom sam se vratila u Singapur,
00:39
and, in 1990,
9
24000
2000
i 1990. godine
00:41
performed Asia's first successful
10
26000
2000
odradila u Aziji prvu uspešnu
00:43
cadaveric liver transplant procedure,
11
28000
3000
kompleksnu transplantaciju jetre,
00:46
but against all odds.
12
31000
3000
nasuprot svim očekivanjima.
00:49
Now when I look back,
13
34000
2000
Kada pogledam sada u nazad,
00:51
the transplant was actually the easiest part.
14
36000
4000
transplantacija je u principu bila najlakši deo posla.
00:55
Next, raising the money to fund the procedure.
15
40000
4000
Sledeće, doći do para kako bismo finansirali tu proceduru.
00:59
But perhaps the most challenging part
16
44000
4000
Ali je verovatno najzahtevniji deo
01:03
was to convince the regulators --
17
48000
2000
bio da ubedimo ljude na vrhu --
01:05
a matter which was debated in the parliament --
18
50000
4000
u nešto o čemu se raspravljalo i u parlamentu --
01:09
that a young female surgeon
19
54000
2000
a to je da mladoj ženi hirurgu
01:11
be allowed the opportunity
20
56000
2000
bude ukazana prilika
01:13
to pioneer for her country.
21
58000
3000
da uspostavi nešto novo u svojoj zemlji.
01:16
But 20 years on,
22
61000
2000
Ali 20 godina kasnije,
01:18
my patient, Surinder,
23
63000
2000
moja pacijentkinja, Surinder,
01:20
is Asia's longest surviving
24
65000
2000
je osoba iz Azije koja je
01:22
cadaveric liver transplant to date.
25
67000
3000
do danas preživela najduži period nakon transplantacije.
01:25
(Applause)
26
70000
4000
(Aplauz)
01:29
And perhaps more important,
27
74000
3000
I verovatno je još značajnije to
01:32
I am the proud godmother
28
77000
2000
što sam ja ponosna kuma
01:34
to her 14 year-old son.
29
79000
2000
njenog četrnaestogodišnjeg sina.
01:36
(Applause)
30
81000
3000
(Aplauz)
01:40
But not all patients on the transplant wait list
31
85000
2000
Ali ne dele svi pacijenti koji se nađu na listi
01:42
are so fortunate.
32
87000
2000
čekanja organa takvu sreću.
01:44
The truth is,
33
89000
2000
Isitna je da,
01:46
there are just simply not enough donor organs
34
91000
2000
jednostavno ne postoji dovoljno donora organa
01:48
to go around.
35
93000
2000
za sve neophodne transplantacije.
01:50
As the demand for donor organs
36
95000
2000
A zahtev za organima donora
01:52
continues to rise,
37
97000
2000
nastavlja da raste,
01:54
in large part due to the aging population,
38
99000
3000
velikim delom usled starenja populacije,
01:57
the supply has remained relatively constant.
39
102000
4000
dok su resursi za dobijanje istih nepromenjeni.
02:01
In the United States alone,
40
106000
2000
Samo u Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama,
02:03
100,000 men, women and children
41
108000
4000
100.000 muškaraca, žena i dece
02:07
are on the waiting list for donor organs,
42
112000
3000
se nalaze na listi čekanja organa,
02:10
and more than a dozen die each day
43
115000
3000
i više od desetine ljudi umre svakog dana
02:13
because of a lack of donor organs.
44
118000
3000
jer nema dovoljno donora.
02:16
The transplant community
45
121000
2000
Zajednica ljudi koja se bavi transplantacijom
02:18
has actively campaigned in organ donation.
46
123000
3000
je aktivno promovisala ideju o davanju organa.
02:21
And the gift of life
47
126000
2000
I lista davaoca organa
02:23
has been extended
48
128000
2000
je proširena
02:25
from brain-dead donors
49
130000
2000
od osoba kojima je mozak nefunkcionalan
02:27
to living, related donors --
50
132000
2000
do živih donora koji su u srodstvu sa vama --
02:29
relatives who might donate an organ
51
134000
3000
rođaci mogu donirati svoje organe,
02:32
or a part of an organ,
52
137000
2000
ili deo organa,
02:34
like a split liver graft,
53
139000
2000
na primer deo jetre,
02:36
to a relative or loved one.
54
141000
3000
rođacima ili voljenoj osobi.
02:39
But as there was still a dire shortage of donor organs,
55
144000
3000
Ali obzirom da je i dalje postojala velika nestašica organa,
02:42
the gift of life was then extended
56
147000
2000
lista davaoca je opet proširena
02:44
from living, related donors
57
149000
2000
od živih donora koji su u srodstvu sa vama
02:46
to now living, unrelated donors.
58
151000
3000
do osoba koje to nisu.
02:49
And this then has given rise
59
154000
3000
A to je dovelo do
02:52
to unprecedented and unexpected
60
157000
3000
nezampaćene i neočekivane
02:55
moral controversy.
61
160000
2000
moralne kontroverze.
02:58
How can one distinguish
62
163000
3000
Kako možemo da napravimo razliku između
03:01
a donation that is voluntary and altruistic
63
166000
3000
dobrovoljne, altruističke donacije organa
03:04
from one that is forced or coerced
64
169000
3000
i one koja je nametnuta i prisiljena
03:07
from, for example,
65
172000
2000
na primer,
03:09
a submissive spouse, an in-law,
66
174000
3000
od pokornog supružnika, rodbine,
03:12
a servant, a slave,
67
177000
2000
sluge, roba,
03:14
an employee?
68
179000
2000
zaposlenog?
03:16
Where and how can we draw the line?
69
181000
3000
Gde i kako možemo da povučemo tu crtu?
03:20
In my part of the world,
70
185000
3000
U delu sveta odakle ja dolazim,
03:23
too many people live below the poverty line.
71
188000
3000
previše ljudi živi ispod granice siromaštva.
03:26
And in some areas,
72
191000
2000
I u nekim regionima je
03:28
the commercial gifting of an organ
73
193000
2000
komercijalno davanje organa
03:30
in exchange for monetary reward
74
195000
3000
u zamenu za novčanu nagradu
03:33
has led to a flourishing trade
75
198000
2000
dovelo do procvata trgovine organima
03:35
in living, unrelated donors.
76
200000
3000
među ljudima koji nisu u srodstvu.
03:39
Shortly after I performed the first liver transplant,
77
204000
3000
Ubrzo nakon što sam odradila prvu transplantaciju jetre,
03:42
I received my next assignment,
78
207000
2000
dobila sam sledeći zadatak,
03:44
and that was to go to the prisons
79
209000
3000
da idem u zatvore
03:47
to harvest organs
80
212000
2000
i izolujem organe
03:49
from executed prisoners.
81
214000
3000
iz pogubljenih zatvorenika.
03:52
I was also pregnant at the time.
82
217000
3000
U to vreme sam takođe bila trudna.
03:55
Pregnancies are meant
83
220000
2000
Trudnoća bi trebalo da bude period
03:57
to be happy and fulfilling moments
84
222000
3000
prepun srećnih i ispunjavajućih momenata
04:00
in any woman's life.
85
225000
2000
u životu svake žene.
04:02
But my joyful period
86
227000
2000
Ali moj srećni period
04:04
was marred by solemn and morbid thoughts --
87
229000
5000
je bio uništen veoma ozbiljnim i morbidnim mislima --
04:09
thoughts of walking through
88
234000
2000
razmišljanjima o prolaženju
04:11
the prison's high-security death row,
89
236000
3000
kroz redove zatvorenika osuđenih na smrtnu kaznu,
04:14
as this was the only route
90
239000
2000
a to je bila jedina putanja kojom sam mogla
04:16
to take me to the makeshift operating room.
91
241000
4000
da dođem do improvizovane operacione sale.
04:20
And at each time,
92
245000
2000
I svakog puta,
04:22
I would feel the chilling stares
93
247000
3000
bih se osetila uznemireno
04:25
of condemned prisoners' eyes follow me.
94
250000
4000
kada bih osetila poglede osuđenika koji me prate.
04:29
And for two years,
95
254000
2000
I tokom dve godine,
04:31
I struggled with the dilemma
96
256000
2000
sam se borila sa dilemom
04:33
of waking up at 4:30 am
97
258000
2000
o ustajanju u 4:30 ujutru
04:35
on a Friday morning,
98
260000
2000
svakog petka,
04:37
driving to the prison,
99
262000
2000
vozila bih do zatvora,
04:39
getting down, gloved and scrubbed,
100
264000
2000
stizala do tamo, stavljala rukavice i dezinfikovala se,
04:41
ready to receive the body
101
266000
3000
spremna da preuzmem telo
04:44
of an executed prisoner,
102
269000
2000
pogubljenog zatvorenika,
04:46
remove the organs
103
271000
2000
izolovala bih organe
04:48
and then transport these organs
104
273000
2000
i transportovala bih ih
04:50
to the recipient hospital
105
275000
2000
do odgovarajuće bolnice
04:52
and then graft the gift of life
106
277000
3000
i onda bih poklonila život
04:55
to a recipient the same afternoon.
107
280000
3000
osobi kojoj je potreban organ tog istog popodneva.
04:58
No doubt, I was informed,
108
283000
2000
Bez ikakve sumnje, bila sam informisana
05:00
the consent had been obtained.
109
285000
3000
da je prethodno dobijena saglasnost za proceduru.
05:06
But, in my life,
110
291000
2000
Ali u mom životu,
05:08
the one fulfilling skill that I had
111
293000
5000
umeće koje me je uvek ispunjavalo
05:13
was now invoking feelings of conflict --
112
298000
4000
je sada budilo konfliktna osećanja --
05:17
conflict ranging
113
302000
2000
a to je konflikt koji je imao raspon
05:19
from extreme sorrow and doubt at dawn
114
304000
4000
od ekstremne tuge i nedoumice u zoru
05:23
to celebratory joy
115
308000
2000
do vanredne radosti
05:25
at engrafting the gift of life at dusk.
116
310000
4000
usled spašavanja života u svitanje.
05:29
In my team,
117
314000
2000
U mom timu,
05:31
the lives of one or two of my colleagues
118
316000
3000
životi jednog ili dvojice mojih kolega
05:34
were tainted by this experience.
119
319000
3000
bili su pometeni ovim iskustvom.
05:37
Some of us may have been sublimated,
120
322000
3000
Neki od nas su sublimirali te osećaje,
05:40
but really none of us remained the same.
121
325000
4000
ali zaista niko nije ostao nepromenjen.
05:44
I was troubled
122
329000
3000
Mučila me je činjenica
05:47
that the retrieval of organs from executed prisoners
123
332000
4000
da je izolovanje organa iz pogubljenih zatvorenika
05:51
was at least as morally controversial
124
336000
3000
barem onoliko moralno kontroverzno
05:54
as the harvesting of stem cells
125
339000
2000
koliko i izolovanje matičnih ćelija
05:56
from human embryos.
126
341000
3000
ih ljudskih embriona.
05:59
And in my mind,
127
344000
2000
I po mom mišljenju,
06:01
I realized as a surgical pioneer
128
346000
3000
shvatila sam da je moja uloga kao pionira u hirurgiji
06:04
that the purpose of my position of influence
129
349000
3000
kao osobe koja ima uticajnu poziciju
06:07
was surely to speak up
130
352000
2000
sigurno u tome da progovorim u
06:09
for those who have no influence.
131
354000
3000
ime onih koji nisu imali nikakav uticaj.
06:12
It made me wonder
132
357000
2000
Počela sam da se pitam
06:14
if there could be a better way --
133
359000
2000
da li postoji bolji način --
06:16
a way to circumvent death
134
361000
3000
da zaobiđemo smrt
06:19
and yet deliver the gift of life
135
364000
2000
a opet poklonimo život ljudima
06:21
that might exponentially impact
136
366000
3000
na način koji bi mogao da ima eksponencijalni uticaj
06:24
millions of patients worldwide.
137
369000
3000
na milione pacijenata širom sveta.
06:28
Now just about that time,
138
373000
2000
Upravo u to vreme,
06:30
the practice of surgery evolved
139
375000
2000
hirurgija je evoluirala
06:32
from big to small,
140
377000
2000
od velikih ka malim dimenzijama,
06:34
from wide open incisions
141
379000
2000
od širokih, otvorenih rezova pri operacijama
06:36
to keyhole procedures,
142
381000
2000
do procedura koje su se obavljale na rezu
06:38
tiny incisions.
143
383000
2000
veličine ključaonice, majušnih rezova.
06:41
And in transplantation, concepts shifted
144
386000
3000
I u transplantaciji je došlo do promene koncepta
06:44
from whole organs to cells.
145
389000
3000
od upotrebe organa do korišćenja ćelija.
06:47
In 1988, at the University of Minnesota,
146
392000
3000
1988. na Univerzitetu u Minesoti,
06:50
I participated in a small series
147
395000
3000
učestvovala sam u maloj seriji
06:53
of whole organ pancreas transplants.
148
398000
3000
transplantacija čitavog pankreasa.
06:56
I witnessed the technical difficulty.
149
401000
3000
I bila očevidac tehničkih poteškoća.
06:59
And this inspired in my mind
150
404000
2000
To je inspirisalo promenu u mom načinu razmišljanja
07:01
a shift from transplanting whole organs
151
406000
4000
da umesto transplantacija celih organa
07:05
to perhaps transplanting cells.
152
410000
2000
treba možda transplantirati ćelije.
07:07
I thought to myself,
153
412000
2000
Pomislila sam tada,
07:09
why not take the individual cells
154
414000
3000
zašto ne bismo izolovali indvidualne ćelije
07:12
out of the pancreas --
155
417000
2000
iz pankreasa --
07:14
the cells that secrete insulin to cure diabetes --
156
419000
3000
ćelije koje sintetišu insulin kako bismo izlečili dijabetes
07:17
and transplant these cells? --
157
422000
3000
i transplantirali te ćelije? --
07:20
technically a much simpler procedure
158
425000
2000
to je tehnički mnogo jednostavnija procedura
07:22
than having to grapple with the complexities
159
427000
3000
u poređenju sa borbom koju vodimo
07:25
of transplanting a whole organ.
160
430000
3000
da bismo transplantirali ceo organ.
07:28
And at that time,
161
433000
2000
I u to doba
07:30
stem cell research
162
435000
2000
je istraživanje matičnih ćelija
07:32
had gained momentum,
163
437000
2000
postalo veoma popularno,
07:34
following the isolation of the world's first
164
439000
3000
a potom je usledila prva u svetu izolacija
07:37
human embryonic stem cells
165
442000
2000
humanih embrionalnih matičnih ćelija
07:39
in the 1990s.
166
444000
3000
u devedesetim.
07:42
The observation that stem cells, as master cells,
167
447000
3000
Zapažanje da matične ćelije, kao master-ćelije,
07:45
could give rise
168
450000
2000
imaju potencijal da se razviju
07:47
to a whole variety of different cell types --
169
452000
2000
u različite tipove ćelija --
07:49
heart cells, liver cells,
170
454000
2000
ćelije srca, ćelije jetre,
07:51
pancreatic islet cells --
171
456000
2000
ćelije ostrvaca u pankreasu --
07:53
captured the attention of the media
172
458000
3000
je privuklo pažnju medija
07:56
and the imagination of the public.
173
461000
3000
i maštu javnosti.
07:59
I too was fascinated
174
464000
2000
Ja sam takođe bila fascinirana
08:01
by this new and disruptive cell technology,
175
466000
3000
ovom novom tehnologijom kojom se mogu izolovati ćelije,
08:04
and this inspired a shift in my mindset,
176
469000
3000
što je inspirisalo promenu u mom načinu razmišljanja,
08:07
from transplanting whole organs
177
472000
2000
od transplantiranja celih organa
08:09
to transplanting cells.
178
474000
3000
do transplantiranja ćelija.
08:12
And I focused my research on stem cells
179
477000
3000
Tako da sam se ja tada fokusirala na istraživanje matičnih ćelija
08:15
as a possible source
180
480000
2000
kao novih mogućih izvora
08:17
for cell transplants.
181
482000
2000
za ćelijske transplantacije.
08:20
Today we realize
182
485000
2000
Danas shvatamo
08:22
that there are many different types of stem cells.
183
487000
3000
da postoje različiti tipovi matičnih ćelija.
08:25
Embryonic stem cells
184
490000
2000
Matične ćelije embriona
08:27
have occupied center stage,
185
492000
2000
su zauzele centalno mesto na pozornici,
08:29
chiefly because of their pluripotency --
186
494000
4000
uglavnom zbog toga što su to pluripotentne ćelije --
08:33
that is their ease in differentiating
187
498000
3000
što znači da od njih mogu da nastanu
08:36
into a variety of different cell types.
188
501000
3000
različiti tipovi ćelija.
08:40
But the moral controversy
189
505000
3000
Ali postoji moralna kontroverza
08:43
surrounding embryonic stem cells --
190
508000
3000
povezana sa matičnim ćelijama embriona --
08:46
the fact that these cells are derived
191
511000
2000
a koja leži u činjenici da te ćelije izolujemo
08:48
from five-day old human embryos --
192
513000
3000
iz humanih embriona koji su stari 5 dana
08:51
has encouraged research
193
516000
2000
što je dovelo do istraživanja
08:53
into other types of stem cells.
194
518000
3000
različitih tipova matičnih ćelija.
08:56
Now to the ridicule of my colleagues,
195
521000
4000
Potom sam, iako su me kolege podsmešljivo gledale,
09:00
I inspired my lab
196
525000
2000
inspirisala svoju laboratoriju
09:02
to focus on what I thought
197
527000
3000
da fokusiramo naše istraživanje na - kako sam ja mislila-
09:05
was the most non-controversial source of stem cells,
198
530000
4000
najnekotroverzniji izvor matičnih ćelija,
09:09
adipose tissue, or fat, yes fat --
199
534000
3000
a to je masno tkivo ili masne naslage - da baš mast --
09:12
nowadays available in abundant supply --
200
537000
3000
u današnjem vremenu nam je dostupno u ogromnim količinama --
09:16
you and I, I think, would be very happy to get rid of anyway.
201
541000
4000
i vi i ja, ja mislim, bismo bili srećni da ga se otarasimo.
09:21
Fat-derived stem cells
202
546000
2000
Matične ćelije koje potiču od masnog tkiva
09:23
are adult stem cells.
203
548000
2000
su matične ćelije odraslih osoba.
09:25
And adult stem cells
204
550000
2000
I te zrele matične ćelije
09:27
are found in you and me --
205
552000
2000
u vama i meni -- možemo pronaći
09:29
in our blood, in our bone marrow,
206
554000
2000
u našoj krvi, u našoj koštanoj srži,
09:31
in our fat, our skin and other organs.
207
556000
3000
u našem masnom tkivu, koži i drugim organima.
09:34
And as it turns out,
208
559000
2000
I ispostavilo se,
09:36
fat is one of the best sources
209
561000
2000
da je masno tkivo najbolji izvor
09:38
of adult stem cells.
210
563000
2000
matičnih ćelija odraslih osoba.
09:40
But adult stem cells
211
565000
2000
Ali zrele matične ćelije
09:42
are not embryonic stem cells.
212
567000
3000
nisu embrionalne matične ćelije.
09:45
And here is the limitation:
213
570000
2000
U tome leži ograničenje:
09:47
adult stem cells are mature cells,
214
572000
3000
matične ćelije odraslih osoba su zrele ćelije,
09:50
and, like mature human beings,
215
575000
3000
i kao i odrasle osobe,
09:53
these cells are more restricted in their thought
216
578000
3000
one su malo više ograničene u načinu razmišljanja
09:56
and more restricted in their behavior
217
581000
3000
i malo više ograničene u svom ponašanju
09:59
and are unable to give rise
218
584000
2000
i nisu u mogućnosti da proizvedu
10:01
to the wide variety of specialized cell types,
219
586000
3000
širok spektar različitih, specifičnih tipova ćelija,
10:04
as embryonic stem cells [can].
220
589000
2000
kao što to mogu embrionalne matične ćelije.
10:06
But in 2007,
221
591000
3000
Ali u 2007. godini,
10:09
two remarkable individuals,
222
594000
3000
dve izvanredne osobe,
10:12
Shinya Yamanaka of Japan
223
597000
2000
Šinija Jamanaka iz Japana
10:14
and Jamie Thomson of the United States,
224
599000
3000
i Džejmi Tompson iz Sjedinjenih Američkih Država,
10:17
made an astounding discovery.
225
602000
3000
su došli do neverovatnog otkrića.
10:20
They discovered
226
605000
2000
Otkrili su
10:22
that adult cells, taken from you and me,
227
607000
3000
da ćelije odraslih osoba, izolovane iz vas i mene,
10:25
could be reprogrammed
228
610000
3000
mogu biti reprogramirane
10:28
back into embryonic-like cells,
229
613000
2000
u stupanj koji je sličan matičnim ćelijama embriona,
10:30
which they termed IPS cells,
230
615000
3000
koji su nazvali IPM ćelija,
10:33
or induced pluripotent stem cells.
231
618000
5000
ili indukovane pluripotentne matične ćelije.
10:38
And so guess what,
232
623000
2000
I da li možda znate da se sada,
10:40
scientists around the world and in the labs
233
625000
3000
naučnici širom sveta u svojim laboratorijama
10:43
are racing
234
628000
2000
takmiče
10:45
to convert aging adult cells --
235
630000
3000
da pretvore odrasle ćelije koje stare --
10:48
aging adult cells from you and me --
236
633000
2000
odrasle ćelije u procesu starenja u vama i meni --
10:50
they are racing to reprogram these cells
237
635000
3000
takmiče se da ih re-programiraju
10:53
back into more useful IPS cells.
238
638000
4000
u IPM stanje koje je daleko korisnije.
10:58
And in our lab,
239
643000
2000
U našoj laboratoriji,
11:00
we are focused on taking fat
240
645000
2000
mi smo fokusirani na izolovanje masnog tkiva
11:02
and reprogramming
241
647000
2000
i re-programiranje
11:04
mounds of fat
242
649000
2000
tone masnog tkiva
11:06
into fountains of youthful cells --
243
651000
4000
u reke mladih ćelija
11:10
cells that we may use
244
655000
2000
ćelija koje bismo potom mogli da koristimo
11:12
to then form other,
245
657000
2000
da proizvedu druge,
11:14
more specialized, cells,
246
659000
2000
viče specijalizovane tipove ćelija,
11:16
which one day may be used as cell transplants.
247
661000
3000
koje bismo jednog dana mogli da koristimo za transplantiranje.
11:20
If this research is successful,
248
665000
3000
Ukoliko budemo uspešni u ovim istraživanjima,
11:23
it may then reduce the need
249
668000
3000
to može smanjiti potrebu
11:26
to research and sacrifice
250
671000
2000
za istraživanjem i žrtvovanjem
11:28
human embryos.
251
673000
3000
ljudskih embriona.
11:32
Indeed, there is a lot of hype, but also hope
252
677000
3000
I zaista, diže se puno prašine, ali ima i puno nade
11:35
that the promise of stem cells
253
680000
2000
da matične ćelije imaju potencijal
11:37
will one day provide cures
254
682000
2000
da se koriste rutinski u lečenju
11:39
for a whole range of conditions.
255
684000
2000
različitih tipova bolesti.
11:41
Heart disease, stroke, diabetes,
256
686000
3000
Srčana bolest, šlog, dijabetes,
11:44
spinal cord injury, muscular dystrophy,
257
689000
2000
povrede kičmene moždine, muskularna distrofija,
11:46
retinal eye diseases --
258
691000
3000
bolesti retine --
11:49
are any of these conditions
259
694000
2000
i mnoge druge bolesti
11:51
relevant, personally, to you?
260
696000
3000
da li patite od nekih od ovih bolesti?
11:54
In May 2006,
261
699000
3000
U maju 2006. godine,
11:57
something horrible happened to me.
262
702000
3000
se meni desilo nešto zaista strašno.
12:00
I was about to start a robotic operation,
263
705000
2000
Trebalo je da počnem robotizovanu operaciju,
12:02
but stepping out of the elevator
264
707000
2000
ali kada sam izašla iz lifta
12:04
into the bright and glaring lights of the operating room,
265
709000
3000
u operacionu salu koja je bila svetla i blistava
12:07
I realized
266
712000
2000
shvatila sam
12:09
that my left visual field
267
714000
2000
da se moje levo polje vida
12:11
was fast collapsing into darkness.
268
716000
3000
veoma brzo gubi u potpunoj tami.
12:14
Earlier that week,
269
719000
2000
Ranije te nedelje
12:16
I had taken a rather hard knock
270
721000
2000
sam se poprilično jako udarila
12:18
during late spring skiing -- yes, I fell.
271
723000
3000
tokom skijanja u kasno proleće -- da, pala sam.
12:21
And I started to see floaters and stars,
272
726000
2000
I videla sam svetlace i zvezde,
12:23
which I casually dismissed
273
728000
2000
koje sam opušteno objasnila
12:25
as too much high-altitude sun exposure.
274
730000
3000
preteranom izlaganju suncu na velikim nadmorskim visinama.
12:28
What happened to me
275
733000
2000
Ono što se meni desilo
12:30
might have been catastrophic,
276
735000
2000
moglo je imati katastrofalne posledice,
12:32
if not for the fact
277
737000
2000
da nisam bila u mogućnosti da
12:34
that I was in reach of good surgical access.
278
739000
2000
dobijem dobru hiruršku intervenciju.
12:36
And I had my vision restored,
279
741000
2000
Ponovo sam mogla dobro da vidim,
12:38
but not before a prolonged period of convalescence --
280
743000
3000
ali nakon produženog perioda oporavka --
12:41
three months --
281
746000
2000
tri meseca --
12:43
in a head down position.
282
748000
2000
u mirovanju.
12:45
This experience
283
750000
2000
Ovo iskustvo me je naučilo
12:47
taught me to empathize more with my patients,
284
752000
3000
da bolje sagledam muku svojih pacijenata,
12:50
and especially those with retinal diseases.
285
755000
3000
naročito onih koji pate od bolesti retine.
12:54
37 million people worldwide
286
759000
2000
37 miliona ljudi širom sveta
12:56
are blind,
287
761000
2000
je slepo,
12:58
and 127 million more
288
763000
3000
i još 127 miliona ljudi
13:01
suffer from impaired vision.
289
766000
3000
pati od lošeg vida.
13:04
Stem cell-derived retinal transplants,
290
769000
3000
Postoji mogućnost da transplantacije retine matičnim ćelijama,
13:07
now in a research phase,
291
772000
2000
koje su danas u fazi istraživanja,
13:09
may one day restore vision,
292
774000
2000
jednog dana uspešno u potpunosti povrate vid,
13:11
or part vision,
293
776000
2000
ili delimično povrate vid,
13:13
to millions of patients with retinal diseases worldwide.
294
778000
4000
milionima pacijenata koji pate od bolesti retine širom sveta.
13:17
Indeed, we live
295
782000
2000
I zaista, mi živimo u vremenu
13:19
in both challenging
296
784000
2000
koje je istovremeno i izazovno
13:21
as well as exciting times.
297
786000
3000
i uzbudljivo.
13:25
As the world population ages,
298
790000
3000
I paralelno sa starenjem svetske populacije,
13:28
scientists are racing
299
793000
2000
naučnici se takmiče da
13:30
to discover new ways
300
795000
2000
pronađu nove načine
13:32
to enhance the power of the body
301
797000
2000
kako bi poboljšali snagu tela
13:34
to heal itself through stem cells.
302
799000
3000
kako bi ono moglo samo sebe da izleči uz pomoć matičnih ćelija.
13:37
It is a fact
303
802000
2000
Činjenica je da
13:39
that when our organs or tissues are injured,
304
804000
3000
kada dođe do povrede naših organa ili tkiva
13:42
our bone marrow
305
807000
2000
koštana srž
13:44
releases stem cells
306
809000
2000
oslobađa matične čelije
13:46
into our circulation.
307
811000
2000
u naš krvotok.
13:48
And these stem cells
308
813000
2000
I ove matične ćelije
13:50
then float in the bloodstream
309
815000
2000
plutaju krvotokom
13:52
and hone in to damaged organs
310
817000
3000
i pronalaze oštećene organe u koje
13:55
to release growth factors
311
820000
2000
oslobađaju faktore rasta
13:57
to repair the damaged tissue.
312
822000
2000
kako bi zalečile oštećeno tkivo.
13:59
Stem cells may be used as building blocks
313
824000
3000
Matične ćelije se mogu koristiti kao gradivni blokovi
14:02
to repair damaged scaffolds within our body,
314
827000
4000
koji bi popravljali oštećene "skele" u našem telu,
14:06
or to provide new liver cells
315
831000
2000
ili da stvore nove ćelije jetre
14:08
to repair damaged liver.
316
833000
3000
da izleče oštećenu jetru.
14:11
As we speak, there are 117 or so clinical trials
317
836000
3000
U ovom trenutku, postoji oko 117 kliničkih istraživanja
14:14
researching the use of stem cells
318
839000
3000
koja proučavaju mogućnost upotrebe matičnih ćelija
14:17
for liver diseases.
319
842000
2000
u lečenju raznih bolesti jetre.
14:19
What lies ahead?
320
844000
2000
Šta nas još čeka?
14:21
Heart disease
321
846000
2000
Bolesti srca
14:23
is the leading cause of death worldwide.
322
848000
2000
su vodeći uzrok smrti u svetu.
14:25
1.1 million Americans
323
850000
2000
1.1. milion Amerikanaca
14:27
suffer heart attacks yearly.
324
852000
3000
doživi srčani napad svake godine.
14:30
4.8 million
325
855000
2000
4.8 miliona
14:32
suffer cardiac failure.
326
857000
2000
pati od insuficijencija srca.
14:34
Stem cells may be used
327
859000
2000
Matične ćelije bismo mogli koristiti
14:36
to deliver growth factors
328
861000
2000
kao izvore faktora rasta
14:38
to repair damaged heart muscle
329
863000
2000
koji bi popravili oštećeni srčani mišić
14:40
or be differentiated
330
865000
2000
ili bismo ih mogli diferencirati
14:42
into heart muscle cells
331
867000
2000
u ćelije srčanog mišića
14:44
to restore heart function.
332
869000
2000
kako bi uspostavile regularnu funkciju srca.
14:46
There are 170 clinical trials
333
871000
3000
Postoji 170 kliničkih istraživanja koja
14:49
investigating the role of stem cells in heart disease.
334
874000
4000
proučavaju mogućnost korišćenja matičnih ćelija u lečenju srčanih oboljenja.
14:53
While still in a research phase,
335
878000
3000
Iako se i dalje nalazimo u istaživačkoj fazi,
14:56
stem cells may one day herald
336
881000
3000
matične ćeilje mogu jednog dana dovesti do
14:59
a quantum leap in the field of cardiology.
337
884000
3000
kvantnog skoka u polju kardiologije.
15:03
Stem cells provide hope for new beginnings --
338
888000
3000
Matične ćelije nam pružaju nadu za nove početke --
15:06
small, incremental steps,
339
891000
3000
malim, inkrementnim koracima,
15:09
cells rather than organs,
340
894000
3000
ćelije, a ne organi,
15:12
repair rather than replacement.
341
897000
3000
popraviti, a ne zameniti.
15:15
Stem cell therapies
342
900000
3000
Lečenje matičnim ćelijama
15:18
may one day reduce the need for donor organs.
343
903000
4000
može jednog dana smanjiti potrebu za donorima organa.
15:22
Powerful new technologies
344
907000
2000
Ove nove moćne tehnologije
15:24
always present enigmas.
345
909000
2000
uvek predstavljaju nove enigme.
15:26
As we speak,
346
911000
2000
U ovom trenutku,
15:28
the world's first human embryonic stem cell trial for spinal cord injury
347
913000
3000
prvo kliničko istraživanje u oblasti lečenja kičmene moždine
15:31
is currently underway
348
916000
2000
humanim embrionalnim matičnim ćelijama
15:33
following the USFDA approval.
349
918000
3000
čeka na odobrenje USFDA.
15:36
And in the U.K.,
350
921000
2000
A u Velikoj Britaniji mogućnost
15:38
neural stem cells to treat stroke
351
923000
2000
upotrebe nervnih matičnih ćelija u lečenju moždanog
15:40
are being investigated in a phase one trial.
352
925000
3000
udara je u prvoj fazi kliničkih istraživanja.
15:44
The research success that we celebrate today
353
929000
3000
Uspesi do kojih su istražavinja dovela, a koje slavimo danas,
15:47
has been made possible
354
932000
2000
su rezultat
15:49
by the curiosity and contribution and commitment
355
934000
4000
radoznalosti, doprinosa i posvećenosti
15:53
of individual scientists
356
938000
2000
pojedinačnih naučnika
15:55
and medical pioneers.
357
940000
2000
i pionira u polju medicine.
15:57
Each one has his story.
358
942000
3000
Svako od njih ima svoju priču.
16:00
My story has been about my journey
359
945000
3000
Moja priča je priča o mom putu
16:03
from organs to cells --
360
948000
2000
od organa do ćelija --
16:05
a journey through controversy,
361
950000
2000
o putu punom različitih kontroverzi,
16:07
inspired by hope --
362
952000
2000
koji je ispunjen nadom --
16:09
hope that, as we age,
363
954000
3000
nadom, da ćemo dok starimo
16:12
you and I may one day celebrate longevity
364
957000
3000
vi i ja moći jednog dana da slavimo dugovečnost
16:15
with an improved quality of life.
365
960000
2000
karakterisanu poboljšanim kvalitetom života.
16:17
Thank you.
366
962000
2000
Hvala vam.
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Susan Lim - SurgeonA surgical pioneer in Singapore, Susan Lim is a researcher and entrepreneur.
Why you should listen
Dr Susan Lim is the current Co-chair of the Global Advisory Council of the International Society for Stem Cell Research (ISSCR). She performed the first successful cadaveric liver transplant for Singapore in 1990, the second woman in the world to have done so at the time .
Her academic recognitions include election as Fellow, Trinity College (2005), University of Melbourne, the Monash University Distinguished Alumnus Award (2006), and an Honorary Degree of Doctor of Medicine by The University of Newcastle, Australia (2007). In 2007, the American Academy of Continuing Medical Education (AACME) 28th award, was named the “Dr Susan Lim Award” for the advancement in Laparoscopic & Minimally Invasive Surgery. Her more recent public lectures include “Robotic Surgery - Engineering from a surgeon’s perspective”, as visiting scholar to UC Berkeley, and a 2016 TEDx Berkeley talk “The Dawn of a New Ecosystem in Organ Replacement.”
For her humanitarian work, she was recognized in the Australian House of Parliament (House of Representatives Official Hansard no. 17, 2005) for treating Australian victims of the second Bali bomb blast. In giving back to society, the family have established the Dr. Susan Lim Endowment for Education and Research, which supports medical and research scholarships at Trinity College, University of Melbourne, the University of Newcastle, Australia, and the International Society for Stem Cell Research (ISSCR).
Susan Lim | Speaker | TED.com