TEDxExeter
Scilla Elworthy: Fighting with nonviolence
Šila Elvorti (Scilla Elworthy): Borba nenasiljem
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Kako da se izborite sa siledžijom, a da ne postanete nasilnik? U ovom mudrom i nadahnutom govoru, mirovna aktivistkinja Šila Elvorti ukazuje na veštine koje su nam potrebne - kao naciji i kao pojedincima - da se borimo sa ekstremnom silom, a da ne odgovorimo silom. Da bi odgovorila na pitanje zašto i kako nenasilje funkcioniše, ona priziva istorijske heroje - Ang San Su Ći, Mahatmu Gandija, Nelsona Mendelu - i lične filozofije koje su osnažile njihove mirovne proteste. (Snimljeno na TEDxExeter)
Scilla Elworthy - Peace builder
Scilla Elworthy founded Oxford Research Group in 1982, to promote effective dialogue between nuclear weapons policy-makers and their opponents. Full bio
Scilla Elworthy founded Oxford Research Group in 1982, to promote effective dialogue between nuclear weapons policy-makers and their opponents. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:16
In half a century of trying to help prevent wars,
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U pola veka pokušavanja da se spreče ratovi,
00:20
there's one question that never leaves me:
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jedno je pitanje koje mi ne da mira:
00:23
How do we deal with extreme violence
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kako da se nosimo sa ekstremnim nasiljem,
00:27
without using force in return?
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a da ne odgovorimo silom?
00:31
When you're faced with brutality,
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Kada ste suočeni sa brutalnošću,
00:33
whether it's a child facing a bully on a playground
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bilo da je to dete koje se suočava
sa nasilnikom na igralištu
sa nasilnikom na igralištu
00:36
or domestic violence --
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ili nasilje u porodici -
00:38
or, on the streets of Syria today,
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ili na ulicama Sirije danas,
00:41
facing tanks and shrapnel,
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sa tenkovima i šrapnelima,
00:43
what's the most effective thing to do?
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šta je najbolja stvar koju možete uraditi?
00:47
Fight back? Give in?
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Uzvratiti? Predati se?
00:49
Use more force?
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Upotrebiti više sile?
00:53
This question: "How do I deal with a bully
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Ovo pitanje: "Kako da se izborim sa siledžijom,
00:57
without becoming a thug in return?"
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a da ne postanem nasilnik?"
01:00
has been with me ever since I was a child.
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je bilo uz mene otkako sam bila dete.
01:03
I remember I was about 13,
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Sećam se imala sam oko 13 godina,
01:06
glued to a grainy black and white television in my parents' living room
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zalepljena za crno-beli televizor
u dnevnoj sobi mojih roditelja
u dnevnoj sobi mojih roditelja
01:11
as Soviet tanks rolled into Budapest,
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kada su sovjetski tenkovi ušli u Budimpeštu.
01:15
and kids not much older than me
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I deca ne mnogo starija od mene
01:18
were throwing themselves at the tanks
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su se bacala na tenkove
01:20
and getting mown down.
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i bivala pokošena.
01:23
And I rushed upstairs and started packing my suitcase.
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Otrčala sam na sprat i počela da pakujem svoj kofer.
01:26
And my mother came up and said, "What on Earth are you doing?"
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Moja majka je došla gore
i rekla: "Šta to radiš, pobogu?"
i rekla: "Šta to radiš, pobogu?"
01:29
And I said, "I'm going to Budapest."
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Ja sam rekla: "Idem u Budimpeštu."
01:31
And she said, "What on Earth for?"
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A ona je pitala: "Pobogu, zašto?"
01:34
And I said, "Kids are getting killed there.
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Odgovorila sam: "Tamo ubijaju decu.
01:36
There's something terrible happening."
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Tamo se nešto užasno dešava."
01:38
And she said, "Don't be so silly."
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Rekla mi je: "Ne budi smešna."
01:40
And I started to cry.
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Tada sam počela da plačem.
01:43
And she got it, she said,
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Shvatila je i rekla:
01:45
"Okay, I see it's serious.
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"U redu, vidim da je ozbiljno.
01:47
You're much too young to help.
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Previše si mlada da bi mogla da pomogneš.
01:49
You need training. I'll help you.
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Treba ti priprema. Pomoći ću ti.
01:52
But just unpack your suitcase."
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Ali samo raspakuj svoj kofer."
01:54
And so I got some training
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Tako sam dobila neku obuku
01:58
and went and worked in Africa during most of my 20s.
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i otišla i radila u Africi veći deo svojih 20-ih godina.
02:02
But I realized that what I really needed to know
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Ali sam shvatila da ono što stvarno treba da znam
02:05
I couldn't get from training courses.
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nisam mogla dobiti na kursevima i obukama.
02:08
I wanted to understand
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Želela sam da razumem
02:10
how violence, how oppression, works.
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kako nasilje, kako ugnjetavanje funkcioniše.
02:14
And what I've discovered since is this:
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Ono što sam otkrila od tada je sledeće:
02:19
Bullies use violence in three ways.
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nasilnici koriste nasilje na tri načina.
02:23
They use political violence to intimidate,
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Koriste političko nasilje da zastraše,
02:29
physical violence to terrorize
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fizičko nasilje da terorišu
02:34
and mental or emotional violence to undermine.
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i psihičko ili emocionalno nasilje da potkopaju.
02:42
And only very rarely in very few cases
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I samo u veoma malom broju slučajeva
02:45
does it work to use more violence.
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funkcioniše korišćenje više nasilja.
02:48
Nelson Mandela went to jail believing in violence,
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Nelson Mendela je otišao u zatvor verujući u nasilje,
02:55
and 27 years later
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a 27 godina kasnije
02:57
he and his colleagues
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on i njegove kolege
02:59
had slowly and carefully
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su polako i pažljivo
03:01
honed the skills, the incredible skills, that they needed
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stekli veštine, neverovatne veštine
koje su im bile potrebne
koje su im bile potrebne
03:06
to turn one of the most vicious governments the world has known
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da preokrenu jednu od najsurovijih vlada
koje je svet poznavao
koje je svet poznavao
03:10
into a democracy.
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u demokratiju.
03:12
And they did it in a total devotion to non-violence.
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To su učinili potpuno se posvećujući nenasilju.
03:16
They realized that using force against force
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Uočili su da upotreba sile protiv druge sile
03:24
doesn't work.
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ne funkcioniše.
03:29
So what does work?
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Pa šta funkcioniše?
03:31
Over time I've collected about a half-dozen methods
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Vremenom sam sakupila oko pola tuceta metoda
03:34
that do work -- of course there are many more --
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koje funkcionišu - naravno postoje još mnoge druge -
03:36
that do work and that are effective.
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koje stvarno funkcionišu i koje su uspešne.
03:39
And the first is
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Prva je
03:40
that the change that has to take place
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da promena koja mora da se desi
03:42
has to take place here, inside me.
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mora da se desi ovde, u meni.
03:47
It's my response, my attitude, to oppression
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To je moj odgovor, moj stav, protiv ugnjetavanja
03:51
that I've got control over,
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koje imam pod kontrolom
03:54
and that I can do something about.
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i protiv kog mogu da učinim nešto.
03:56
And what I need to develop is self-knowledge to do that.
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Ono što treba da razvijem je samospoznaja
da bih mogla to da učinim.
da bih mogla to da učinim.
04:00
That means I need to know how I tick,
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To znači da moram da znam kako funkcionišem,
04:03
when I collapse,
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kada se slamam,
04:05
where my formidable points are,
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gde su moje značajne tačke,
04:09
where my weaker points are.
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gde su moje slabe tačke.
04:12
When do I give in?
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Kada se predajem?
04:13
What will I stand up for?
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Za šta se zalažem?
04:19
And meditation or self-inspection
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I meditacija i introspekcija
04:24
is one of the ways -- again it's not the only one --
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su načini - ponavljam nisu jedini -
04:26
it's one of the ways
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su jedni od načina
04:27
of gaining this kind of inner power.
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sticanja ove unutrašnje snage.
04:32
And my heroine here -- like Satish's --
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I moja heroina ovde --kao i Satišova--
04:34
is Aung San Suu Kyi in Burma.
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je Ang San Su Ći u Burmi.
04:37
She was leading a group of students
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Ona je predvodila grupu studenata
04:41
on a protest in the streets of Rangoon.
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u protestu na ulicama Ranguna.
04:43
They came around a corner faced with a row of machine guns.
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Izašli su iza ćoška suočavajući
se sa redom mitraljeza.
se sa redom mitraljeza.
04:47
And she realized straight away
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Ona je odmah shvatila
04:48
that the soldiers with their fingers shaking on the triggers
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da su vojnici sa prstima koji su se tresli na okidačima
04:52
were more scared than the student protesters behind her.
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bili više uplašeni od studenata protestanata iza nje.
04:58
But she told the students to sit down.
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Ali je rekla studentima da sednu dole.
05:01
And she walked forward with such calm and such clarity
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I hodala je napred sa takvom smirenošću
i takvom jasnoćom
i takvom jasnoćom
05:08
and such total lack of fear
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i takvim potpunim nedostatkom straha
05:12
that she could walk right up to the first gun,
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da je otišla pravo do prvog mitraljeza,
05:16
put her hand on it and lower it.
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stavila ruku na njega i spustila ga.
05:24
And no one got killed.
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Niko nije bio ubijen.
05:27
So that's what the mastery of fear can do --
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Eto to ovladavanje strahom može da uradi -
05:31
not only faced with machine guns,
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ne samo suočeno sa mitraljezima,
05:34
but if you meet a knife fight in the street.
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već i ako se suočite sa uličnom tučom noževima.
05:38
But we have to practice.
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Ali moramo da vežbamo.
05:40
So what about our fear?
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A šta je sa našim strahom?
05:42
I have a little mantra.
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Imam malu mantru.
05:47
My fear grows fat
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Moj strah raste
05:51
on the energy I feed it.
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od energije kojom ga hranim.
05:53
And if it grows very big
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I ako poraste veoma velik
05:55
it probably happens.
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verovatno se desi.
05:57
So we all know the three o'clock in the morning syndrome,
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Svi znamo za sindrom tri sata izjutra,
06:02
when something you've been worrying about wakes you up --
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kada vas nesto oko čega brinete probudi -
06:05
I see a lot of people --
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viđam mnogo ljudi -
06:07
and for an hour you toss and turn,
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i čitav sat se prevrćete,
06:11
it gets worse and worse,
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bude sve gore i gore,
06:12
and by four o'clock you're pinned to the pillow
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dok vas oko četiri sata ne prikuje za jastuk
06:15
by a monster this big.
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ovoliko čudoviste.
06:18
The only thing to do
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Jedina stvar koju možete da uradite
06:20
is to get up, make a cup of tea
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je da ustanete, napravite šolju čaja
06:21
and sit down with the fear like a child beside you.
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i sednete sa strahom kao detetom pored vas.
06:27
You're the adult.
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Vi ste odrasli.
06:29
The fear is the child.
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Strah je dete.
06:31
And you talk to the fear
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I vi govorite strahu
06:32
and you ask it what it wants, what it needs.
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i pitate ga šta želi, šta mu treba.
06:36
How can this be made better?
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Kako ovo može biti bolje?
06:40
How can the child feel stronger?
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Kako se dete može osećati jačim?
06:42
And you make a plan.
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I vi napravite plan.
06:43
And you say, "Okay, now we're going back to sleep.
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I kažete: "U redu, sada se vraćamo na spavanje.
06:45
Half-past seven, we're getting up and that's what we're going to do."
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U pola 8 ustajemo i to je ono što ćemo da uradimo."
06:49
I had one of these 3 a.m. episodes on Sunday --
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Imala sam jednu od ovih epizoda
u 3 sata izjutra u nedelju -
u 3 sata izjutra u nedelju -
06:55
paralyzed with fear at coming to talk to you.
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paralisana strahom od govora ovde pred vama.
06:59
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
07:01
So I did the thing.
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Tako da sam ispoštovala plan.
07:02
I got up, made the cup of tea, sat down with it, did it all
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Ustala sam, napravila šolju čaja,
sela sa njim, uradila sve
sela sa njim, uradila sve
07:07
and I'm here -- still partly paralyzed, but I'm here.
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i evo me ovde - i dalje delimično paralizovana,
ali sam ovde.
ali sam ovde.
07:11
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
07:15
So that's fear. What about anger?
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Znači to je strah. Šta je sa besom?
07:18
Wherever there is injustice there's anger.
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Gde god ima nepravde ima i besa.
07:22
But anger is like gasoline,
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A bes je kao benzin,
07:25
and if you spray it around and somebody lights a match,
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ako ga poprskate svuda okolo, a neko zapali šibicu,
07:28
you've got an inferno.
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imate pakao.
07:30
But anger as an engine -- in an engine -- is powerful.
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Ali bes kao motor - u motoru - je moćan.
07:36
If we can put our anger inside an engine,
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Ako možemo da stavimo naš bes unutar motora,
07:40
it can drive us forward,
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može nas odvesti napred,
07:41
it can get us through the dreadful moments
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može da nas provede kroz strašne trenutke
07:44
and it can give us real inner power.
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i može nam dati stvarnu unutrašnju snagu.
07:48
And I learned this in my work
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Ovo sam naučila na poslu
07:52
with nuclear weapon policy-makers.
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sa tvorcima politike nuklearnog oružja.
07:54
Because at the beginning I was so outraged
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Jer sam na početku bila toliko besna
07:57
at the dangers they were exposing us to
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zbog opasnosti kojima nas izlažu
08:00
that I just wanted to argue and blame and make them wrong.
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da sam samo htela da se raspravljam
i okrivljujem i pokažem da nisu u pravu.
i okrivljujem i pokažem da nisu u pravu.
08:05
Totally ineffective.
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Potpuno neefikasno.
08:08
In order to develop a dialogue for change
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U cilju razvijanja dijaloga zarad promene
08:11
we have to deal with our anger.
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moramo da se izborimo sa našim besom.
08:13
It's okay to be angry with the thing --
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U redu je biti besan na tako nešto -
08:18
the nuclear weapons in this case --
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u ovom slučaju na nuklearno oružje -
08:20
but it is hopeless to be angry with the people.
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ali je potpuno beznadežno biti ljut na ljude.
08:24
They are human beings just like us.
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Oni su ljudska bića kao i mi.
08:27
And they're doing what they think is best.
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I oni rade ono što misle da je najbolje.
08:29
And that's the basis on which we have to talk with them.
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I to je osnova na kojoj moramo da
stvaramo dijalog sa njima.
stvaramo dijalog sa njima.
08:33
So that's the third one, anger.
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Tako da je to treće, bes.
08:36
And it brings me to the crux
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To me dovodi do srži
08:38
of what's going on, or what I perceive as going on,
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onoga što se dešava ili šta ja mislim da se dešava
08:41
in the world today,
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u svetu danas,
08:42
which is that last century was top-down power.
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a to je da je poslednji vek moć od vrha do dna.
08:46
It was still governments telling people what to do.
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I dalje su vlade govorile ljudima šta da rade.
08:50
This century there's a shift.
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U ovom veku dolazi do promene.
08:52
It's bottom-up or grassroots power.
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To je od dna do vrha ili korenita snaga.
08:56
It's like mushrooms coming through concrete.
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To je kao pečurke koje rastu kroz beton.
08:59
It's people joining up with people, as Bundy just said, miles away
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To je kada se ljudi pridružuju drugim ljudima,
kao što je Bandi upravo rekao, kilometrima daleko
kao što je Bandi upravo rekao, kilometrima daleko
09:06
to bring about change.
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da dovedu do promene.
09:08
And Peace Direct spotted quite early on
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I organizacija Peace Direct je vrlo brzo uočila
09:12
that local people in areas of very hot conflict
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da lokalni ljudi u uslovima
veoma izraženih konflikata
veoma izraženih konflikata
09:16
know what to do.
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znaju šta da rade.
09:18
They know best what to do.
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Oni najbolje znaju šta da rade.
09:21
So Peace Direct gets behind them to do that.
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Tako da ih je Peace Direct podržao u tome.
09:24
And the kind of thing they're doing
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A neke od stvari koje oni rade
09:26
is demobilizing militias,
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su demobilizacija milicije,
09:29
rebuilding economies,
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ponovna izgradnja ekonomije,
09:32
resettling refugees,
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naseljavanje izbeglica,
09:34
even liberating child soldiers.
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pa čak i oslobađanje dece vojnika.
09:40
And they have to risk their lives almost every day
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I oni moraju da rizikuju svoje živote
skoro svakodnevno
skoro svakodnevno
09:43
to do this.
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da bi to učinili.
09:46
And what they've realized
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Ono što su shvatili
09:50
is that using violence in the situations they operate in
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je da korišćenje nasilja
u ovim situacijama u kojim oni rade
u ovim situacijama u kojim oni rade
09:55
is not only less humane,
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ne samo da je manje humano,
09:59
but it's less effective
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već je i manje delotvorno
10:01
than using methods that connect people with people, that rebuild.
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od korišćenja metoda koje povezuju ljude,
koje ponovo grade.
koje ponovo grade.
10:08
And I think that the U.S. military
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Mislim da je vojska Sjedinjenih Država
10:12
is finally beginning to get this.
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konačno počela ovo da shvata.
10:19
Up to now their counter-terrorism policy
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Do sada je njihova protivteroristička politika
10:21
has been to kill insurgents at almost any cost,
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bila da ubiju pobunjenike po svaku cenu,
10:26
and if civilians get in the way,
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a ako se civili nađu na putu,
10:29
that's written as "collateral damage."
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to se označava kao "kolateralna šteta".
10:34
And this is so infuriating and humiliating
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Ovo je toliko užasavajuće i ponižavajuće
10:40
for the population of Afghanistan,
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za narod Avganistana,
10:43
that it makes the recruitment for al-Qaeda very easy,
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da čini regrutaciju za Al Kaidu veoma jednostavnom,
10:47
when people are so disgusted by, for example,
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kada su ljudi toliko zgroženi, na primer,
10:50
the burning of the Koran.
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paljenjem Kurana.
10:53
So the training of the troops has to change.
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Zato se mora promeniti način obuke trupa.
10:56
And I think there are signs that it is beginning to change.
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I mislim da postoje naznake da je to počelo da se menja.
11:01
The British military have always been much better at this.
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Britanska vojska je oduvek bila bolja u ovome.
11:03
But there is one magnificent example for them to take their cue from,
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Ali postoji jedan odličan primer
na koji mogu da se ugledaju,
na koji mogu da se ugledaju,
11:09
and that's a brilliant U.S. lieutenant colonel
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a to je fantastični potpukovnik Sjedinjenih Država
11:12
called Chris Hughes.
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po imenu Kris Hjuz.
11:14
And he was leading his men down the streets of Najaf --
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Dok je vodio svoje ljude niz ulice Nadžafa -
11:18
in Iraq actually --
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zapravo u Iraku -
11:20
and suddenly people were pouring out of the houses on either side of the road,
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iznenada su ljudi počeli da izlaze
iz kuća sa obe strane puta
iz kuća sa obe strane puta
11:25
screaming, yelling, furiously angry,
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vrišteći, vičući, izuzetno besni
11:30
and surrounded these very young troops who were completely terrified,
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opkoljavajući ove mlade trupe
koje su bile potpuno prestravljene,
koje su bile potpuno prestravljene,
11:34
didn't know what was going on, couldn't speak Arabic.
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nisu znale šta se dešava,
nisu govorile arapski.
nisu govorile arapski.
11:37
And Chris Hughes strode into the middle of the throng
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Kris Hjuz je stao u sred gomile
11:41
with his weapon above his head, pointing at the ground,
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sa oružjem iznad glave, pokazujući na zemlju
11:45
and he said, "Kneel."
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i rekao: "Kleknite".
11:47
And these huge soldiers
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I ovi krupni vojnici
11:50
with their backpacks and their body armor,
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sa svojim rančevima i oklopom,
11:52
wobbled to the ground.
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klanjali su se do zemlje.
11:57
And complete silence fell.
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Nastala je potpuna tišina.
12:03
And after about two minutes,
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Nakon dva minuta otprilike,
12:05
everybody moved aside and went home.
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svi su se sklonili i otišli kući.
12:10
Now that to me is wisdom in action.
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To je za mene mudrost na delu.
12:15
In the moment, that's what he did.
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U trenutku, eto šta je on uradio.
12:19
And it's happening everywhere now.
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I to se dešava svuda sada.
12:25
You don't believe me?
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Ne verujete mi?
12:27
Have you asked yourselves
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Da li ste se zapitali
12:31
why and how so many dictatorships have collapsed
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kako i zašto su se tolike diktature srušile
12:35
over the last 30 years?
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u poslednjih 30 godina?
12:38
Dictatorships in Czechoslovakia, East Germany,
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Diktature u Čehoslovačkoj, Istočnoj Nemačkoj,
12:43
Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania,
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Estoniji, Letoniji, Litvaniji,
12:48
Mali, Madagascar,
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Maliju, Madagaskaru,
12:51
Poland, the Philippines,
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Poljskoj, Filipinima,
12:54
Serbia, Slovenia, I could go on,
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Srbiji, Sloveniji, mogla bih još da nabrajam,
12:59
and now Tunisia and Egypt.
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a poslednje u Tunisu i Egiptu.
13:04
And this hasn't just happened.
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A to se nije desilo tek tako.
13:08
A lot of it is due to a book
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Većina je zbog knjige
13:11
written by an 80-year-old man in Boston, Gene Sharp.
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koju je napisao 80-godišnjak iz Bostona, Džin Šarp.
13:16
He wrote a book called "From Dictatorship to Democracy"
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Napisao je knjigu "Od tiranije do demokratije"
13:20
with 81 methodologies for non-violent resistance.
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sa 81. metodologijom za nenasilni otpor.
13:25
And it's been translated into 26 languages.
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Prevedena je na 26 jezika.
13:27
It's flown around the world.
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Knjiga je raširena svuda po svetu.
13:29
And it's being used by young people and older people everywhere,
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Koristili su je mladi ljudi i stariji ljudi svuda,
13:36
because it works and it's effective.
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zato što funkcioniše i ima efekta.
13:42
So this is what gives me hope --
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Zato mi to daje nadu -
13:46
not just hope, this is what makes me feel very positive right now.
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ne samo nadu, već me čini veoma optimističnom sada.
13:50
Because finally human beings are getting it.
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Zato što konačno ljudska bića shvataju.
13:54
We're getting practical, doable methodologies
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Nalazimo praktične, izvodljive metodologije
14:02
to answer my question:
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da odgovorimo na moje pitanje:
14:03
How do we deal with a bully without becoming a thug?
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kako da se izborimo sa siledžijom,
a da ne postanemo nasilnici?
a da ne postanemo nasilnici?
14:10
We're using the kind of skills that I've outlined:
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Koristimo one veštine koje sam podvukla:
14:14
inner power -- the development of inner power -- through self-knowledge,
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unutrašnju snagu - razvoj unutrašnje snage - kroz samospoznaju,
14:18
recognizing and working with our fear,
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prepoznavanje i rad sa našim strahovima,
14:21
using anger as a fuel,
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korišćenje besa kao goriva,
14:25
cooperating with others,
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saradnju sa drugima,
14:27
banding together with others,
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povezivanje sa drugima,
14:29
courage,
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hrabrost
14:32
and most importantly, commitment to active non-violence.
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i najvažnije posvećenost aktivnom nenasilju.
14:39
Now I don't just believe in non-violence.
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Ja ne samo da verujem u nenasilje.
14:43
I don't have to believe in it.
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Ja ne moram da verujem u njega.
14:46
I see evidence everywhere of how it works.
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Vidim dokaze svuda kako funkcioniše.
14:49
And I see that we, ordinary people,
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I vidim da mi, obični ljudi,
14:55
can do what Aung San Suu Kyi and Ghandi and Mandela did.
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možemo da radimo što su i Ang San Su Ći,
Gandi i Mendela radili.
Gandi i Mendela radili.
15:02
We can bring to an end
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Možemo da privedemo kraju
15:04
the bloodiest century that humanity has ever known.
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najkrvaviji vek koje je čovečanstvo ikada videlo.
15:09
And we can organize to overcome oppression
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I možemo da se organizujemo
da prevaziđemo ugnjetavanje
da prevaziđemo ugnjetavanje
15:17
by opening our hearts
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otvaranjem naših srca
15:20
as well as strengthening this incredible resolve.
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kao i jačanjem ove neverovatne odlučnosti.
15:26
And this open-heartedness is exactly what I've experienced
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Ova otvorenost srca je upravo ono što sam doživela
15:30
in the entire organization of this gathering since I got here yesterday.
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u celoj organizaciji ovog skupa
otkako sam stigla ovde juče.
otkako sam stigla ovde juče.
15:35
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
15:37
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Scilla Elworthy - Peace builderScilla Elworthy founded Oxford Research Group in 1982, to promote effective dialogue between nuclear weapons policy-makers and their opponents.
Why you should listen
When Scilla Elworthy was 13, she sat in front of her television set watching as Soviet tanks rolled into Budapest. Immediately she started packing her bags. "What are you doing?" her mother said. "I'm going to Budapest," she said. "They're doing something awful and I have to go." Years later, Elworthy is a three-time Nobel Peace Prize nominee and a recipient of the Niwano Peace Prize. In 2002 Elworthy founded Peace Direct, which supports local action against conflict, and in 1982 founded Oxford Research Group, a think-tank devoted to developing effective dialogue between nuclear weapons policy-makers and their critics. Beginning in 2005 she helped set up The Elders initiative as an adviser to Sir Richard Branson, Peter Gabriel and Archbishop Desmond Tutu.
Scilla Elworthy | Speaker | TED.com