TEDxExeter
Scilla Elworthy: Fighting with nonviolence
Scilla Elworthy：非暴力抗爭
Filmed:
Readability: 3.9
1,241,517 views
在面對威脅時如何以不使用武力的方式回擊？在這個充滿智慧的演講中，和平活動家Scilla Elworthy解釋了我們需要的技巧——國家和個人都需要這些技巧——來不以武力的方式對抗極端暴力。爲了解答爲什麽非暴力有效以及如何有效的問題，她引用了曆史上的名人——Aung San Suu Kyi，穆罕穆德·甘地，尼爾遜·曼德拉——以及支撐和平抗爭的個人哲學。（在TEDxExeter錄制）
Scilla Elworthy - Peace builder
Scilla Elworthy founded Oxford Research Group in 1982, to promote effective dialogue between nuclear weapons policy-makers and their opponents. Full bio
Scilla Elworthy founded Oxford Research Group in 1982, to promote effective dialogue between nuclear weapons policy-makers and their opponents. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:16
In half a century of trying to help prevent wars,
0
360
4134
在爲防止戰爭所做的半個世紀工作中，
00:20
there's one question that never leaves me:
1
4494
3515
我始終有一個問題：
00:23
How do we deal with extreme violence
2
8025
3700
我們在不使用暴力的情況下
00:27
without using force in return?
3
11725
3501
如何面對極端暴力？
00:31
When you're faced with brutality,
4
15226
2551
當你面對暴力，
00:33
whether it's a child facing a bully on a playground
5
17777
2916
不管是一個小孩面對欺負他的小混混，
00:36
or domestic violence --
6
20693
1700
還是家庭暴力
00:38
or, on the streets of Syria today,
7
22393
2916
或者是敘利亞今天的街道上
00:41
facing tanks and shrapnel,
8
25309
2551
面對坦克和彈藥，
00:43
what's the most effective thing to do?
9
27860
3347
最有效的方式是什麽？
00:47
Fight back? Give in?
10
31207
2598
反擊？屈服？
00:49
Use more force?
11
33805
3341
使用更多暴力？
00:53
This question: "How do I deal with a bully
12
37176
3962
“我在不變成暴徒的情況下
00:57
without becoming a thug in return?"
13
41138
3750
如何面對威脅？”這個問題
01:00
has been with me ever since I was a child.
14
44888
3016
自從我還是孩子時就伴隨著我。
01:03
I remember I was about 13,
15
47904
2551
我記得當我大約13歲時，
01:06
glued to a grainy black and white television in my parents' living room
16
50455
4986
被我父母房間裏的黑白電視所吸引
01:11
as Soviet tanks rolled into Budapest,
17
55441
4265
電視上放著蘇聯坦克開過布達佩斯，
01:15
and kids not much older than me
18
59706
2799
和我差不多大的孩子
01:18
were throwing themselves at the tanks
19
62505
2501
在坦克前逃跑
01:20
and getting mown down.
20
65006
2168
並且被碾壓過去。
01:23
And I rushed upstairs and started packing my suitcase.
21
67174
3801
然後我就跑上了樓梯打包我的行李。
01:26
And my mother came up and said, "What on Earth are you doing?"
22
70975
2714
媽媽說：“你在幹什麽？”
01:29
And I said, "I'm going to Budapest."
23
73689
2282
我說：“我要去布達佩斯。”
01:31
And she said, "What on Earth for?"
24
75971
2634
她說“爲什麽”
01:34
And I said, "Kids are getting killed there.
25
78605
2049
我說“他們在殺害那些孩子。
01:36
There's something terrible happening."
26
80654
1852
有一些可怕的事正在發生。”
01:38
And she said, "Don't be so silly."
27
82506
2017
她說“別傻了。”
01:40
And I started to cry.
28
84523
2600
然後我就開始哭。
01:43
And she got it, she said,
29
87123
2215
她懂了，說，
01:45
"Okay, I see it's serious.
30
89338
1767
“我知道這很嚴重。
01:47
You're much too young to help.
31
91105
2834
但你太小了。
01:49
You need training. I'll help you.
32
93939
2635
你需要訓練。來我幫你。
01:52
But just unpack your suitcase."
33
96574
2165
但先把行李放下。”
01:54
And so I got some training
34
98739
3566
然後我得到了一些訓練
01:58
and went and worked in Africa during most of my 20s.
35
102305
3933
並且在20幾歲時到非洲工作。
02:02
But I realized that what I really needed to know
36
106238
3701
但我意識到我真正需要的
02:05
I couldn't get from training courses.
37
109939
2399
卻是我從那些訓練中得不到的。
02:08
I wanted to understand
38
112338
2186
我想知道
02:10
how violence, how oppression, works.
39
114524
4450
暴力，壓迫有什麽作用。
02:14
And what I've discovered since is this:
40
118974
4948
我發現：
02:19
Bullies use violence in three ways.
41
123922
4066
惡棍使用三種暴力。
02:23
They use political violence to intimidate,
42
127988
5303
政治暴力來威懾，
02:29
physical violence to terrorize
43
133291
5414
肉體暴力來恐嚇，
02:34
and mental or emotional violence to undermine.
44
138705
7524
以及精神暴力來摧毀。
02:42
And only very rarely in very few cases
45
146229
3227
並且用更多的暴力
02:45
does it work to use more violence.
46
149456
3516
幾乎不起作用。
02:48
Nelson Mandela went to jail believing in violence,
47
152972
6209
尼爾遜·曼德拉在相信暴力時被送進了監獄，
02:55
and 27 years later
48
159181
2024
27年後，
02:57
he and his colleagues
49
161205
1983
他和同事
02:59
had slowly and carefully
50
163188
1985
已經慢慢地，很仔細地
03:01
honed the skills, the incredible skills, that they needed
51
165173
4966
練成了把一個窮凶極惡的政府
03:06
to turn one of the most vicious governments the world has known
52
170139
4200
變成一個
03:10
into a democracy.
53
174339
1866
民主政府的技能。
03:12
And they did it in a total devotion to non-violence.
54
176205
4732
並且他們以一種完全非暴力的方式實現。
03:16
They realized that using force against force
55
180937
7167
他們發現以暴制暴
03:24
doesn't work.
56
188104
5196
不管用。
03:29
So what does work?
57
193300
2193
那什麽管用？
03:31
Over time I've collected about a half-dozen methods
58
195493
3469
在這些年裏我積累了一些管用的方法
03:34
that do work -- of course there are many more --
59
198962
1833
當然方法還有很多
03:36
that do work and that are effective.
60
200795
2346
這些方法的確管用。
03:39
And the first is
61
203141
1367
第一個是
03:40
that the change that has to take place
62
204508
2518
該發生的改變
03:42
has to take place here, inside me.
63
207026
4465
必須發生。
03:47
It's my response, my attitude, to oppression
64
211491
4100
我的對壓迫的反應，態度就是
03:51
that I've got control over,
65
215591
2851
我必須控制，
03:54
and that I can do something about.
66
218442
2300
並且我能做一些事。
03:56
And what I need to develop is self-knowledge to do that.
67
220742
4183
我需要的就是增長知識。
04:00
That means I need to know how I tick,
68
224925
2499
這意味著當我垮掉時
04:03
when I collapse,
69
227424
2251
我要知道如何保持平衡，
04:05
where my formidable points are,
70
229675
4334
我的優點在哪，
04:09
where my weaker points are.
71
234009
2498
我的弱點在哪。
04:12
When do I give in?
72
236507
1468
我什麽時候屈服？
04:13
What will I stand up for?
73
237975
5263
我爲了什麽堅持？
04:19
And meditation or self-inspection
74
243238
5139
冥想或自我反思
04:24
is one of the ways -- again it's not the only one --
75
248377
2534
是一種方式——當然也不是唯一的方式——
04:26
it's one of the ways
76
250911
1118
這是一種方式
04:27
of gaining this kind of inner power.
77
252029
4117
來獲得這種內在的力量。
04:32
And my heroine here -- like Satish's --
78
256146
2482
我戲中的英雄是
04:34
is Aung San Suu Kyi in Burma.
79
258628
3033
在緬甸的Aung San Suu Kyi
04:37
She was leading a group of students
80
261661
3633
她是一群在Rangoon的學生抗議團隊
04:41
on a protest in the streets of Rangoon.
81
265294
2400
的領導者。
04:43
They came around a corner faced with a row of machine guns.
82
267694
4183
他們面對一排機關槍，
04:47
And she realized straight away
83
271877
1167
她立刻意識到
04:48
that the soldiers with their fingers shaking on the triggers
84
273044
3918
在扳機上手抖動的士兵
04:52
were more scared than the student protesters behind her.
85
276962
5698
比學生抗議者更害怕。
04:58
But she told the students to sit down.
86
282660
2705
但她告訴學生坐下。
05:01
And she walked forward with such calm and such clarity
87
285365
7296
然後她以出奇的冷靜
05:08
and such total lack of fear
88
292661
3450
無畏
05:12
that she could walk right up to the first gun,
89
296111
4100
走向第一個槍，
05:16
put her hand on it and lower it.
90
300211
4076
把她的手放上去，把槍放下來，
05:24
And no one got killed.
91
308564
3518
所有人都安全了。
05:27
So that's what the mastery of fear can do --
92
312097
3942
這就是控制恐懼能做的——
05:31
not only faced with machine guns,
93
316039
2301
不僅當面對機關槍時，
05:34
but if you meet a knife fight in the street.
94
318340
4166
更是當你在路上遇到刀戰。
05:38
But we have to practice.
95
322506
2365
但我們必須練習。
05:40
So what about our fear?
96
324871
1901
那麽我們害怕什麽呢？
05:42
I have a little mantra.
97
326772
4954
我有一箴言。
05:47
My fear grows fat
98
331726
3441
我越害怕，
05:51
on the energy I feed it.
99
335167
2217
我的恐懼越大。
05:53
And if it grows very big
100
337384
2287
如果恐懼太大了，
05:55
it probably happens.
101
339671
2362
不好的事情就會發生了。
05:57
So we all know the three o'clock in the morning syndrome,
102
342033
4435
我們都知道淩晨三點綜合征，
06:02
when something you've been worrying about wakes you up --
103
346468
2716
當一些你擔心的事把你弄醒，
06:05
I see a lot of people --
104
349184
2390
我看到許多人
06:07
and for an hour you toss and turn,
105
351574
3610
你害怕一小時
06:11
it gets worse and worse,
106
355184
1678
然後他越來越厲害，
06:12
and by four o'clock you're pinned to the pillow
107
356862
3122
在四點你被一個這麽大的怪獸
06:15
by a monster this big.
108
359984
2203
釘在枕頭上
06:18
The only thing to do
109
362187
1934
唯一能做的
06:20
is to get up, make a cup of tea
110
364121
1834
就是起床，衝杯茶，
06:21
and sit down with the fear like a child beside you.
111
365955
5316
然後和恐懼一起坐下，
06:27
You're the adult.
112
371271
2481
你是一個成人，
06:29
The fear is the child.
113
373752
1887
恐懼像孩子，
06:31
And you talk to the fear
114
375639
1445
你和恐懼說話
06:32
and you ask it what it wants, what it needs.
115
377084
3186
你問他他要什麽
06:36
How can this be made better?
116
380270
4617
這怎樣變得更好
06:40
How can the child feel stronger?
117
384887
1750
這個孩子如何變得更強壯？
06:42
And you make a plan.
118
386637
1449
然後你有一個計劃。
06:43
And you say, "Okay, now we're going back to sleep.
119
388086
2005
你說“好吧，我們要睡覺了。
06:45
Half-past seven, we're getting up and that's what we're going to do."
120
390091
3767
七點半，我們再起床。”
06:49
I had one of these 3 a.m. episodes on Sunday --
121
393858
5732
在周日我就有過這種經曆
06:55
paralyzed with fear at coming to talk to you.
122
399606
3985
已經被恐懼所感到癱瘓
06:59
(Laughter)
123
403591
1998
（笑聲）
07:01
So I did the thing.
124
405589
1507
所以我這麽做了。
07:02
I got up, made the cup of tea, sat down with it, did it all
125
407096
4129
我起床，衝杯茶，坐下，做了這一切
07:07
and I'm here -- still partly paralyzed, but I'm here.
126
411225
4156
所以我在這裏——仍然有些麻木，但我在這裏。
07:11
(Applause)
127
415381
4399
（掌聲）
07:15
So that's fear. What about anger?
128
419780
2516
所以這就是恐懼。那憤怒呢？
07:18
Wherever there is injustice there's anger.
129
422296
4402
只要有不公正就有憤怒。
07:22
But anger is like gasoline,
130
426698
2848
但憤怒像汽油，
07:25
and if you spray it around and somebody lights a match,
131
429546
3454
如果你潑出汽油，然後有人點了一個火柴，
07:28
you've got an inferno.
132
433000
2000
那你就在地獄裏了。
07:30
But anger as an engine -- in an engine -- is powerful.
133
435000
5117
但作爲引擎，憤怒是很有力的。
07:36
If we can put our anger inside an engine,
134
440117
4166
如果我們能把憤怒放入引擎裏，
07:40
it can drive us forward,
135
444283
1783
他能帶我們向前，
07:41
it can get us through the dreadful moments
136
446066
2988
他能讓我們走過悲慘的時刻，
07:44
and it can give us real inner power.
137
449054
3963
能給我們真正的內部力量。
07:48
And I learned this in my work
138
453017
3118
我在和核武器政策制定者的
07:52
with nuclear weapon policy-makers.
139
456135
2264
工作中知道了這個
07:54
Because at the beginning I was so outraged
140
458399
2719
因爲一開始我對于
07:57
at the dangers they were exposing us to
141
461118
3316
他們給我們帶來的危險感到很憤怒
08:00
that I just wanted to argue and blame and make them wrong.
142
464434
5134
以至于我想辯論，責備，並且讓他們感到錯誤。
08:05
Totally ineffective.
143
469568
2533
根本不管用。
08:08
In order to develop a dialogue for change
144
472101
3749
爲了開始一個帶來改變的對話，
08:11
we have to deal with our anger.
145
475850
2073
我們需要應付我們的憤怒。
08:13
It's okay to be angry with the thing --
146
477923
4677
對此感到憤怒很正常
08:18
the nuclear weapons in this case --
147
482600
2100
也就是核武器
08:20
but it is hopeless to be angry with the people.
148
484700
3851
但對人憤怒是沒有用的。
08:24
They are human beings just like us.
149
488551
2615
他們和我們一樣是人。
08:27
And they're doing what they think is best.
150
491166
2651
他們在做他們認爲對的。
08:29
And that's the basis on which we have to talk with them.
151
493817
3983
而這就是我們和他們交流的基礎。
08:33
So that's the third one, anger.
152
497800
2917
所以這就是第三個，憤怒。
08:36
And it brings me to the crux
153
500717
1400
現在我們來到了這次演講的核心，
08:38
of what's going on, or what I perceive as going on,
154
502117
3234
也就是現在在這個世界
08:41
in the world today,
155
505351
1065
正在發生什麽，
08:42
which is that last century was top-down power.
156
506416
4018
在上個世紀是由上而下的權利。
08:46
It was still governments telling people what to do.
157
510434
4265
過去政府仍然告訴人們該做什麽。
08:50
This century there's a shift.
158
514699
2035
這個世紀有了變化。
08:52
It's bottom-up or grassroots power.
159
516734
3883
現在是由下而上或者說草根權利。
08:56
It's like mushrooms coming through concrete.
160
520617
3216
想從混凝土中長出的蘑菇。
08:59
It's people joining up with people, as Bundy just said, miles away
161
523833
6681
像Bundy所說，是人和人連結在一起，
09:06
to bring about change.
162
530514
2273
來帶來改變。
09:08
And Peace Direct spotted quite early on
163
532787
4266
和平指導這個項目很快就發現了
09:12
that local people in areas of very hot conflict
164
537053
3551
在衝突發生的地區的當地人
09:16
know what to do.
165
540604
2436
知道該做什麽。
09:18
They know best what to do.
166
543040
2216
他們知道最好做什麽。
09:21
So Peace Direct gets behind them to do that.
167
545256
3282
所以和平指導爲他們提供支持。
09:24
And the kind of thing they're doing
168
548538
2199
他們做的是
09:26
is demobilizing militias,
169
550737
3168
解散軍隊，
09:29
rebuilding economies,
170
553905
2603
重建經濟，
09:32
resettling refugees,
171
556508
2350
安置難民，
09:34
even liberating child soldiers.
172
558858
5501
甚至解放兒童軍人。
09:40
And they have to risk their lives almost every day
173
564359
2866
他們爲這些事必須要
09:43
to do this.
174
567225
3219
冒生命風險。
09:46
And what they've realized
175
570444
3814
他們已經意識到了
09:50
is that using violence in the situations they operate in
176
574258
4933
在這些情況下使用武力
09:55
is not only less humane,
177
579191
4519
不僅更不人道，
09:59
but it's less effective
178
583710
2135
而且更沒有效果，
10:01
than using methods that connect people with people, that rebuild.
179
585845
6531
和連接每個人這種方式比起來。
10:08
And I think that the U.S. military
180
592376
3932
我認爲美國部隊
10:12
is finally beginning to get this.
181
596308
6880
終于開始懂得這些了。
10:19
Up to now their counter-terrorism policy
182
603188
2709
直到現在爲止他們的反恐政策
10:21
has been to kill insurgents at almost any cost,
183
605897
4833
一直是不惜代價殺死暴亂的人，
10:26
and if civilians get in the way,
184
610730
3203
並且如果平民在其中得到了傷害，
10:29
that's written as "collateral damage."
185
613933
4266
這會被記錄爲“附屬傷害”。
10:34
And this is so infuriating and humiliating
186
618199
6733
這激怒並羞辱了
10:40
for the population of Afghanistan,
187
624932
2350
阿富汗人，
10:43
that it makes the recruitment for al-Qaeda very easy,
188
627282
4348
所以，比如，當人們被焚燒可蘭經激怒時，
10:47
when people are so disgusted by, for example,
189
631630
3170
基地組織的擴充
10:50
the burning of the Koran.
190
634800
2379
就很容易了。
10:53
So the training of the troops has to change.
191
637179
3001
所以部隊的訓練必須改變。
10:56
And I think there are signs that it is beginning to change.
192
640180
5108
我認爲現在已經有改變的迹象了。
11:01
The British military have always been much better at this.
193
645288
2784
英國部隊已經做得很好了。
11:03
But there is one magnificent example for them to take their cue from,
194
648072
5682
現在他們能得到一個很好的暗示，
11:09
and that's a brilliant U.S. lieutenant colonel
195
653754
3168
這就是一個美國陸軍上尉，
11:12
called Chris Hughes.
196
656922
1665
克裏斯·休。
11:14
And he was leading his men down the streets of Najaf --
197
658587
4217
他正在帶領他的人在
11:18
in Iraq actually --
198
662804
2168
伊拉克——
11:20
and suddenly people were pouring out of the houses on either side of the road,
199
664972
5033
一瞬間人們就從街道兩旁的房屋中衝出來，
11:25
screaming, yelling, furiously angry,
200
670005
4598
尖叫，呐喊，極爲憤怒，
11:30
and surrounded these very young troops who were completely terrified,
201
674603
4468
並包圍了這些已經被驚嚇到的士兵，
11:34
didn't know what was going on, couldn't speak Arabic.
202
679071
2500
這些士兵不知道發生了什麽，也不會說阿拉伯語。
11:37
And Chris Hughes strode into the middle of the throng
203
681571
4250
克裏斯·休走到人群中間
11:41
with his weapon above his head, pointing at the ground,
204
685821
3869
把武器舉在頭上，指著地面，
11:45
and he said, "Kneel."
205
689690
1698
說“跪下”。
11:47
And these huge soldiers
206
691388
2800
然後休的士兵
11:50
with their backpacks and their body armor,
207
694188
2633
帶著他們的背包和武裝
11:52
wobbled to the ground.
208
696821
4474
搖晃的趴在地上。
11:57
And complete silence fell.
209
701295
6085
然後沒有一點聲音。
12:03
And after about two minutes,
210
707380
2558
兩分鍾過後，
12:05
everybody moved aside and went home.
211
709938
4276
人群散開並回家。
12:10
Now that to me is wisdom in action.
212
714214
5482
這在我認爲就是智慧。
12:15
In the moment, that's what he did.
213
719696
4166
在那一刻，那就是他做的。
12:19
And it's happening everywhere now.
214
723862
5762
現在在每個地方都會發生。
12:25
You don't believe me?
215
729624
1909
你不相信我？
12:27
Have you asked yourselves
216
731533
3659
你有沒有問過自己
12:31
why and how so many dictatorships have collapsed
217
735192
4440
爲什麽以及有多少獨裁政府
12:35
over the last 30 years?
218
739632
3351
在過去30年內倒塌了？
12:38
Dictatorships in Czechoslovakia, East Germany,
219
742983
5067
在捷克斯洛伐克，東德
12:43
Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania,
220
748050
4215
愛沙尼亞，拉脫維亞，立陶宛，
12:48
Mali, Madagascar,
221
752265
2886
馬裏，馬達加斯加，
12:51
Poland, the Philippines,
222
755151
3782
波蘭，菲律賓，
12:54
Serbia, Slovenia, I could go on,
223
758933
5083
塞爾維亞，斯洛維尼亞的獨裁政府，我可以繼續，
12:59
and now Tunisia and Egypt.
224
764016
4590
還有現在的突尼斯和埃及。
13:04
And this hasn't just happened.
225
768606
4050
這還沒有發生。
13:08
A lot of it is due to a book
226
772656
3151
很多這些都是因爲
13:11
written by an 80-year-old man in Boston, Gene Sharp.
227
775807
4465
一本在波士頓的80歲老人Gene Sharp寫的書而發生的。
13:16
He wrote a book called "From Dictatorship to Democracy"
228
780272
4017
書名是“從獨裁到民主”
13:20
with 81 methodologies for non-violent resistance.
229
784289
5396
寫了非暴力抗爭的81種方法。
13:25
And it's been translated into 26 languages.
230
789685
2087
這本書被翻譯成了26種語言。
13:27
It's flown around the world.
231
791772
2084
現在在全世界流行。
13:29
And it's being used by young people and older people everywhere,
232
793856
7187
這本書被世界各地的人使用，
13:36
because it works and it's effective.
233
801043
5422
因爲它很有效。
13:42
So this is what gives me hope --
234
806465
4558
這本書給了我希望——
13:46
not just hope, this is what makes me feel very positive right now.
235
811023
3753
不只是希望，這本書讓我感覺到我是對的，
13:50
Because finally human beings are getting it.
236
814776
4016
因爲人們最後正在達到它。
13:54
We're getting practical, doable methodologies
237
818792
7618
我們在使用實用的，可行的方法
14:02
to answer my question:
238
826410
1584
來回答我的問題：
14:03
How do we deal with a bully without becoming a thug?
239
827994
6302
我們在面對威脅時如何不使用暴力？
14:10
We're using the kind of skills that I've outlined:
240
834296
4410
我們正在用我說過的方法：
14:14
inner power -- the development of inner power -- through self-knowledge,
241
838706
3718
內在的力量，自我了解
14:18
recognizing and working with our fear,
242
842424
3566
認識並且利用我們的恐懼，
14:21
using anger as a fuel,
243
845990
3518
把憤怒化作燃料，
14:25
cooperating with others,
244
849508
2565
與他人合作，
14:27
banding together with others,
245
852073
1935
和他人結合在一起，
14:29
courage,
246
854008
2182
勇氣，
14:32
and most importantly, commitment to active non-violence.
247
856190
6969
以及最重要的，積極的非暴力抗爭。
14:39
Now I don't just believe in non-violence.
248
863159
4114
現在我不僅僅相信非暴力。
14:43
I don't have to believe in it.
249
867273
2935
我不用相信它。
14:46
I see evidence everywhere of how it works.
250
870208
3550
我已經在所有地方看到了它如何工作。
14:49
And I see that we, ordinary people,
251
873758
6050
現在我看到，我們，普通人，
14:55
can do what Aung San Suu Kyi and Ghandi and Mandela did.
252
879808
6318
能做Aung San Suu Kyi，甘地，和曼德拉所做的。
15:02
We can bring to an end
253
886126
2723
我們能終結
15:04
the bloodiest century that humanity has ever known.
254
888849
4999
人類曆史上見過的最血腥的時代。
15:09
And we can organize to overcome oppression
255
893848
7941
我們可以通過打開我們的心
15:17
by opening our hearts
256
901789
2618
來組織克服鎮壓，
15:20
as well as strengthening this incredible resolve.
257
904407
5850
同時堅定決心。
15:26
And this open-heartedness is exactly what I've experienced
258
910257
4600
這種開放的胸懷正是
15:30
in the entire organization of this gathering since I got here yesterday.
259
914857
4434
我從昨天在這裏在整個集會組織中所感受到的。
15:35
Thank you.
260
919291
2121
謝謝。
15:37
(Applause)
261
921412
4569
（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Scilla Elworthy - Peace builderScilla Elworthy founded Oxford Research Group in 1982, to promote effective dialogue between nuclear weapons policy-makers and their opponents.
Why you should listen
When Scilla Elworthy was 13, she sat in front of her television set watching as Soviet tanks rolled into Budapest. Immediately she started packing her bags. "What are you doing?" her mother said. "I'm going to Budapest," she said. "They're doing something awful and I have to go." Years later, Elworthy is a three-time Nobel Peace Prize nominee and a recipient of the Niwano Peace Prize. In 2002 Elworthy founded Peace Direct, which supports local action against conflict, and in 1982 founded Oxford Research Group, a think-tank devoted to developing effective dialogue between nuclear weapons policy-makers and their critics. Beginning in 2005 she helped set up The Elders initiative as an adviser to Sir Richard Branson, Peter Gabriel and Archbishop Desmond Tutu.
Scilla Elworthy | Speaker | TED.com