TEDGlobal 2012
Susan Solomon: The promise of research with stem cells
Suzan Solomon (Susan Solomon): Obećanje koje nose istraživanja matičnih ćelija
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Pozivajući se na ćelije koje su "alatke za popravku našeg tela", Suzan Solomon se zalaže za istraživanja zasnovana na upotrebi matičnih ćelija proizvedenih u laboratorijama. Razvijajući individualne pluripotentne linije matičnih ćelija, njen tim je uspeo da uspostavi platformu koja bi mogla da ubrza istraživanja koja dovode do iznalaženja lekova za razne bolesti. To bi moglo da dovede do personalizovanih terapija, ciljanih terapija, ne samo za određenu bolest, već za određenu osobu.
Susan Solomon - Stem cell research advocate
Susan Solomon enables support for human stem cell research, aiming to cure major diseases and empower more personalized medicine. Full bio
Susan Solomon enables support for human stem cell research, aiming to cure major diseases and empower more personalized medicine. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:17
So, embryonic stem cells
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Dakle, embrionalne matične ćelije
00:20
are really incredible cells.
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su zaista neverovatne ćelije.
00:23
They are our body's own repair kits,
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To je prosto pribor za pomoć
samom našem telu.
samom našem telu.
00:26
and they're pluripotent, which means they can morph into
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Te ćelije su pluripotentne,
što znači da se od njih mogu razviti
što znači da se od njih mogu razviti
00:29
all of the cells in our bodies.
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sve ostale ćelije našeg tela.
00:31
Soon, we actually will be able to use stem cells
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Uskoro ćemo moći
da koristimo matične ćelije
da koristimo matične ćelije
00:34
to replace cells that are damaged or diseased.
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za zamenu oštećenih
ili obolelih ćelija u telu.
ili obolelih ćelija u telu.
00:37
But that's not what I want to talk to you about,
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Ali ne želim o tome da pričam,
00:39
because right now there are some really
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jer u ovom trenutku dolazimo do
00:42
extraordinary things that we are doing with stem cells
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neverovatnih otkrića u razumevanju
matičnih ćelija
matičnih ćelija
00:46
that are completely changing
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koja će potpuno promeniti
00:47
the way we look and model disease,
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način na koji izučavamo
i modelujemo bolesti,
i modelujemo bolesti,
00:50
our ability to understand why we get sick,
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način na koji shvatamo
zašto se razboljevamo
zašto se razboljevamo
00:53
and even develop drugs.
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i način na koji pronalazimo lekove.
00:55
I truly believe that stem cell research is going to allow
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Duboko verujem da će istraživanje
matičnih ćelija
matičnih ćelija
00:59
our children to look at Alzheimer's and diabetes
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omogućiti našoj deci da
Alchajmerovu bolest ili dijabetes
Alchajmerovu bolest ili dijabetes
01:04
and other major diseases the way we view polio today,
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i ostale velike bolesti današnjice,
doživljavaju onako kako mi shvatamo polio,
doživljavaju onako kako mi shvatamo polio,
01:08
which is as a preventable disease.
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kao bolest koju je moguće sprečiti.
01:12
So here we have this incredible field, which has
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Tako da pričamo o neverovatnim otkrićima,
01:15
enormous hope for humanity,
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koja nose ogromnu nadu za ljudsku vrstu,
01:19
but much like IVF over 35 years ago,
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ali kao što se primena veštačke oplodnje
pre 35 godina
pre 35 godina
01:23
until the birth of a healthy baby, Louise,
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borila sa političkim i
finansijskim problemima
finansijskim problemima
01:25
this field has been under siege politically and financially.
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do rođenja zdrave bebe, Luiz -
slično se i sada dešava.
slično se i sada dešava.
01:30
Critical research is being challenged instead of supported,
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Kritična istraživanja se dovode u pitanje
umesto da dobiju podršku,
umesto da dobiju podršku,
01:34
and we saw that it was really essential to have
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pa smo shvatili da je neophodno da imamo
01:39
private safe haven laboratories where this work
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privatne, zaštićene laboratorije
01:42
could be advanced without interference.
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i gde se može baviti ovim radom
bez uplitanja sa strane.
bez uplitanja sa strane.
01:45
And so, in 2005,
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Tako smo 2005.
01:48
we started the New York Stem Cell Foundation Laboratory
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osnovali Laboratoriju matičnih ćelija
- Njujorška fondacija,
- Njujorška fondacija,
01:50
so that we would have a small organization that could
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kako bismo imali malu organizciju
01:54
do this work and support it.
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koja može podržati i odrađivati taj rad.
01:57
What we saw very quickly is the world of both medical
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Ono što smo ubrzo shvatili je da
su i medicinska istraživanja
su i medicinska istraživanja
02:01
research, but also developing drugs and treatments,
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i proces pronalaženja lekova i tretmana,
02:04
is dominated by, as you would expect, large organizations,
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pod apsolutnom dominacijom velikih organizacija,
što biste i očekivali.
što biste i očekivali.
02:08
but in a new field, sometimes large organizations
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Ali u novim granama nauke,
ponekad te velike organizacije
ponekad te velike organizacije
02:11
really have trouble getting out of their own way,
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nerado odustaju od starog načina rada,
02:13
and sometimes they can't ask the right questions,
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pa nekada ne mogu da postave pravo pitanje
02:15
and there is an enormous gap that's just gotten larger
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i postoji ogromna praznina,
koja postaje sve veća,
koja postaje sve veća,
02:19
between academic research on the one hand
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između akademskog istraživanja sa jedne strane
02:22
and pharmaceutical companies and biotechs
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i farmaceutskih i biotehnoloških kompanija
02:25
that are responsible for delivering all of our drugs
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koje stoje iza proizvodnje velikog dela lekova
02:28
and many of our treatments, and so we knew that
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i mnogih tretmana za naše lečenje.
Znali smo da ako želimo
Znali smo da ako želimo
02:30
to really accelerate cures and therapies, we were going
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zaista ubrzati pronalazak lekova i terapija,
treba da
treba da
02:34
to have to address this with two things:
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razmislimo o ove dve stvari:
02:37
new technologies and also a new research model.
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o novim tehnologijama i
o novim laboratorijskim modelima.
o novim laboratorijskim modelima.
02:40
Because if you don't close that gap, you really are
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Jer ukoliko ne prevaziđete tu prazninu,
02:44
exactly where we are today.
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onda ćete se naći tu
gde smo danas.
gde smo danas.
02:46
And that's what I want to focus on.
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O tome želim danas da pričam.
02:47
We've spent the last couple of years pondering this,
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Tokom proteklih par godina
to smo detaljno analizirali
to smo detaljno analizirali
02:51
making a list of the different things that we had to do,
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i pravili smo listu stvari
koje treba da uradimo.
koje treba da uradimo.
02:53
and so we developed a new technology,
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Tako smo razvili novu tehnologiju,
02:56
It's software and hardware,
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odgovarajući softver i hardver,
02:57
that actually can generate thousands and thousands of
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koji u prinicipu može da stvori
hiljade i hiljade
hiljade i hiljade
03:01
genetically diverse stem cell lines to create
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genetički različitih matičnih ćelija
koje bi mogle da se koriste za stvaranje
koje bi mogle da se koriste za stvaranje
03:04
a global array, essentially avatars of ourselves.
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globalnog niza,
pravih avatara nas samih.
pravih avatara nas samih.
03:08
And we did this because we think that it's actually going
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To smo uradili jer smatramo
da će nam ta tehnologija
da će nam ta tehnologija
03:11
to allow us to realize the potential, the promise,
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omogućiti da iskoristimo potencijal,
obećanje
obećanje
03:14
of all of the sequencing of the human genome,
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koje stoji iza sekvenciranja
humanog genoma.
humanog genoma.
03:17
but it's going to allow us, in doing that,
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Omogućiće nam da
03:20
to actually do clinical trials in a dish with human cells,
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odradimo klinička istraživanja
sa humanim ćelijama u posudi,
sa humanim ćelijama u posudi,
03:25
not animal cells, to generate drugs and treatments
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dakle ne na životinjskim ćelijama,
kako bismo došli do lekova i tretmana,
kako bismo došli do lekova i tretmana,
03:29
that are much more effective, much safer,
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koji su efektniji, sigurniji,
03:32
much faster, and at a much lower cost.
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brži i zahtevaju mnogo manje novca.
03:36
So let me put that in perspective for you
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Sada bih vam to predstavila u svetlu
03:38
and give you some context.
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određenih saznanja.
03:39
This is an extremely new field.
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Ovo je zaista novo polje izučavanja.
03:44
In 1998, human embryonic stem cells
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Humane matične ćelije su identifikovane 1998.
03:47
were first identified, and just nine years later,
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i samo devet godina kasnije
03:51
a group of scientists in Japan were able to take skin cells
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grupa naučnika u Japanu je
uspela da od ćelija kože
uspela da od ćelija kože
03:55
and reprogram them with very powerful viruses
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uz pomoć moćnih virusa napravi
03:58
to create a kind of pluripotent stem cell
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jednu vrstu pluripotentnih matičnih ćelija
04:02
called an induced pluripotent stem cell,
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koje se nazivaju
indukovane pluripotentne matične ćelije,
indukovane pluripotentne matične ćelije,
04:04
or what we refer to as an IPS cell.
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a mi ih nazivamo iPM ćelije.
04:07
This was really an extraordinary advance, because
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Ovo je bilo otkriće koje pomera granice,
04:11
although these cells are not human embryonic stem cells,
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bez obzira što te ćelije nisu
humane matične ćelije,
humane matične ćelije,
04:13
which still remain the gold standard,
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koje zaista jesu zlatni standard,
04:15
they are terrific to use for modeling disease
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one su odlično oruđe
za modelovanje bolesti,
za modelovanje bolesti,
04:18
and potentially for drug discovery.
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i moguće čak i za otkrivanje lekova.
04:21
So a few months later, in 2008, one of our scientists
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Nekoliko meseci kasnije u 2008.
jedan od naših naučnika
jedan od naših naučnika
04:24
built on that research. He took skin biopsies,
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je nastavio sa tim istraživanjem.
Uzeo je uzorke biopsija kože,
Uzeo je uzorke biopsija kože,
04:27
this time from people who had a disease,
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ovog puta od ljudi koji su bolovali
04:29
ALS, or as you call it in the U.K., motor neuron disease.
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od ALS-a ili kako je u Britaniji poznata -
bolest motornih neurona.
bolest motornih neurona.
04:32
He turned them into the IPS cells
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Potom je od njih napravio iPM ćelije
04:34
that I've just told you about, and then he turned those
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o kojima sam vam upravo pričala,
a onda je ove iPM ćelije,
a onda je ove iPM ćelije,
04:37
IPS cells into the motor neurons that actually
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pretvorio u motorne neurone,
04:39
were dying in the disease.
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koji su i sami umirali od te bolesti.
04:41
So basically what he did was to take a healthy cell
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Tako da je on u principu od zdrave ćelije
04:44
and turn it into a sick cell,
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napravio bolesnu ćeliju
04:46
and he recapitulated the disease over and over again
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i uspeo je da reprodukuje
nebrojeno puta bolest
nebrojeno puta bolest
04:49
in the dish, and this was extraordinary,
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u laboratorijskoj posudi.
To je vanserijsko otkriće,
To je vanserijsko otkriće,
04:53
because it was the first time that we had a model
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jer smo po prvi put imali u rukama
04:55
of a disease from a living patient in living human cells.
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model bolesti,
od živog pacijenta i živih humanih ćelija.
od živog pacijenta i živih humanih ćelija.
04:59
And as he watched the disease unfold, he was able
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Dok je posmatrao tok bolesti,
došao je do zaključka
došao je do zaključka
05:02
to discover that actually the motor neurons were dying
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da u stvari motorni neuroni umiru
05:05
in the disease in a different way than the field
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u ovoj bolesti na drugačiji način
u odnosu na ono
u odnosu na ono
05:07
had previously thought. There was another kind of cell
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što se pre toga mislilo.
Postojao je još jedan tip ćelija
Postojao je još jedan tip ćelija
05:10
that actually was sending out a toxin
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koje su izlučivale otrov
05:12
and contributing to the death of these motor neurons,
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koji je doprinosio smrti
tih motornih neurona,
tih motornih neurona,
05:15
and you simply couldn't see it
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a to niste mogli da uvidite,
05:16
until you had the human model.
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dok niste baratali sa humanim modelom.
05:18
So you could really say that
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Tako da slobodno možete reći
05:20
researchers trying to understand the cause of disease
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da su oni istraživači koji pokušavaju
da razumeju uzrok bolesti,
da razumeju uzrok bolesti,
05:24
without being able to have human stem cell models
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a da pri tome nemaju model
od humanih matičnih ćelija,
od humanih matičnih ćelija,
05:28
were much like investigators trying to figure out
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prilično nalik istraživačima
koji pokušavaju da shvate
koji pokušavaju da shvate
05:31
what had gone terribly wrong in a plane crash
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šta se loše desilo u avionskoj nesreći,
05:34
without having a black box, or a flight recorder.
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a da pri tome nemaju crnu kutiju
ili snimak leta.
ili snimak leta.
05:38
They could hypothesize about what had gone wrong,
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Oni mogu da postave hipoteze
o tome šta se loše desilo,
o tome šta se loše desilo,
05:41
but they really had no way of knowing what led
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ali nikako ne mogu zasigurno znati
05:44
to the terrible events.
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šta je dovelo do tih strašnih događaja.
05:46
And stem cells really have given us the black box
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Matične ćelije zaista jesu crne kutije
05:50
for diseases, and it's an unprecedented window.
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raznih bolesti,
a to je neopisivo značajan prozor.
a to je neopisivo značajan prozor.
05:54
It really is extraordinary, because you can recapitulate
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To je vanserijski značajno
jer možete da imitirate
jer možete da imitirate
05:58
many, many diseases in a dish, you can see
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mnoge, mnoge bolesti u laboratoriji,
06:01
what begins to go wrong in the cellular conversation
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možete uvideti šta se pogrešno dešava
u komunikaciji između ćelija
u komunikaciji između ćelija
06:04
well before you would ever see
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mnogo pre nego što uvidite
06:07
symptoms appear in a patient.
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same simptome kod pacijenta.
06:09
And this opens up the ability,
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Ovo otvara mogućnost
06:12
which hopefully will become something that
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koja će, nadamo se,
uskoro postati
uskoro postati
06:15
is routine in the near term,
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rutinska stvar -
06:17
of using human cells to test for drugs.
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mogućnost upotrebe humanih ćelija
za potrebe testiranja lekova.
za potrebe testiranja lekova.
06:22
Right now, the way we test for drugs is pretty problematic.
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U ovom momentu, način na koji ispitujemo lekove
je prilično problematičan.
je prilično problematičan.
06:27
To bring a successful drug to market, it takes, on average,
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Da bi lek izašao na tržište,
danas je u proseku potrebno
danas je u proseku potrebno
06:30
13 years — that's one drug —
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13 godina - a to je samo jedan lek,
06:33
with a sunk cost of 4 billion dollars,
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u sam proces se uloži
oko 4 milijarde dolara,
oko 4 milijarde dolara,
06:36
and only one percent of the drugs that start down that road
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a samo 1% lekova
koji uđu u sistem provere
koji uđu u sistem provere
06:41
are actually going to get there.
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izađu na tržište.
06:43
You can't imagine other businesses
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Ne možete zamisliti ni jedan posao
06:45
that you would think of going into
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koji biste spremno započeli,
06:47
that have these kind of numbers.
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ukoliko raspolažete ovim brojkama.
06:48
It's a terrible business model.
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To je loš poslovni model.
06:50
But it is really a worse social model because of
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U suštini, to je još lošiji socijalni model,
06:54
what's involved and the cost to all of us.
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usled onoga što je u to uključeno
i cene koju za to plaćamo.
i cene koju za to plaćamo.
06:57
So the way we develop drugs now
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Danas pronalazimo lekove tako što
07:01
is by testing promising compounds on --
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testiramo jedinjenja koja obećavaju na ...
07:04
We didn't have disease modeling with human cells,
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nismo raspolagali modelima bolesti
od humanih ćelija,
od humanih ćelija,
07:06
so we'd been testing them on cells of mice
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tako da smo ih testirali na ćelijama miševa
07:10
or other creatures or cells that we engineer,
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ili drugih stvorenja
ili ćelija koje mi napravimo,
ili ćelija koje mi napravimo,
07:13
but they don't have the characteristics of the diseases
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ali one ne ispoljavaju osobine bolesti
07:16
that we're actually trying to cure.
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koje pokušavamo da izlečimo.
07:19
You know, we're not mice, and you can't go into
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Znate, nismo miševi,
a ne možete prosto
a ne možete prosto
07:22
a living person with an illness
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iz osobe koja boluje
07:24
and just pull out a few brain cells or cardiac cells
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uzeti nekoliko ćelija mozga
ili ćelija srca
ili ćelija srca
07:27
and then start fooling around in a lab to test
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i onda pokušati u laboratoriji da isprobate
07:29
for, you know, a promising drug.
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delovanje obećavajućeg leka.
07:33
But what you can do with human stem cells, now,
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Ali ono što vam matične ćelije
danas omogućavaju
danas omogućavaju
07:37
is actually create avatars, and you can create the cells,
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je da stvorite avatare,
možete stvoriti ćelije
možete stvoriti ćelije
07:41
whether it's the live motor neurons
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bilo da su u pitanju
živi motorni neuroni
živi motorni neuroni
07:43
or the beating cardiac cells or liver cells
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ili ćelije srca koje pulsiraju
ili ćelije jetre
ili ćelije jetre
07:46
or other kinds of cells, and you can test for drugs,
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ili drugi tipovi ćelija
i možete testirati lekove,
i možete testirati lekove,
07:50
promising compounds, on the actual cells
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obećavajuća jedinjenja
na pravim ćelijama
na pravim ćelijama
07:53
that you're trying to affect, and this is now,
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na koje i želite da utičete.
07:57
and it's absolutely extraordinary,
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Ovo je zaista važno
08:00
and you're going to know at the beginning,
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jer ćete na samom početku mnogo znati,
08:03
the very early stages of doing your assay development
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u vrlo ranim stadijumima
razvoja vašeg eksperimenta
razvoja vašeg eksperimenta
08:07
and your testing, you're not going to have to wait 13 years
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i testiranja,
nećete morati da čekate 13 godina
nećete morati da čekate 13 godina
08:10
until you've brought a drug to market, only to find out
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dok lek ne izađe na tržište,
08:13
that actually it doesn't work, or even worse, harms people.
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da saznate da u stvari ne odrađuje posao
ili još gore, da nanosi štetu ljudima.
ili još gore, da nanosi štetu ljudima.
08:18
But it isn't really enough just to look at
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Zaista nije dovoljno da samo analizirate
08:23
the cells from a few people or a small group of people,
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ćelije koje su izolovane
iz nekoliko ljudi ili grupe ljudi,
iz nekoliko ljudi ili grupe ljudi,
08:26
because we have to step back.
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ovde treba da zastanemo.
08:28
We've got to look at the big picture.
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Moramo sagledati širu sliku.
08:30
Look around this room. We are all different,
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Pogledaje okolo.
Svi smo različiti,
Svi smo različiti,
08:33
and a disease that I might have,
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bolest od koje ja možda patim,
08:36
if I had Alzheimer's disease or Parkinson's disease,
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ako bih imala Alchajmerovu
ili Parkinsonovu bolest,
ili Parkinsonovu bolest,
08:39
it probably would affect me differently than if
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verovatno bi drugačije uticala na mene
08:42
one of you had that disease,
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nego na vas,
08:44
and if we both had Parkinson's disease,
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i ukoliko bismo oboje patili
od Parkinsonove bolesti,
od Parkinsonove bolesti,
08:48
and we took the same medication,
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i uzimali iste lekove,
08:51
but we had different genetic makeup,
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ali pri tome imamo drugačiji
genetički materijal,
genetički materijal,
08:53
we probably would have a different result,
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verovatno bismo pokazali različiti rezultat.
08:56
and it could well be that a drug that worked wonderfully
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Lako bi moglo da se desi da lek
koji ima odličan uticaj na mene,
koji ima odličan uticaj na mene,
08:59
for me was actually ineffective for you,
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uopšte ne deluje na vas
09:03
and similarly, it could be that a drug that is harmful for you
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i isto tako moglo bi se desiti
da lek koji je loš za vas
da lek koji je loš za vas
09:08
is safe for me, and, you know, this seems totally obvious,
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dobro deluje na mene.
To deluje potpuno očigledno
To deluje potpuno očigledno
09:12
but unfortunately it is not the way
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ali nažalost, to nije način na koji
09:15
that the pharmaceutical industry has been developing drugs
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farmaceutska industrija razvija lekove
09:18
because, until now, it hasn't had the tools.
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jer su do sada za to nedostajala sredstva.
09:22
And so we need to move away
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Trebalo bi da zaboravimo na filozofiju
09:24
from this one-size-fits-all model.
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"jedna veličina odgovara svima".
09:27
The way we've been developing drugs is essentially
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Prosto način na koji smo
do sada pronalazili lekove
do sada pronalazili lekove
09:30
like going into a shoe store,
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podseća na kupovinu cipela u prodavnici
09:32
no one asks you what size you are, or
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u kojoj vas niko ne pita za broj koji nosite,
09:34
if you're going dancing or hiking.
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niti ih zanima da li idete
na ples ili planinarenje.
na ples ili planinarenje.
09:36
They just say, "Well, you have feet, here are your shoes."
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Samo bi rekli:
"Pa, vi imate stopala, evo vam cipele."
"Pa, vi imate stopala, evo vam cipele."
09:39
It doesn't work with shoes, and our bodies are
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To ne funkcioniše sa cipelama,
a naša tela su
a naša tela su
09:43
many times more complicated than just our feet.
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mnogo komplikovanija
u odnosu na naša stopala.
u odnosu na naša stopala.
09:46
So we really have to change this.
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Tako da zaista moramo promeniti ovo.
09:49
There was a very sad example of this in the last decade.
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Desilo se nešto veoma tužno u poslednjoj deceniji,
a oslikava upravo to.
a oslikava upravo to.
09:54
There's a wonderful drug, and a class of drugs actually,
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Postoji odličan lek,
grupa lekova u stvari,
grupa lekova u stvari,
09:56
but the particular drug was Vioxx, and
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ali ovaj specifičan lek je Vioks.
09:59
for people who were suffering from severe arthritis pain,
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Ljudima koji su patili od teškog hroničnog
bola izazvanog artritisom,
bola izazvanog artritisom,
10:04
the drug was an absolute lifesaver,
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lek je spasio život,
10:07
but unfortunately, for another subset of those people,
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ali nažalost, kod jedne grupe ljudi
10:12
they suffered pretty severe heart side effects,
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lek je doveo do teških komplikacija
u radu srca.
u radu srca.
10:17
and for a subset of those people, the side effects were
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Kod podgrupe tih ljudi
ti sporedni efekti
ti sporedni efekti
10:19
so severe, the cardiac side effects, that they were fatal.
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su bili zaista ozbiljni,
ometanje rada srca je dovelo do fatalnog ishoda.
ometanje rada srca je dovelo do fatalnog ishoda.
10:23
But imagine a different scenario,
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Ali zamislite drugačiji scenario,
10:27
where we could have had an array, a genetically diverse array,
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gde bismo imali čitav niz uzoraka,
genetički različit niz uzoraka
genetički različit niz uzoraka
10:32
of cardiac cells, and we could have actually tested
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ćelija srca, gde bismo mogli
da zaista proverimo delovanje
da zaista proverimo delovanje
10:35
that drug, Vioxx, in petri dishes, and figured out,
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leka Vioksa u samim petri-šoljama i uvidimo
10:40
well, okay, people with this genetic type are going to have
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da bi ljudi sa ovim genima patili
10:44
cardiac side effects, people with these genetic subgroups
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od kontraindikacija,
ali ljudi tačno određene genetske podgrupe
ali ljudi tačno određene genetske podgrupe
10:49
or genetic shoes sizes, about 25,000 of them,
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ili genetičke veličine cipela
i to oko 25 000 njih,
i to oko 25 000 njih,
10:54
are not going to have any problems.
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ne bi doživelo nikakav problem.
10:57
The people for whom it was a lifesaver
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Ljudi kojima bi lek spasao život,
11:00
could have still taken their medicine.
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bi i dalje mogli da primene lek.
11:01
The people for whom it was a disaster, or fatal,
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Oni ljudi za koje bi kontraindikacije
bile neprihvatljive ili fatalne
bile neprihvatljive ili fatalne
11:06
would never have been given it, and
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nikada ne bi ni dobili lek.
11:08
you can imagine a very different outcome for the company,
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Sada možete zamisliti potpuno drugačiji
rezultat za samu kompaniju
rezultat za samu kompaniju
11:10
who had to withdraw the drug.
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koja je morala da povuče lek sa tržišta.
11:13
So that is terrific,
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To je odlično,
11:16
and we thought, all right,
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pomislili smo, u redu,
11:18
as we're trying to solve this problem,
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ako pokušavamo da rešimo ovaj problem
11:21
clearly we have to think about genetics,
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jasno je da moramo
da razmišljamo o genetici,
da razmišljamo o genetici,
11:23
we have to think about human testing,
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moramo razmišljati
o humanim modelima bolesti,
o humanim modelima bolesti,
11:26
but there's a fundamental problem,
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ali tu postoji i osnovni problem
11:27
because right now, stem cell lines,
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jer su u ovom momentu,
bez obzira koliko su zadivljujuće,
bez obzira koliko su zadivljujuće,
11:30
as extraordinary as they are,
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matične ćelije
11:32
and lines are just groups of cells,
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i linije tih ćelija
su samo grupe ćelija,
su samo grupe ćelija,
11:33
they are made by hand, one at a time,
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koje je neko ručno napravio,
jednu po jednu,
jednu po jednu,
11:38
and it takes a couple of months.
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a za to je neophodno nekoliko meseci.
11:40
This is not scalable, and also when you do things by hand,
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Ta brzina produkcije se ne može povećavati,
a isto tako kada radite ručno stvari
a isto tako kada radite ručno stvari
11:44
even in the best laboratories,
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čak i u najboljim laboratorijama,
11:46
you have variations in techniques,
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dolazi do varijacija u tehnikama,
11:49
and you need to know, if you're making a drug,
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a neophodno je da znate,
ukoliko proizvodite lek,
ukoliko proizvodite lek,
11:52
that the Aspirin you're going to take out of the bottle
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da je aspirin koji ste uzeli iz boce
11:54
on Monday is the same as the Aspirin
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u ponedeljak,
isti kao i aspirin koji
isti kao i aspirin koji
11:57
that's going to come out of the bottle on Wednesday.
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će se naći u toj boci u sredu.
11:59
So we looked at this, and we thought, okay,
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Razmislili smo o tome
i zaključili da je ručni rad
i zaključili da je ručni rad
12:02
artisanal is wonderful in, you know, your clothing
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zaista divna stvar u proizvodnji odeće,
12:06
and your bread and crafts, but
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hleba i predmeta,
12:08
artisanal really isn't going to work in stem cells,
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ali ručni rad neće biti primenljiv
u radu sa matičnim ćelijama.
u radu sa matičnim ćelijama.
12:11
so we have to deal with this.
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Morali smo da rešimo to.
12:14
But even with that, there still was another big hurdle,
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Čak i kada bismo to rešili,
preostajao bi nam je još jedan veliki problem,
preostajao bi nam je još jedan veliki problem,
12:18
and that actually brings us back to
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problem koji nas vraća na
12:21
the mapping of the human genome, because
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mapiranje humanog genoma,
12:24
we're all different.
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jer smo mi svi različiti.
12:26
We know from the sequencing of the human genome
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Iz sekvenciranja ljudskog genoma
12:29
that it's shown us all of the A's, C's, G's and T's
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znamo da je sastavljen od A, C, G i T slova,
12:32
that make up our genetic code,
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koja čine naš genetski kod,
12:34
but that code, by itself, our DNA,
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ali taj kod sam po sebi, naša DNK,
12:39
is like looking at the ones and zeroes of the computer code
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je isto što i zapis gomile nula i jedinica
u računarskom kodu,
u računarskom kodu,
12:43
without having a computer that can read it.
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bez računara koji taj kod može da pročita.
12:46
It's like having an app without having a smartphone.
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To bi bilo kao da imate aplikaciju,
a nemate pametni telefon da je primenite.
a nemate pametni telefon da je primenite.
12:49
We needed to have a way of bringing the biology
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Neophodan nam je proces koji
će primeniti biološka znanja
će primeniti biološka znanja
12:53
to that incredible data,
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na tu ogromnu količinu podataka,
12:55
and the way to do that was to find
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a način da se to uradi jeste
da nađete zamenu,
da nađete zamenu,
12:58
a stand-in, a biological stand-in,
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biološku zamenu
13:01
that could contain all of the genetic information,
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koja u sebi sadrži
sve te genetičke informacije,
sve te genetičke informacije,
13:05
but have it be arrayed in such a way
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ali koje su na takav način poređane i utisnute
13:08
as it could be read together
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da mogu biti istovremeno pročitane
13:11
and actually create this incredible avatar.
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i na taj način formiraju
ovaj neverovatan avatar.
ovaj neverovatan avatar.
13:14
We need to have stem cells from all the genetic sub-types
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Nephodne su matične ćelije napravljene
od svih genetičkih pod-tipova,
od svih genetičkih pod-tipova,
13:18
that represent who we are.
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koje prezentuju našu sliku.
13:21
So this is what we've built.
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Zato samo napravili ovo.
13:23
It's an automated robotic technology.
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Ovo je automatska, robotizovana tehnologija.
13:27
It has the capacity to produce thousands and thousands
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Poseduje kapacitet proizvodnje
hiljada i hiljada
hiljada i hiljada
13:29
of stem cell lines. It's genetically arrayed.
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različitih linija matičnih ćelija.
A pričamo o genetičkom čipu.
A pričamo o genetičkom čipu.
13:33
It has massively parallel processing capability,
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Karakteriše ga enormna mogućnost
paralelnog procesovanja podataka,
paralelnog procesovanja podataka,
13:37
and it's going to change the way drugs are discovered,
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i promeniće način
na koji pronalazimo lekove,
na koji pronalazimo lekove,
13:41
we hope, and I think eventually what's going to happen
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nadamo se.
Mislim da će upravo to dovesti do
Mislim da će upravo to dovesti do
13:44
is that we're going to want to re-screen drugs,
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ponovnog testitranja svih lekova,
13:47
on arrays like this, that already exist,
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na ovakvim biološkim uzorcima,
lekova koji već postoje,
lekova koji već postoje,
13:49
all of the drugs that currently exist,
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svih lekova koji su trenutno u upotrebi,
13:51
and in the future, you're going to be taking drugs
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tako da ćete u budućnosti koristiti lekove
13:54
and treatments that have been tested for side effects
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čiji su mehanizmi delovanja
i nuspojave delovanja
i nuspojave delovanja
13:57
on all of the relevant cells,
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provereni na odgovarajućem tipu ćelija,
13:59
on brain cells and heart cells and liver cells.
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na ćelijama mozga, srca, jetre.
14:02
It really has brought us to the threshold
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Ovo nas je stvarno dovelo
do samog praga
do samog praga
14:05
of personalized medicine.
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razvoja personalizovane medicine.
14:08
It's here now, and in our family,
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To se u ovom momentu dešava,
u mojoj porodici,
u mojoj porodici,
14:12
my son has type 1 diabetes,
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moj sin boluje od dijabetesa tipa 1,
14:15
which is still an incurable disease,
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to je i dalje neizlečiva bolest,
14:18
and I lost my parents to heart disease and cancer,
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a moji roditelji su umrli
od bolesti srca i raka
od bolesti srca i raka
14:21
but I think that my story probably sounds familiar to you,
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i ubeđena sam da svi delimo slične priče,
14:25
because probably a version of it is your story.
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i vaša priča podseća na moju.
14:29
At some point in our lives, all of us,
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U jednom trenutku u svojim životima,
svi mi
svi mi
14:33
or people we care about, become patients,
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ili ljudi do kojih nam je stalo,
postajemo pacijenti
postajemo pacijenti
14:36
and that's why I think that stem cell research
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i baš zato smatram
da je istraživanje matičnih ćelija
da je istraživanje matičnih ćelija
14:38
is incredibly important for all of us.
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neverovatno važno za sve nas.
14:42
Thank you. (Applause)
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Hvala vam.
(Aplauz)
(Aplauz)
14:45
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Susan Solomon - Stem cell research advocateSusan Solomon enables support for human stem cell research, aiming to cure major diseases and empower more personalized medicine.
Why you should listen
Susan Solomon’s health care advocacy stems from personal medical trials—namely, her son’s Type 1 diabetes and her mother’s fatal cancer. Following a successful career as a lawyer and business entrepreneur, Solomon, frustrated by the slow pace of medical research, was inspired to use those skills to follow another passion: accelerating medical research with real-world results as a social entrepreneur. And through her own research and conversations with medical experts, she decided that stem cells (cells that have the ability to morph into any other kind of cell) had the greatest potential to impact peoples’ health.
In 2005, Solomon founded the New York Stem Cell Foundation, now one of the largest nonprofit research institutions and laboratories in this field in the world. The NYSCF Research Institute conducts all facets of stem cell research from growing the cells to drug discovery.
At TEDGlobal 2012, Solomon announced the NYSCF Global Stem Cell Array, the new technology to create thousands of stem cell avatars and genetically array them to functionalize the data from the human genome to revolutionize the way we develop cures and treatments so they are better, safer, less expensive and happen much more quickly.
Susan Solomon | Speaker | TED.com