TEDGlobal 2013
Molly Stevens: A new way to grow bone
Moli Stivens (Molly Stevens): Nov način da se generiše kost
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Šta je potrebno da bi se regenerisala kost u velikim količinama? Klasična regeneracija kosti, gde se uzima kost sa pacijentovog kuka i presađuje na oštećenu kost negde drugde u telu, ograničena je i može prouzrokovati veliki bol samo nekoliko godina posle operacije. U informativnom govoru, Moli Stivens uvodi novu primenu matičnih ćelija koja koristi inherentnu mogućnost kosti da se regeneriše i proizvede velike količine koštanog tkiva na bezbolan način.
Molly Stevens - Biomaterials researcher
Molly Stevens studies and creates new biomaterials that could be used to detect disease and repair bones and human tissue. Full bio
Molly Stevens studies and creates new biomaterials that could be used to detect disease and repair bones and human tissue. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
As humans, it's in our nature
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U našoj ljudskoj prirodi je
00:14
to want to improve our health
and minimize our suffering.
and minimize our suffering.
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da želimo da poboljšamo svoje zdravlje
i ublažimo patnju.
i ublažimo patnju.
00:17
Whatever life throws at us,
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Koje god nam teškoće život priredi,
00:19
whether it's cancer, diabetes, heart disease,
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bilo da je to rak, dijabetes, bolest srca
00:21
or even broken bones, we want to try and get better.
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ili čak slomljene kosti, želimo da
probamo da se oporavimo.
probamo da se oporavimo.
00:24
Now I'm head of a biomaterials lab,
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Ja sam šef laboratorije za biomaterijale
00:27
and I'm really fascinated by the way that humans
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i zaista sam fascinirana time kako ljudi
00:30
have used materials in really creative ways
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na stvarno kreativne načine
koriste materijale
koriste materijale
00:32
in the body over time.
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u telu tokom vremena.
00:35
Take, for example, this beautiful blue nacre shell.
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Uzmimo, na primer, ovu prelepu
plavu sedefnu školjku.
plavu sedefnu školjku.
00:38
This was actually used by the Mayans
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Nju su koristile Maje
00:40
as an artificial tooth replacement.
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kao veštačku zamenu za zub.
00:44
We're not quite sure why they did it.
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Nismo sigurni zbog čega su to radili.
00:45
It's hard. It's durable.
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Čvrsta je, izdržljiva,
00:48
But it also had other very nice properties.
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ali ima i druga vrlo lepa svojstva.
00:52
In fact, when they put it into the jawbone,
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Kad bi je stavili u viličnu kost,
00:54
it could integrate into the jaw,
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mogla je da se integriše u vilicu,
00:57
and we know now with very sophisticated
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a sada znamo, uz vrlo sofisticiranu
00:59
imaging technologies
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tehnologiju snimanja,
01:01
that part of that integration comes from the fact
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da ta integracija delom dolazi od toga
01:03
that this material is designed
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što je ovaj materijal sačinjen
01:05
in a very specific way, has a beautiful chemistry,
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na veoma poseban način,
ima prelep hemijski sastav,
ima prelep hemijski sastav,
01:08
has a beautiful architecture.
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ima prelepu konstrukciju.
01:10
And I think in many ways we can sort of think
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Otprilike bismo mogli da mislimo
01:12
of the use of the blue nacre shell and the Mayans
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o upotrebi plave sedefne školjke kod Maja
01:15
as the first real application
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kao o prvoj upotrebi
01:16
of the bluetooth technology.
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bluetooth (plavi zub) tehnologije.
01:19
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
01:20
But if we move on and think throughout history
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Ali ako pogledamo nadalje kroz istoriju
01:25
how people have used different
materials in the body,
materials in the body,
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kako su ljudi koristili
različite materijale u telu,
različite materijale u telu,
01:28
very often it's been physicians
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vrlo često su to bili lekari
01:29
that have been quite creative.
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koji su bili veoma kreativni.
01:31
They've taken things off the shelf.
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Uzimali su stvari
koje su im bile pri ruci.
koje su im bile pri ruci.
01:33
One of my favorite examples
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Jedan od mojih omiljenih primera
01:35
is that of Sir Harold Ridley,
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je ser Harold Ridli
01:38
who was a famous ophthalmologist,
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koli je bio poznati oftalmolog,
01:40
or at least became a famous ophthalmologist.
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odnosno postao poznat oftalmolog.
01:42
And during World War II, what he would see
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Tokom 2. svetskog rata, viđao je
01:44
would be pilots coming back from their missions,
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pilote koji se vraćaju iz svojih misija
01:47
and he noticed that within their eyes
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i primetio je da su u očima
01:49
they had shards of small bits of material
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imali male komadiće materijala
01:52
lodged within the eye,
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zalepljene za oko,
01:53
but the very interesting thing about it
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ali interesantno je bilo
01:55
was that material, actually, wasn't causing
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to što taj materijal nije prouzrokovao
01:57
any inflammatory response.
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nikakav otok.
01:59
So he looked into this, and he figured out
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Pogledao ih je i zaključio
02:02
that actually that material was little shards of plastic
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da su to bile male krhotine od plastike
02:04
that were coming from the canopy of the Spitfires.
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sa kabine Spitfajera.
02:07
And this led him to propose that material
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I to ga je navelo da predloži
taj materijal
taj materijal
02:10
as a new material for intraocular lenses.
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kao novi materijal
za intraokularna sočiva.
za intraokularna sočiva.
02:12
It's called PMMA, and it's now used
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On se zove PMMA i danas ga koriste
02:14
in millions of people every year
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milioni ljudi svake godine
02:16
and helps in preventing cataracts.
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i pomaže u prevenciji katarakte.
02:19
And that example, I think, is a really nice one,
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Ovo je, ja mislim, zaista lep primer
02:21
because it helps remind us that in the early days,
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jer nas podseća da su u ranim danima
02:24
people often chose materials
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ljudi često birali materijale
02:26
because they were bioinert.
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jer su bioinertni.
02:28
Their very purpose was to
perform a mechanical function.
perform a mechanical function.
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Njihova svrha je bila
da obave mehaničku funkciju.
da obave mehaničku funkciju.
02:31
You'd put them in the body
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Stavili biste ih u telo
02:33
and you wouldn't get an adverse response.
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i ne biste dobili štetne efekte.
02:35
And what I want to show you is that
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Ono što želim da vam pokažem je
02:36
in regenerative medicine,
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da smo u regenerativnoj medicini
02:38
we've really shifted away from that idea
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odmakli od te ideje
02:40
of taking a bioinert material.
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korišćenja bioinertnog materijala.
02:41
We're actually actively looking for materials
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U stvari, aktivno tražimo materijale
02:44
that will be bioactive, that will interact with the body,
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koji će biti bioaktivni,
koji će biti u interakciji sa telom
koji će biti u interakciji sa telom
02:47
and that furthermore we can put in the body,
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i koje, dalje, možemo staviti u telo,
02:49
they'll have their function,
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gde će obaviti svoju funkciju
02:51
and then they'll dissolve away over time.
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i rastvoriti se tokom vremena.
02:55
If we look at this schematic,
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Ako pogledamo ovu šemu,
02:57
this is showing you what we think of
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ona vam pokazuje kako vidimo
02:59
as the typical tissue-engineering approach.
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tipičan metod inženjeringa tkiva.
03:01
We have cells there, typically from the patient.
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Tu imamo ćelije, obično od pacijenta.
03:04
We can put those onto a material,
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Možemo ih staviti na materijal
03:05
and we can make that material
very complex if we want to,
very complex if we want to,
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i možemo napraviti taj materijal
kompleksnim, ako hoćemo,
kompleksnim, ako hoćemo,
03:08
and we can then grow that up in the lab
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i zatim ga generisati u laboratoriji,
03:10
or we can put it straight back into the patient.
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ili ga vratiti direktno u pacijenta.
03:13
And this is an approach that's
used all over the world,
used all over the world,
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Ovo je metod koji se koristi širom sveta,
03:15
including in our lab.
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uključujući i našu laboratoriju.
03:19
But one of the things that's really important
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Jedna od stvari koja je vrlo važna
03:21
when we're thinking about stem cells
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kada govorimo o matičnim ćelijama
03:23
is that obviously stem cells
can be many different things,
can be many different things,
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je to da, očigledno, one mogu
postati najrazličitije stvari,
postati najrazličitije stvari,
03:26
and they want to be many different things,
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i žele da postanu najrazličitije stvari,
03:28
and so we want to make sure that the environment
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i zato želimo da okruženje
03:29
we put them into has enough information
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u koje ih stavljamo
ima dovoljno informacija
ima dovoljno informacija
03:32
so that they can become the right sort
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da bi mogle da postanu odgovarajuća vrsta
03:34
of specialist tissue.
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specijalizovanog tkiva.
03:36
And if we think about the different types of tissues
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Kad govorimo o različitim vrstama tkiva
03:40
that people are looking at regenerating
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koja ljudi žele da regenerišu
03:42
all over the world, in all the
different labs in the world,
different labs in the world,
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širom sveta i u različitim
laboratorijama širom sveta,
laboratorijama širom sveta,
03:44
there's pretty much every tissue you can think of.
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to su uglavnom sva tkiva
koja možete da zamislite.
koja možete da zamislite.
03:47
And actually, the structure of those tissues
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U stvari, struktura ovih tkiva
03:48
is quite different, and it's going to really depend
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je prilično različita i zavisiće od toga
03:51
on whether your patient has any underlying disease,
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da li pacijent ima
neka skrivena oboljenja,
neka skrivena oboljenja,
03:53
other conditions, in terms of how
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druga stanja, u smislu
03:56
you're going to regenerate your tissue,
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kako ćete regenerisati tkivo,
03:58
and you're going to need to think about the materials
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i moraćete da razmislite pažljivo
04:00
you're going to use really carefully,
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o materijalima koje ćete koristiti,
04:02
their biochemistry, their mechanics,
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o njihovom biohemijskom sastavu, mehanici,
04:04
and many other properties as well.
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kao i o mnogim drugim osobinama.
04:08
Our tissues all have very
different abilities to regenerate,
different abilities to regenerate,
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Sva naša tkiva imaju vrlo različite
mogućnosti regeneracije,
mogućnosti regeneracije,
04:11
and here we see poor Prometheus,
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i ovde vidimo jadnog Prometeja,
04:13
who made a rather tricky career choice
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koji je napravio prilično
nezgodan izbor zanimanja
nezgodan izbor zanimanja
04:16
and was punished by the Greek gods.
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i grčki bogovi su ga kaznili.
04:19
He was tied to a rock, and an eagle would come
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Vezan za stenu i orao je dolazio
04:21
every day to eat his liver.
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svakog dana da mu jede džigericu.
04:23
But of course his liver would regenerate every day,
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Ali, naravno, njegova jetra
se regenerisala svakog dana,
se regenerisala svakog dana,
04:25
and so day after day he was punished
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i tako dan za danom pošto je kažnjen
04:27
for eternity by the gods.
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za večnost od strane bogova.
04:33
And liver will regenerate in this very nice way,
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Jetra će se regenerisati
na ovaj lep način,
na ovaj lep način,
04:37
but actually if we think of other tissues,
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ali ako govorimo o drugim tkivima,
04:39
like cartilage, for example,
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kao o hrskavici, na primer,
04:40
even the simplest nick and you're going to find it
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dovoljan je čak i najmanji zarez,
04:42
really difficult to regenerate your cartilage.
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i biće vam vrlo teško da je regenerišete.
04:45
So it's going to be very different from tissue to tissue.
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Tako da će se to vrlo razlikovati
od tkiva do tkiva.
od tkiva do tkiva.
04:48
Now, bone is somewhere in between,
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Kost je negde između,
04:51
and this is one of the tissues
that we work on a lot in our lab.
that we work on a lot in our lab.
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i to je tkivo na kome dosta radimo
u našoj laboratoriji.
u našoj laboratoriji.
04:54
And bone is actually quite good at repairing.
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Kost je u stvari prilično
zgodna za reparaciju.
zgodna za reparaciju.
04:56
It has to be. We've probably all had fractures
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Mora da bude. Svi smo
verovatno imali prelome
verovatno imali prelome
04:58
at some point or other.
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nekad u životu.
04:59
And one of the ways that you can think
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Jedan od načina na koji možete
05:02
about repairing your fracture
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popraviti vaš prelom
05:03
is this procedure here, called
an iliac crest harvest.
an iliac crest harvest.
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je ova procedura, zvana
"žetva" ilijačnog grebena.
"žetva" ilijačnog grebena.
05:06
And what the surgeon might do
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Hirurg može da
05:08
is take some bone from your iliac crest,
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uzme deo kosti sa vašeg
ilijačnog grebena,
ilijačnog grebena,
05:11
which is just here,
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koji se nalazi ovde,
05:12
and then transplant that
somewhere else in the body.
somewhere else in the body.
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i presadi ga negde drugde u telo.
05:15
And it actually works really well,
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I to funkcioniše dobro,
05:16
because it's your own bone,
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jer je to vaša kost
05:18
and it's well vascularized,
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i dobro je vaskularizovana,
05:19
which means it's got a really good blood supply.
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što znači da je dobro snabdevena krvlju.
05:22
But the problem is, there's
only so much you can take,
only so much you can take,
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Ali problem je što se ne podnosi dobro,
05:24
and also when you do that operation,
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i kada radite tu operaciju,
05:27
your patients might actually have significant pain
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pacijenti mogu osećati značajan bol
05:30
in that defect site even two
years after the operation.
years after the operation.
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u tom defektnom području,
čak dve godine nakon operacije.
čak dve godine nakon operacije.
05:33
So what we were thinking is,
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Razmišljali smo da
05:35
there's a tremendous need
for bone repair, of course,
for bone repair, of course,
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postoji ogromna potreba za
reparacijom kosti, naravno,
reparacijom kosti, naravno,
05:38
but this iliac crest-type approach
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ali ovaj metod sa ilijačnim grebenom
05:41
really has a lot of limitations to it,
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ima mnogo ograničenja,
05:43
and could we perhaps recreate
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i da li bismo možda mogli
ponovo da pokrenemo
ponovo da pokrenemo
05:45
the generation of bone within the body
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stvaranje kosti u telu po potrebi,
05:47
on demand and then be able to transplant it
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i zatim da je presadimo
05:51
without these very, very painful aftereffects
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bez tih veoma bolnih posledica
05:56
that you would have with the iliac crest harvest?
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koje se javljaju prilikom
"žetve" ilijačnog grebena?
"žetve" ilijačnog grebena?
05:59
And so this is what we did, and the way we did it
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Ovo je ono što smo uradili, i to tako što
06:02
was by coming back to this typical tissue-engineering approach
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smo se vratili ovom uobičajenom
metodu inženjeringa tkiva,
metodu inženjeringa tkiva,
06:05
but actually thinking about it rather differently.
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ali razmišljajući na drugačiji način.
06:08
And we simplified it a lot,
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Prilično smo ga uprostili
06:10
so we got rid of a lot of these steps.
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i izbacili mnoge od ovih koraka.
06:12
We got rid of the need to
harvest cells from the patient,
harvest cells from the patient,
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Izbacili smo potrebu da
uzimamo ćelije od pacijenta,
uzimamo ćelije od pacijenta,
06:14
we got rid of the need to put
in really fancy chemistries,
in really fancy chemistries,
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da ih stavljamo u skupe hemikalije,
06:17
and we got rid of the need
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i izbacili smo potrebu
06:19
to culture these scaffolds in the lab.
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da uzgajamo ove konture u laboratoriji.
06:21
And what we really focused on
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Fokusirali smo se zapravo
06:24
was our material system and making it quite simple,
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na naš materijalni sistem
i na to kako da ga uprostimo,
i na to kako da ga uprostimo,
06:27
but because we used it in a really clever way,
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i zbog toga što smo ga
koristili na domišljat način,
koristili na domišljat način,
06:30
we were able to generate enormous amounts of bone
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mogli smo da generišemo
veliku količinu kosti
veliku količinu kosti
06:32
using this approach.
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koristeći ovaj metod.
06:34
So we were using the body
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Koristili smo telo
06:36
as really the catalyst to help us
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kao katalizator koji nam pomaže
06:38
to make lots of new bone.
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da napravimo mnogo nove kosti.
06:40
And it's an approach that we call
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To je metod koji nazivamo
06:42
the in vivo bioreactor, and we were able to make
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bioreaktor "in vivo",
i mogli smo da napravimo
i mogli smo da napravimo
06:45
enormous amounts of bone using this approach.
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ogromne delove kosti pomoću ovog metoda.
06:47
And I'll talk you through this.
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Provešću vas kroz to.
06:49
So what we do is,
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Ono što radimo je sledeće:
06:51
in humans, we all have a layer of stem cells
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svi ljudi imaju sloj matičnih ćelija
06:53
on the outside of our long bones.
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sa spoljne strane dugačkih kostiju.
06:55
That layer is called the periosteum.
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Taj sloj se naziva pokosnica.
06:57
And that layer is actually normally
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Taj sloj je obično
06:59
very, very tightly bound to the underlying bone,
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vrlo čvrsto vezan za kost ispod njega
07:02
and it's got stem cells in it.
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i u njemu ima matičnih ćelija.
07:03
Those stem cells are really important
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Te matične ćelije su vrlo važne
07:05
in the embryo when it develops,
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u embrionu kad se razvija
07:07
and they also sort of wake up if you have a fracture
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i one vas takođe bude kad imate prelom
07:09
to help you with repairing the bone.
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da bi vam pomogle u reparaciji kosti.
07:12
So we take that periosteum layer
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Tako da uzimamo taj sloj pokosnice,
07:14
and we developed a way to inject underneath it
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i razvili smo način
da ispod njega ubrizgamo
da ispod njega ubrizgamo
07:17
a liquid that then, within 30 seconds,
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tečnost koja se onda, za 30 sekundi,
07:20
would turn into quite a rigid gel
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pretvara u prilično čvrst gel
07:21
and can actually lift the
periosteum away from the bone.
periosteum away from the bone.
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i tako može da odvoji pokosnicu od kosti.
07:25
So it creates, in essence, an artificial cavity
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Tako da stvara veštačku šupljinu,
07:28
that is right next to both the bone
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kako do kosti, tako i
07:32
but also this really rich layer of stem cells.
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do ovog bogatog sloja
matičnih ćelija.
matičnih ćelija.
07:36
And we go in through a pinhole incision
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I ubacujemo je kroz majušni zarez
07:37
so that no other cells from the body can get in,
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tako da druge ćelije iz tela
ne mogu da prodru unutra
ne mogu da prodru unutra
07:40
and what happens is that that
artificial in vivo bioreactor cavity
artificial in vivo bioreactor cavity
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i tako potom, ova veštačka
bioreaktorska "in vivo" šupljina
bioreaktorska "in vivo" šupljina
07:45
can then lead to the proliferation of these stem cells,
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dovodi do proliferacije
ovih matičnih ćelija
ovih matičnih ćelija
07:48
and they can form lots of new tissue,
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i one mogu da formiraju mnogo novog tkiva,
07:50
and then over time, you can harvest that tissue
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i zatim, posle nekog vremena,
možete uzeti to tkivo
možete uzeti to tkivo
07:52
and use it elsewhere in the body.
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i upotrebiti ga bilo gde u telu.
07:55
This is a histology slide
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Ovo je histološki prikaz
07:57
of what we see when we do that,
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onoga što vidimo kad ovo uradimo,
07:59
and essentially what we see
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i u suštini vidimo
08:02
is very large amounts of bone.
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vrlo veliku zapreminu kosti.
08:03
So in this picture, you can see the middle of the leg,
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Na ovoj slici možete videti sredinu noge,
08:06
so the bone marrow,
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koštanu srž,
08:07
then you can see the original bone,
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zatim možete videti prvobitnu kost
08:09
and you can see where that original bone finishes,
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i gde se ona završava,
08:12
and just to the left of that is the new bone
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i odmah levo od toga je nova kost
08:15
that's grown within that bioreactor cavity,
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koja je izrasla u bioreaktorskoj šupljini
08:17
and you can actually make it even larger.
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i možete čak i da napravite veću.
08:19
And that demarcation that you can see
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Ova granica koju vidite
08:22
between the original bone and the new bone
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između originalne kosti i nove kosti
08:24
acts as a very slight point of weakness,
204
492453
2013
deluje kao mala slaba tačka,
08:26
so actually now the surgeon can come along,
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i sad hirurg može da ide dalje.
08:28
can harvest away that new bone,
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2024
Može da uzme tu novu kost
za transplantaciju
za transplantaciju
08:30
and the periosteum can grow back,
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2203
i pokosnica može ponovo da izraste,
08:32
so you're left with the leg
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i ostaje vam noga
08:34
in the same sort of state
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1550
u istom stanju
08:36
as if you hadn't operated on it in the first place.
210
504246
2002
kao da je uopšte niste ni operisali.
08:38
So it's very, very low in terms of after-pain
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Tako da je bol vrlo mali
08:42
compared to an iliac crest harvest.
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u poređenju sa "žetvom" ilijačnog grebena.
I možete da proizvodite
različite zapremine kosti
različite zapremine kosti
08:45
And you can grow different amounts of bone
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2104
08:48
depending on how much gel you put in there,
214
516056
2019
u zavisnosti od toga koiko gela stavite,
08:50
so it really is an on demand sort of procedure.
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3202
tako da se procedura obavlja po želji.
08:53
Now, at the time that we did this,
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U vreme kada smo ovo radili,
08:55
this received a lot of attention in the press,
217
523479
3337
skrenuli smo priličnu pažnju štampe,
08:58
because it was a really nice way
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jer je to bio zaista lep način
09:01
of generating new bone,
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za generisanje nove kosti,
09:02
and we got many, many contacts
220
530713
1995
i mnogo ljudi nas je kontaktiralo
09:04
from different people that
were interested in using this.
were interested in using this.
221
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koji su bili zainteresovani
da to upotrebe.
da to upotrebe.
09:07
And I'm just going to tell you,
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1789
Reći ću vam samo
09:09
sometimes those contacts are very strange,
223
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da su ponekad ti kontakti vrlo neobični,
09:12
slightly unexpected,
224
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malo neočekivani
09:13
and the very most interesting,
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i veoma zanimljivi,
09:16
let me put it that way, contact that I had,
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da tako kažem.
09:19
was actually from a team of American footballers
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3211
Kontaktirao me je tim američkog fudbala
09:22
that all wanted to have double-thickness skulls
228
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koji su želeli lobanje dvostruke debljine
09:25
made on their head.
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na svojim glavama.
09:30
And so you do get these kinds of contacts,
230
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I kad dobijem takve zahteve,
09:32
and of course, being British
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s obzirom da sam Britanka
09:35
and also growing up in France,
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i odrasla u Francuskoj,
09:37
I tend to be very blunt,
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obično sam vrlo iskrena,
09:39
and so I had to explain to them very nicely
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2041
i morala sam lepo da im objasnim
09:41
that in their particular case,
235
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1475
da u njihovom slučaju
09:42
there probably wasn't that much in there
236
570909
2014
tu verovatno nema baš mnogo toga
09:44
to protect in the first place.
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što bi trebalo zaštititi.
09:47
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
09:49
(Applause)
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1253
(Aplauz)
09:50
So this was our approach,
240
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1855
I to je bio naš metod,
09:52
and it was simple materials,
241
580589
1644
jednostavni materijali,
09:54
but we thought about it carefully.
242
582233
1987
ali pažljivo smo promislili o tome.
09:56
And actually we know that those cells
243
584220
1620
I zapravo znamo da te ćelije
09:57
in the body, in the embryo, as they develop
244
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2138
u telu, u embrionu, dok se razvijaju
09:59
can form a different kind of tissue, cartilage,
245
587978
3229
mogu formirati različite
vrste tkiva, hrskavice,
vrste tkiva, hrskavice,
10:03
and so we developed a gel that was slightly different
246
591207
2555
pa smo napravili malo drugačiji gel
10:05
in nature and slightly different chemistry,
247
593762
2419
po prirodi i po hemijskom sastavu,
10:08
put it in there, and we were able to get
248
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2147
stavili ga unutra i uspeli da dobijemo
10:10
100 percent cartilage instead.
249
598328
2178
stoprocentnu novu hrskavicu.
10:12
And this approach works really well, I think,
250
600506
2008
Ovaj metod fukcioniše
jako dobro, ja mislim,
jako dobro, ja mislim,
10:14
for pre-planned procedures,
251
602514
2482
u prethodno planiranim procedurama,
10:16
but it's something you do have to pre-plan.
252
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2872
ali to je inače nešto
što morate da isplanirate.
što morate da isplanirate.
10:19
So for other kinds of operations,
253
607868
2268
Za druge vrste operacija
10:22
there's definitely a need for other
254
610136
1697
potrebne su druge metode
10:23
scaffold-based approaches.
255
611833
2503
zasnovane na konturama.
10:26
And when you think about designing
256
614336
2369
I kada razmišljate o konstruisanju
10:28
those other scaffolds, actually,
257
616705
1638
tih drugih kontura,
10:30
you need a really multi-disciplinary team.
258
618343
1971
treba vam multidisciplinarni tim.
10:32
And so our team has chemists,
259
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2065
Naš tim ima hemičare,
10:34
it has cell biologists, surgeons, physicists even,
260
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3377
ćelijske biologe, hirurge, čak i fizičare
10:37
and those people all come together
261
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2030
i svi ovi ljudi se skupljaju
10:39
and we think really hard about
designing the materials.
designing the materials.
262
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2411
i zajedno razmišljamo
o konstrukciji materijala.
o konstrukciji materijala.
10:42
But we want to make them have enough information
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Želimo da dobiju dovoljno informacija
10:45
that we can get the cells to do what we want,
264
633163
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da bismo mogli da napravimo ćelije
da rade ono što želimo,
da rade ono što želimo,
10:47
but not be so complex as to make it difficult
265
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2377
ali da ne budu suviše složene i da otežaju
10:49
to get to clinic.
266
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1743
kliničku primenu.
10:51
And so one of the things we think about a lot
267
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2751
Jedna od stvari o kojima
mnogo razmišljamo
mnogo razmišljamo
10:54
is really trying to understand
268
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1795
je razumevanje
10:55
the structure of the tissues in the body.
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2377
strukture tkiva u telu.
10:58
And so if we think of bone,
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Ako posmatramo kost,
11:00
obviously my own favorite tissue,
271
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2624
moje omiljeno tkivo, očigledno,
11:02
we zoom in, we can see,
272
650644
1557
ako uveličamo možemo videti,
11:04
even if you don't know anything
about bone structure,
about bone structure,
273
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1882
čak i ako ne znamo ništa
o strukturi kosti,
o strukturi kosti,
11:06
it's beautifully organized,
really beautifully organized.
really beautifully organized.
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da je zaista divno organizovana.
11:08
We've lots of blood vessels in there.
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1887
Imamo puno krvnih sudova unutra.
11:10
And if we zoom in again, we see that the cells
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2339
I ako ponovo uveličamo,
vidimo da su ćelije
vidimo da su ćelije
11:12
are actually surrounded by a 3D matrix
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2972
u stvari okružene 3D matriksom
11:15
of nano-scale fibers, and they give a lot
278
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2171
od nano-vlakana, i ona daju mnogo
11:17
of information to the cells.
279
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2182
informacija ćelijama.
11:20
And if we zoom in again,
280
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Ako ponovo uveličamo,
11:21
actually in the case of bone, the matrix
281
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2201
u slučaju kosti,
11:23
around the cells is beautifully organized
282
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2151
matriks oko ćelija je divno organizovan
11:26
at the nano scale, and it's a hybrid material
283
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2467
u nano dimenzijama,
i to je hibridni materijal
i to je hibridni materijal
11:28
that's part organic, part inorganic.
284
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2584
koji je delom organski,
a delom neorganski.
a delom neorganski.
11:31
And that's led to a whole field, really,
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2072
I to je dovelo do čitave oblasti
11:33
that has looked at developing materials
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2391
koja se bavila razvojem materijala
11:35
that have this hybrid kind of structure.
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2748
koji imaju ovakvu hibridnu
vrstu strukture.
vrstu strukture.
11:38
And so I'm showing here just two examples
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3278
Pokazujem vam samo dva primera
11:41
where we've made some materials
that have that sort of structure,
that have that sort of structure,
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3120
gde smo napravili neke materijale
koji imaju takvu strukturu
koji imaju takvu strukturu
11:44
and you can really tailor it.
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1438
koju možete da krojite.
11:46
You can see here a very squishy one
291
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2064
Ovde vidite jedan sunđerast materijal,
11:48
and now a material that's also
this hybrid sort of material
this hybrid sort of material
292
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4099
i jedan koji je isto hibridan,
11:52
but actually has remarkable toughness,
293
700406
1947
ali ima izuzetnu čvrstinu
11:54
and it's no longer brittle.
294
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1460
i nije više krt.
11:55
And an inorganic material
would normally be really brittle,
would normally be really brittle,
295
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2456
Neorganski materijal je obično vrlo krt
11:58
and you wouldn't be able to have
296
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1440
i ne biste mogli da dobijete
11:59
that sort of strength and toughness in it.
297
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2188
takvu snagu i izdržljivost.
12:01
One other thing I want to quickly mention is that
298
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2489
Još bih htela brzo da pomenem to da su
12:04
many of the scaffolds we make
are porous, and they have to be,
are porous, and they have to be,
299
712402
2715
mnoge konture koje pravimo
porozne, a takve i treba da budu
porozne, a takve i treba da budu
12:07
because you want blood vessels to grow in there.
300
715117
2103
jer želimo da tu prođu krvni sudovi.
12:09
But the pores are actually oftentimes
301
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1877
Ali pore su često
12:11
much bigger than the cells,
302
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1293
mnogo veće nego ćelije
12:12
and so even though it's 3D,
303
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1711
i čak i s obzirom da je u 3D,
12:14
the cell might see it more
as a slightly curved surface,
as a slightly curved surface,
304
722101
3355
ćelija ih može videti više kao
blago zakrivljenu površinu,
blago zakrivljenu površinu,
12:17
and that's a little bit unnatural.
305
725456
1676
a to je malo neprirodno.
12:19
And so one of the things you can think about doing
306
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2248
Jedna od stvari koju možete uraditi je
12:21
is actually making scaffolds
with slightly different dimensions
with slightly different dimensions
307
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3148
da napravite konture
malo drugačijih dimenzija
malo drugačijih dimenzija
12:24
that might be able to surround your cells in 3D
308
732528
2793
koje bi mogle da okruže vaše ćelije u 3D
12:27
and give them a little bit more information.
309
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2569
i daju im malo više informacija.
12:29
And there's a lot of work going
on in both of these areas.
on in both of these areas.
310
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3567
Ima puno posla u oba ova područja.
12:33
Now finally, I just want to talk a little bit about
311
741471
3969
Na kraju, želim samo malo da kažem
12:37
applying this sort of thing to cardiovascular disease,
312
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2708
o primeni ovoga
na kardiovaskularne bolesti,
na kardiovaskularne bolesti,
12:40
because this is a really big clinical problem.
313
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3263
jer je to veliki klinički problem.
12:43
And one of the things that we know is that,
314
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3585
Jedna stvar koju znamo je
12:46
unfortunately, if you have a heart attack,
315
754996
2239
da, nažalost, ako imate srčani udar,
12:49
then that tissue can start to die,
316
757235
2902
to tkivo može da krene da odumire
12:52
and your outcome may not be very good over time.
317
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3751
i ishodi onda nisu baš dobri.
12:55
And it would be really great, actually,
318
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1710
A bilo bi sjajno
12:57
if we could stop that dead tissue
319
765598
1919
ako bismo mogli da sprečimo
12:59
either from dying or help it to regenerate.
320
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3985
to odumiranje tkiva, ili da mu
omogućimo da se regeneriše.
omogućimo da se regeneriše.
13:03
And there's lots and lots of stem
cell trials going on worldwide,
cell trials going on worldwide,
321
771502
3248
Radi se mnogo testova
s matičnim ćelijama širom sveta
s matičnim ćelijama širom sveta
13:06
and they use many different types of cells,
322
774750
2072
koji koriste mnogo
različitih vrsta ćelija,
različitih vrsta ćelija,
13:08
but one common theme that seems to be coming out
323
776822
2352
ali zajedničko za sve njih je
13:11
is that actually, very often, those cells will die
324
779174
2999
da, u stvari, vrlo često
ove ćelije odumiru
ove ćelije odumiru
13:14
once you've implanted them.
325
782173
1795
kada ih ugradite.
13:15
And you can either put them into the heart
326
783968
1875
Možete ih staviti u srce
13:17
or into the blood system,
327
785843
2020
ili u krvotok,
13:19
but either way, we don't seem to be able
328
787863
2362
ali u svakom slučaju, izgleda da ne možemo
13:22
to get quite the right number of cells
329
790225
1867
da odredimo pravi broj ćelija
13:24
getting to the location we want them to
330
792092
2242
koje stižu na potrebnu lokaciju
13:26
and being able to deliver the sort of beautiful
331
794334
4494
i sposobne su da prenesu tu divnu
13:30
cell regeneration that we would like to have
332
798828
2740
ćelijsku regeneraciju koju
bismo hteli da imamo
bismo hteli da imamo
13:33
to get good clinical outcomes.
333
801568
3417
da bismo dobili dobre kliničke ishode.
13:36
And so some of the things that we're thinking of,
334
804985
1983
Jedna stvar o kojoj razmišljamo,
13:38
and many other people in the field are thinking of,
335
806968
3121
kao i drugi ljudi iz ove oblasti,
13:42
are actually developing materials for that.
336
810089
3006
je da proizvedemo materijale za to.
13:45
But there's a difference here.
337
813095
1619
Ali ovde postoji razlika.
13:46
We still need chemistry, we still need mechanics,
338
814714
2210
Još uvek nam trebaju hemikalije,
mehanika,
mehanika,
13:48
we still need really interesting topography,
339
816924
2671
treba nam zanimljiva topografija
13:51
and we still need really interesting
ways to surround the cells.
ways to surround the cells.
340
819595
2648
i još uvek nam trebaju zanimljivi načini
za ograđivanje ćelija.
za ograđivanje ćelija.
13:54
But now, the cells also
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Ćelije bi
13:56
would probably quite like a material
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verovatno volele materijal
13:58
that's going to be able to be conductive,
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koji će biti provodan,
14:00
because the cells themselves will respond very well
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jer će onda dobro reagovati međusobno
14:05
and will actually conduct signals
between themselves.
between themselves.
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i provoditi signale između sebe.
14:08
You can see them now
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Ovde ih vidite kako
14:10
beating synchronously on these materials,
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pulsiraju sinhronizovano
na ovim materijalima
na ovim materijalima
14:12
and that's a very, very exciting development
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i to je veoma uzbudljiv razvoj
14:15
that's going on.
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koji se dešava trenutno.
14:17
So just to wrap up, I'd like to actually say that
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I za kraj, želela bih da kažem da
14:22
being able to work in this sort of field,
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je to što možemo da radimo
u jednoj ovakvoj oblasti,
u jednoj ovakvoj oblasti,
14:24
all of us that work in this field
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svi mi koji radimo tu,
14:26
that's not only super-exciting science,
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koja nije samo super zanimljiva nauka,
14:28
but also has the potential
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već ima i mogućnost
14:30
to impact on patients,
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da utiče na pacijente,
14:32
however big or small they are,
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male ili velike,
14:35
is really a great privilege.
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je zaista ogromna privilegija.
14:36
And so for that, I'd like to thank all of you as well.
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I zato bih htela da se zahvalim
svima vama.
svima vama.
14:39
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
14:41
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Molly Stevens - Biomaterials researcherMolly Stevens studies and creates new biomaterials that could be used to detect disease and repair bones and human tissue.
Why you should listen
At Imperial College London, Molly Stevens heads a highly multidisciplinary research group that designs bioactive materials for regenerative medicine and biosensing. It's fundamental science with an eye to practical applications as healthcare products.
Among the products from her lab: an engineered bone, cardiac tissue suitable for use in transplants, and disease-sensing nanoparticle aggregates that change color in the presence of even tiny quantities of cancer-related enzymes, making early sensing possible. As Stevens told The Lancet: "It's right down at the nanoscience level. It's really exciting stuff, but it actually results in something very tangibly useful."
Molly Stevens | Speaker | TED.com