TEDxGalway
Michel Dugon: The secrets of spider venom
Mišel Dugon (Michel Dugon): Tajne paukovog otrova
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Otrov pauka može da vam zaustavi rad srca za nekoliko minuta, može da uzrokuje nezamisliv bol - ali ima i potencijal da vam spasi život, kaže zoolog Mišel Dugon. Dok mu tarantula puzi po ruci, Dugon objašnjava medicinska svojstva ovog moćnog toksina i to kako on može da se koristi u proizvodnji naredne generacije antibiotika.
Michel Dugon - Zoologist, venom researcher
Michel Dugon researches the potential of spider venom as a source of novel therapeutic agents. Full bio
Michel Dugon researches the potential of spider venom as a source of novel therapeutic agents. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
Well, hello.
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Zdravo.
00:16
This is Sophie.
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Ovo je Sofi.
00:17
It's all right, don't worry,
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U redu je, ne brinite,
00:20
everything's going to be fine.
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sve će da bude dobro.
00:21
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
00:23
There are some people on the balcony
that are very happy to be up there now.
that are very happy to be up there now.
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Neki ljudi na balkonu
su trenutno veoma srećni što su gore.
su trenutno veoma srećni što su gore.
00:27
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
00:28
So this is Sophie --
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Dakle, ovo je Sofi -
00:30
not Sophia -- no, Sophie.
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ne Sofija - ne, Sofi.
00:32
She has a French name.
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Ima francusko ime.
00:33
And you wonder why?
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A pitate se zašto?
00:35
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
00:36
So Sophie, for most people,
is the incarnation of terror, really.
is the incarnation of terror, really.
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Dakle, Sofi je za mnoge ljude
uistinu otelotvorenje užasa.
uistinu otelotvorenje užasa.
00:40
She's far too leggy, she's far too hairy,
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Ima previše nogu i dlaka,
00:42
and she's far too big to ever be trusted.
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i suviše je krupna da bismo joj verovali.
00:45
But to me, Sophie is a fantastic
feat of bioengineering.
feat of bioengineering.
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Međutim, za mene je Sofi
fantastičan bioinžinjerski poduhvat.
fantastičan bioinžinjerski poduhvat.
00:50
You see, Sophie is a testimony
to all those creatures
to all those creatures
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Vidite, Sofi je svedočanstvo svih tih bića
00:54
that have managed to survive
since the beginning of time;
since the beginning of time;
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koja su uspela da prežive
od postanka vremena;
od postanka vremena;
00:57
all those animals
that have managed to have offspring
that have managed to have offspring
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svih tih životinja koje su uspele
da ostave potomstvo
da ostave potomstvo
01:01
generation after generation,
until this day.
until this day.
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generaciju za generacijom,
do današnjih dana.
do današnjih dana.
01:05
You see, over one billion years ago,
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Vidite, pre više od milijardu godina,
01:07
the first primitive cells
started to evolve on this planet.
started to evolve on this planet.
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prve primitivne ćelije su počele
da evoluiraju na ovoj planeti.
da evoluiraju na ovoj planeti.
01:12
It took spiders 430 million years
to become what they are now:
to become what they are now:
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Paucima je bilo potrebno 430 miliona
godina da postanu ono što jesu:
godina da postanu ono što jesu:
01:17
one of the most versatile,
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jedna od najprilagodljivijih,
01:19
one of the most diverse
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jedna od najraznovrsnijih
01:21
and one of the most evolved groups --
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i jedna od najevoluiranijih grupa -
01:26
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
01:27
of predators to ever walk this earth.
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grabljivica koje su hodale zemljom.
01:31
It's actually quite sporty
to give a speech
to give a speech
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Zapravo je prilično odvažno držati govor
01:33
while wrangling a tarantula,
I have to say.
I have to say.
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dok žonglirate tarantulom, moram da kažem.
01:35
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
01:40
So, we shouldn't forget that Sophie --
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Dakle, ne bi trebalo
da zaboravimo da Sofi -
da zaboravimo da Sofi -
01:43
and in fact, all of us --
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i zapravo svi mi -
01:44
we all are a testimony
to all those ruthless battles
to all those ruthless battles
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svi smo mi svedočanstva
svih tih nemilosrdnih bitki
svih tih nemilosrdnih bitki
01:48
that actually were won
consistently by all our ancestors,
consistently by all our ancestors,
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u kojima su iznova pobeđivali naši preci,
01:52
all our predecessors.
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svih naši prethodnici.
01:54
In fact, all of us,
every single one of you,
every single one of you,
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Zapravo, svi mi, svako od vas ponaosob
01:58
is in fact an uninterrupted,
one-billion-years-old success story.
one-billion-years-old success story.
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je zapravo neprekidna,
jednu milijardu stara priča o uspehu.
jednu milijardu stara priča o uspehu.
02:05
And in the gaze of Sophie,
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A u pogledu Sofi,
02:06
that success is partly due
to what she has in her chest,
to what she has in her chest,
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taj uspeh delimično duguje
onome što ima u svojim grudima,
onome što ima u svojim grudima,
02:10
just under her eyes.
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tik ispod njenih očiju.
02:11
In there, she has a pair of venom glands
that are attached to a pair of fangs,
that are attached to a pair of fangs,
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Tu ima par otrovnih žlezda
koje su zakačene za par zuba,
koje su zakačene za par zuba,
02:17
and those fangs are folded into her mouth.
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a ti zubi su uvučeni u njenim ustima.
02:21
So, without those fangs
and without this venom,
and without this venom,
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Dakle, bez tih zuba i bez tog otrova,
02:25
Sophie would have never
managed to survive.
managed to survive.
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Sofi ne bi uopšte uspela da preživi.
02:28
Now, many animals have evolved
venom systems in order to survive.
venom systems in order to survive.
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Sad, kod mnogih životinja su evoluirali
otrovni sistemi kako bi preživele.
otrovni sistemi kako bi preživele.
02:32
Nowadays, any species of venomous snakes,
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Danas, bilo koja vrsta zmije otrovnice
02:34
any species of spider,
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i vrsta pauka,
02:36
any species of scorpion,
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bilo koja vrsta škorpije,
02:38
has its own venom signature, if you will,
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ima svoj lični otrovni potpis, ako hoćete,
02:42
made out of dozens, if not hundreds,
of chemical compounds.
of chemical compounds.
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koga sačinjavaju desetine,
ako ne stotine, hemijskih jedinjenja.
ako ne stotine, hemijskih jedinjenja.
02:47
And all of those compounds
have evolved purely for one purpose:
have evolved purely for one purpose:
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A sva ta jedinjenja su evoluirala
sa samo jednom svrhom:
sa samo jednom svrhom:
02:52
disable and, eventually, kill.
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paralisati i na kraju ubiti.
02:55
Now, venom can actually act
in many different ways.
in many different ways.
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Otrov zapravo može da deluje
na mnogo različitih načina.
na mnogo različitih načina.
02:59
Venom, believe me, can make you feel
pains that you've never felt before.
pains that you've never felt before.
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Zbog otrova, verujte mi, možete da osetite
bolove koje nikad pre niste osetili.
bolove koje nikad pre niste osetili.
03:04
Venom can also make
your heart stop within minutes,
your heart stop within minutes,
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Otrov može i da vam zaustavi srce
u roku od nekoliko minuta
u roku od nekoliko minuta
03:08
or it can turn your blood into jelly.
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ili može krv da vam pretvori u žele.
03:10
Venom can also paralyze you
almost instantly,
almost instantly,
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Otrov može istog trena i da vas parališe
03:13
or it can just eat
your flesh away, like acid.
your flesh away, like acid.
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ili prosto može da vam progrize
meso, poput kiseline.
meso, poput kiseline.
03:18
Now, all of these are pretty
gruesome stories, I know,
gruesome stories, I know,
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Sve ovo su prilično jezive priče, znam,
03:22
but, to me, it's kind of music to my ears.
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ali to je poput muzike za moje uši.
03:26
It's what I love.
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To je nešto što volim.
03:27
So why is that?
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Pa, zašto je tako?
03:29
Well, it's not because I'm a nutcase, no.
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Pa, nije tako zato što sam ludak, ne.
03:31
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
03:33
Just imagine what we could do
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Samo zamislite šta bismo postigli,
03:36
if we could harvest
all those super powerful compounds
all those super powerful compounds
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ako bismo mogli da upregnemo
sva ta izuzetno moćna jedinjenja
sva ta izuzetno moćna jedinjenja
03:40
and use them to our benefit.
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i da ih koristimo u našu korist.
03:43
That would be amazing, right?
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To bi bilo sjajno, zar ne?
03:45
What if we could, I don't know,
produce new antibiotics with those venoms?
produce new antibiotics with those venoms?
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Šta ako bismo mogli, ne znam,
proizvesti nove antibiotike od tih otrova?
proizvesti nove antibiotike od tih otrova?
03:49
What if we could actually help people
that are suffering from diabetes
that are suffering from diabetes
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Šta sko bismo zapravo mogli da pomognemo
ljudima koji boluju od dijabetesa
ljudima koji boluju od dijabetesa
03:53
or hypertension?
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ili povišenog pritiska?
03:55
Well, in fact, all those applications
are already being developed
are already being developed
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Pa, zapravo, sve te primene već razvijaju
04:00
by scientists just like me
everywhere around the world, as I speak.
everywhere around the world, as I speak.
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naučnici poput mene svuda širom sveta
u trenutku dok govorim.
u trenutku dok govorim.
04:06
You see, hypertension is actually treated
regularly with a medication
regularly with a medication
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Vidite, povišeni pritisak
se zapravo redovno leči lekom
se zapravo redovno leči lekom
04:11
that has been developed from the toxin
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koji je razvijen iz toksina
04:13
that is produced
by a South American viper.
by a South American viper.
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koji proizvodi južnoamerička
zmija otrovnica.
zmija otrovnica.
04:17
People that have type 2 diabetes
can be monitored using, actually,
can be monitored using, actually,
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Ljudi koji imaju dijabetes tipa dva mogu,
pak, da se nadgledaju upotrebom
pak, da se nadgledaju upotrebom
04:20
the toxin produced
by a lizard from North America.
by a lizard from North America.
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toksina koji proizvodi
gušter iz Severne Amerike.
gušter iz Severne Amerike.
04:24
And in hospitals all around the world,
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A u bolnicama širom sveta
04:26
a new protocol is being developed
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razvija se novi protokol
04:28
to use a toxin from
a marine snail for anesthetics.
a marine snail for anesthetics.
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da se kao anestetik
koriste toksini iz morskog puža.
koriste toksini iz morskog puža.
04:34
You see, venom is that kind of huge
library of chemical compounds
library of chemical compounds
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Vidite, otrov je nekakva vrsta
ogromne biblioteke hemijskih jedinjenja
ogromne biblioteke hemijskih jedinjenja
04:40
that are available to us,
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koja su nam dostupna,
04:42
that are produced by hundreds
of thousands of live creatures.
of thousands of live creatures.
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koja proizvode
na stotine hiljada živih bića.
na stotine hiljada živih bića.
04:46
And --
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I -
04:48
Oh, sorry, she just wants
to go for a little walk.
to go for a little walk.
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Oh, izvinite, samo želi malo da prošeta.
04:51
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
04:52
Spiders alone are actually
thought to produce
thought to produce
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Smatra se da samo pauci zapravo proizvode
04:56
over 10 million different
kinds of compounds
kinds of compounds
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preko deset miliona
različitih vrsta jedinjenja
različitih vrsta jedinjenja
05:00
with potential therapeutic application.
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sa potencijalnom terapeutskom primenom.
05:03
10 million.
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Deset miliona.
05:04
And do you know how many scientists
actually have managed to study so far?
actually have managed to study so far?
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A da li znate koliko njih su naučnici
uspeli da izuče do sad?
uspeli da izuče do sad?
05:08
About 0.01 percent.
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Oko 0,01 procenta.
05:11
So that means that there is still
99.99 percent of all those compounds
99.99 percent of all those compounds
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Dakle, to znači da i dalje postoji
99,99 procenata svih tih jedinjenja
99,99 procenata svih tih jedinjenja
05:17
that are out there, completely unknown,
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koja su tamo negde, potpuno nepoznata
05:19
and are just waiting
to be harvested and tested,
to be harvested and tested,
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i samo čekaju da ih prikupimo i testiramo,
05:21
which is fantastic.
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a to je sjajno.
05:23
You see, so far, scientists
have concentrated their efforts
have concentrated their efforts
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Vidite, do sad su naučnici
koncentrisali svoje napore
koncentrisali svoje napore
05:27
on very charismatic,
very dangerous animals --
very dangerous animals --
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na veoma harizmatične,
veoma opasne životnje -
veoma opasne životnje -
05:31
vipers and cobras or scorpions
and black widows.
and black widows.
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poskoke i kobre
ili škorpije i crne udovice.
ili škorpije i crne udovice.
05:35
But what about all those little bugs
that we actually have all around us?
that we actually have all around us?
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Međutim, šta je sa svim tim bubicama
koje zapravo imamo svuda oko nas?
koje zapravo imamo svuda oko nas?
05:40
You know, like that spider
that lives behind your couch?
that lives behind your couch?
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Znate, poput onog pauka
koji vam živi iza kauča?
koji vam živi iza kauča?
05:44
You know, the one that decides
to just shoot through the floor
to just shoot through the floor
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Znate, onoga što odluči
da projuri preko poda
da projuri preko poda
05:47
when you're watching TV
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dok gledate televiziju
05:48
and freaks you out?
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i izbezumi vas od straha?
05:50
Ah, you have that one at home as well.
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Ah, i vi imate jednog takvog kod kuće -
05:52
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
05:53
Well, what about those guys?
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Pa, šta je s tim bićima?
05:55
Do they actually produce
some kind of amazing compound
some kind of amazing compound
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Da li i ona zapravo proizvode
nekakvo zadivljujuće jedinjenje
nekakvo zadivljujuće jedinjenje
05:59
in their tiny body as well?
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u svom sićušnom telu?
06:01
Well, an honest answer a few months ago
would have been, "We have no clue."
would have been, "We have no clue."
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Pa, iskren odgovor pre nekoliko meseci
bi glasio: „Pojma nemamo.“
bi glasio: „Pojma nemamo.“
06:05
But now that my students and myself
have started to look into it,
have started to look into it,
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No, sada kada smo moji studenti i ja
počeli to da istražujemo,
počeli to da istražujemo,
06:09
I can tell you those guys
actually are producing
actually are producing
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mogu da vam kažem
da ta bića zapravo proizvode
da ta bića zapravo proizvode
06:12
very, very interesting compounds.
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veoma, veoma zanimljiva jedinjenja.
06:15
And I'm going to tell you
more about that in a second,
more about that in a second,
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I reći ću vam više o tome za sekund,
ali prvo, želim da vam kažem više
o pojmu „istražujemo to“.
o pojmu „istražujemo to“.
06:18
but first, I would like to tell you more
about this "we are looking into it."
about this "we are looking into it."
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06:22
How does one look into it?
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Kako se istražuje?
06:25
Well, first of all, my students and I
have to capture a lot of spiders.
have to capture a lot of spiders.
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Pa, pre svega, moji studenti i ja
moramo da uhvatimo mnogo pauka.
moramo da uhvatimo mnogo pauka.
06:30
So how do we do that?
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Dakle, kako to radimo?
06:31
Well, you'd be surprised.
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Pa, iznenadili biste se.
06:33
Once one starts to look,
one finds a lot of spiders.
one finds a lot of spiders.
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Čim počnete da tražite,
nađete mnogo pauka.
nađete mnogo pauka.
06:38
They actually live everywhere around us.
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Zapravo žive svuda oko nas.
06:40
Within a couple of hours,
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Za nekoliko sati,
06:41
we are capable of catching maybe
two, three, four hundred spiders,
two, three, four hundred spiders,
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uspemo da uhvatimo možda
dve, tri, četiri stotine pauka
dve, tri, četiri stotine pauka
06:46
and we bring them back to my laboratory,
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i nosimo ih nazad u moju laboratoriju
06:48
and we house each of them
in its own individual home.
in its own individual home.
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i smeštamo svakog pojedinačno
u njegov sopstveni dom.
u njegov sopstveni dom.
06:52
And we give each of them a little meal.
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I svakom od njih damo maleni obrok.
06:55
So now I know what you're thinking:
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Dakle, sad sam svestan šta mislite:
06:57
"This guy's nuts.
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„Ovaj tip je ćaknut.
06:58
He has a spider B&B at work ..."
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Ima hostel za pauke na poslu...“
07:00
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
07:02
No, no it's not exactly that,
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Ne, nije baš tako
07:04
and it's not the kind of venture
I would advise you to start.
I would advise you to start.
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i nije to nekakav poduhvat
koji bih vam savetovao da započnete.
koji bih vam savetovao da započnete.
07:09
No, once we're done with that,
we wait a few days,
we wait a few days,
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Ne, čim to obavimo, čekamo nekoliko dana,
07:12
and then, we anesthetize those spiders.
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a onda paucima damo anesteziju.
07:15
Once they're asleep, we run a tiny
little electric current through their body
little electric current through their body
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Čim zaspe, puštamo slabašnu
malenu struju kroz njihovo telo
malenu struju kroz njihovo telo
07:20
and that contracts their venom glads.
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i zbog nje se njihove otrovne žlezde grče.
07:22
Then, under a microscope, we can see
a tiny little droplet of venom appearing.
a tiny little droplet of venom appearing.
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Potom pod mikroskopom možemo da vidimo
sićušnu kap otrova kako se pojavljuje.
sićušnu kap otrova kako se pojavljuje.
07:27
So we take a hair-thin
glass tube, a capillary,
glass tube, a capillary,
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Pa uzmemo staklenu tubu
debljine dlake, kapilara,
debljine dlake, kapilara,
07:30
and we collect that tiny droplet.
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i sakupimo tu sićušnu kap.
07:33
Then, we take the spider
and we put it back into its home,
and we put it back into its home,
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Potom uzmemo pauka,
vratimo ga nazad u njegovu kuću
vratimo ga nazad u njegovu kuću
07:36
and we start again with another one.
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i krećemo ispočetka s drugim paukom.
07:38
Because spiders are completely
unharmed during the process,
unharmed during the process,
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Kako pauke ni najmanje
ne povredimo tokom procesa,
ne povredimo tokom procesa,
07:43
it means that a few days later,
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to znači da nakon nekoliko dana,
07:44
once they've produced a little bit
of venom again and they've recovered,
of venom again and they've recovered,
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čim ponovo proizvedu
trunku otrova i oporave se,
trunku otrova i oporave se,
možemo da ih oslobodimo nazad u divljinu.
07:48
we can release them back into the wild.
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07:50
It takes literally hundreds of spiders
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Bukvalno je potrebno na stotine pauka
07:53
to just produce the equivalent
of one raindrop of venom.
of one raindrop of venom.
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da se proizvede količina otrova
ekvivalentna svega jednoj kišnoj kapi.
ekvivalentna svega jednoj kišnoj kapi.
07:58
So that drop is incredibly precious to us.
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Dakle, ta kap nam je izuzetno dragocena.
08:02
And once we have it, we freeze it,
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I čim je dobijemo, zamrznemo je
08:04
and we then pass it in a machine
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i potom je prebacimo u mašinu
08:05
that will separate and purify every
chemical compound that is in that venom.
chemical compound that is in that venom.
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koja razdvaja i pročišćava
svako hemijsko jedinjenje iz tog otrova.
svako hemijsko jedinjenje iz tog otrova.
08:11
We're speaking about tiny amounts.
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Govorimo o sićušnim količinama.
08:13
We're actually speaking about a tenth
of a millionth of a liter of compound,
of a millionth of a liter of compound,
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Zapravo govorimo o desetini
milionitog dela litra jedinjenja,
milionitog dela litra jedinjenja,
08:18
but we can dilute that compound
several thousand times
several thousand times
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ali možemo to jedinjenje
da razblažimo nekoliko hiljada puta
da razblažimo nekoliko hiljada puta
08:21
in its own volume of water
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u sopstvenoj zapremini vode
08:23
and then test it against
a whole range of nasty stuff,
a whole range of nasty stuff,
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i da ga potom testiramo u odnosu
na čitavu lepezu gadnih stvari,
na čitavu lepezu gadnih stvari,
08:26
like cancer cells or bacteria.
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poput ćelija raka ili bakterija.
08:30
And this is when the very exciting
part of my job starts,
part of my job starts,
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A ovde počinje uistinu
uzbudljiv deo mog posla
uzbudljiv deo mog posla
08:35
because this is pure scientific gambling.
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jer se radi o čistom naučnom kockanju.
08:38
It's kind of "Las Vegas, baby," for me.
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Meni to liči pomalo na „Las Vegas, bejbi“.
(Smeh)
08:42
(Laughter)
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Trošimo toliko sati, toliko sredstava,
08:43
We spend so many hours, so much resources,
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08:47
so much time trying to get
those compounds ready,
those compounds ready,
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toliko vremena pokušavajući
da dobijemo gotova ta jedinjenja,
da dobijemo gotova ta jedinjenja,
08:50
and then we test them.
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a potom ih testiramo.
08:52
And most of the time, nothing happens.
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A većinu vremena se ništa ne desi.
08:55
Nothing at all.
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Ama baš ništa.
08:57
But once in a while --
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Međutim, ponekad -
08:58
just once in a while,
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samo ponekad,
09:00
we get that particular compound
that has absolutely amazing effects.
that has absolutely amazing effects.
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dobijemo naročito jedinjenje
koje ima apsolutno zadivljujući efekat.
koje ima apsolutno zadivljujući efekat.
09:04
That's the jackpot.
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To je džekpot.
09:06
And when I'm saying that, actually,
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A kada to govorim, zapravo,
09:08
I should take out something
else from my pocket --
else from my pocket --
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trebalo bi da izvadim još nešto iz džepa -
09:10
be afraid, be very afraid.
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plašite se, veoma se plašite.
09:12
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
09:13
Now, in that little tube,
I have, actually, a very common spider.
I have, actually, a very common spider.
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Sad, u ovoj kutijici,
zapravo držim krajnje običnog pauka.
zapravo držim krajnje običnog pauka.
09:17
The kind of spider
that you could find in your shed,
that you could find in your shed,
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Pauka kakvog možete
da nađete u svojoj šupi,
da nađete u svojoj šupi,
09:20
that you could find in your basement
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koga možete da nađete u podrumu
09:22
or that you could find in your sewer pipe,
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ili koga možete da nađete u odvodnoj cevi,
09:25
understand: in your toilet.
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razumete, u vašem toaletu.
09:28
Now, that little spider happens to produce
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Sad, taj maleni pauk
ispostavilo se da proizvodi
ispostavilo se da proizvodi
09:31
amazingly powerful
antimicrobial compounds.
antimicrobial compounds.
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zadivljujuće moćna
antimikropska jedinjenja.
antimikropska jedinjenja.
09:35
It is even capable of killing
those drug-resistant bacteria
those drug-resistant bacteria
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Čak je u stanju da ubije
bakterije otporne na lekove
bakterije otporne na lekove
09:40
that are giving us so much trouble,
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koje nam zadaju toliko muke,
09:42
that are often making media headlines.
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i koje često stignu do glavnih vesti.
09:45
Now, honestly, if I was living
in your sewer pipe,
in your sewer pipe,
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Sad, iskreno, da ja živim
u vašoj odvodnoj cevi,
u vašoj odvodnoj cevi,
09:47
I'd produce antibiotics, too.
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i ja bih proizvodio antibiotike.
09:49
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
09:51
But that little spider,
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Međutim, u tom malenom pauku
09:54
may actually hold the answer
to a very, very serious concern we have.
to a very, very serious concern we have.
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možda zapravo čuči odgovor
na veoma, veoma ozbiljne brige koje imamo.
na veoma, veoma ozbiljne brige koje imamo.
09:59
You see, around the world,
every single day,
every single day,
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Vidite, širom sveta, svakog dana
10:02
about 1,700 people die because of
antimicrobial-resistant infections.
antimicrobial-resistant infections.
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oko 1 700 ljudi umre zbog
antimikropski otpornih infekcija.
antimikropski otpornih infekcija.
10:08
Multiply that by 365,
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Pomnožite to sa 365
10:11
and you're reaching the staggering number
of 700,000 people dead every single year
of 700,000 people dead every single year
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i stići ćete do vrtoglave cifre
od 700 000 ljudi koji umru svake godine
od 700 000 ljudi koji umru svake godine
10:17
because antibiotics that were efficient
30, 20 or 10 years ago
30, 20 or 10 years ago
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zbog toga što antibiotici koji su bili
efikasni pre 30, 20 ili 10 godina
efikasni pre 30, 20 ili 10 godina
10:23
are not capable of killing
very common bugs.
very common bugs.
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više nisu u stanju da ubiju
krajnje uobičajene mikrobe.
krajnje uobičajene mikrobe.
10:26
The reality is that the world
is running out of antibiotics,
is running out of antibiotics,
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Istina je da svetu ponestaje antibiotika,
10:30
and the pharmaceutical industry
does not have any answer,
does not have any answer,
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a farmaceutska industrija
nema nikakav odgovor,
nema nikakav odgovor,
10:34
actually, any weapon
to address that concern.
to address that concern.
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zapravo, nema bilo kakvo oružje
da se suprotstavi tom problemu.
da se suprotstavi tom problemu.
10:38
You see, 30 years ago,
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Vidite, pre 30 godina,
10:40
you could consider that 10 to 15
new kinds of antibiotics
new kinds of antibiotics
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mogli ste da smatrate da će 10 do 15
novih vrsta antibiotika
novih vrsta antibiotika
10:44
would hit the market
every couple of years.
every couple of years.
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da stigne na tržište svakih par godina.
10:46
Do you know how many of them
hit the market in the past five years?
hit the market in the past five years?
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Da li znate koliko ih je stiglo
na tržište u proteklih pet godina?
na tržište u proteklih pet godina?
10:50
Two.
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Dva.
10:51
The reality is
that if we continue this way,
that if we continue this way,
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Istina je da smo, ukoliko nastavimo ovako,
10:55
we are a few decades away
from being completely helpless
from being completely helpless
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na svega nekoliko decenija
od potpune bespomoćnosti
od potpune bespomoćnosti
10:59
in front of infections,
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pred infekcijama,
11:01
just like we were before the discovery
of penicillin 90 years ago.
of penicillin 90 years ago.
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baš kao što smo bili pre otkrića
penicilina pre 90 godina.
penicilina pre 90 godina.
11:05
So you see, the reality
is that we are at war
is that we are at war
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Dakle, vidite, u stvarnosti mi smo u ratu
11:08
against an invisible enemy
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protiv nevidljivog neprijatelja
11:10
that adapts and evolves
a lot quicker than we do.
a lot quicker than we do.
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koji se adaptira i evoluira
mnogo brže od nas.
mnogo brže od nas.
11:14
And in that war,
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A u tom ratu
11:16
this little spider might be
one of our greatest secret weapons.
one of our greatest secret weapons.
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ovaj maleni pauk je možda
jedno od naših najjačih tajnih oružja.
jedno od naših najjačih tajnih oružja.
11:21
Just a half a millionth
of a liter of a venom,
of a liter of a venom,
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Svega pola milionitog dela litra otrova
11:25
diluted 10,000 times,
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razređenog 10 000 puta
11:28
is still capable of killing most bacteria
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je i dalje u stanju
da ubije većinu bakterija
da ubije većinu bakterija
11:34
that are resistant
to any other kind of antibiotics.
to any other kind of antibiotics.
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koje su otporne
na svaki drugi tip antibiotika.
na svaki drugi tip antibiotika.
11:38
It's absolutely amazing.
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Apsolutno je očaravajuće.
11:39
Every time I repeat
this experiment, I just wonder:
this experiment, I just wonder:
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Svaki put kad ponovim
ovaj eksperiment, prosto se pitam:
ovaj eksperiment, prosto se pitam:
11:43
How is that possible?
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kako je to moguće?
11:45
How many other possibilities and secrets
do the siblings actually have?
do the siblings actually have?
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Koliko drugih mogućnosti i tajni
drugi njegovi rođaci imaju?
drugi njegovi rođaci imaju?
11:51
What kind of wonderful product
can we really find, if we care to look?
can we really find, if we care to look?
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Kakav čaroban proizvod zaista možemo
da otkrijemo, ako nam je stalo do toga?
da otkrijemo, ako nam je stalo do toga?
11:57
So when people ask me, "Are bugs
really the future of therapeutic drugs?"
really the future of therapeutic drugs?"
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Pa kad me ljudi upitaju: „Jesu li bube
zaista budućnost terapeutskih lekova?“
zaista budućnost terapeutskih lekova?“
12:01
my answer is, "Well, I really believe
that they do hold some key answers."
that they do hold some key answers."
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moj odgovor glasi: „Pa, zaista verujem
da u njima čuče neki ključni odgovori.“
da u njima čuče neki ključni odgovori.“
12:08
And we need to really give ourselves
the means to investigate them.
the means to investigate them.
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I moramo da obezbedimo
sredstva da ih istražimo.
sredstva da ih istražimo.
12:12
So when you head back home later tonight,
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Pa, kad se zaputite kući,
kasnije u toku večeri
kasnije u toku večeri
12:15
and you see that spider
in the corner of your room ...
in the corner of your room ...
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i ugledate pauka u uglu vaše sobe...
12:18
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
12:19
don't squash it.
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nemojte ga zgnječiti.
12:20
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
12:22
Just look at it, admire it
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Samo ga posmatrajte, divite mu se
12:25
and remember that it is
an absolutely fantastic creature,
an absolutely fantastic creature,
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i zapamtite da se radi
o apsolutno fascinantnom biću,
o apsolutno fascinantnom biću,
12:29
a pure product of evolution,
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čistom proizvodu evolucije,
12:31
and that maybe that very spider,
one day, will hold the answer,
one day, will hold the answer,
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i da će možda baš taj pauk
jednog dana da ponudi odgovor,
jednog dana da ponudi odgovor,
12:36
will hold the key
to your very own survival.
to your very own survival.
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da ponudi ključ za vaš sopstveni opstanak.
12:40
You see, she's not so insignificant
anymore now, is she?
anymore now, is she?
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Vidite, nije više
toliko beznačajan, zar ne?
toliko beznačajan, zar ne?
12:43
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
12:44
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
12:45
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Michel Dugon - Zoologist, venom researcherMichel Dugon researches the potential of spider venom as a source of novel therapeutic agents.
Why you should listen
Michel Dugon runs the Venom Systems and Proteomics Lab and teaches zoology at the National University of Ireland Galway. His research focuses on the evolution of venom systems and on the potential of arthropod venom as a source of novel therapeutic agents. After a six-year stint chasing venomous creatures in the jungles of South East Asia, Dugon published extensively on the evolution of venom systems while pursuing a PhD in Evolutionary Developmental Biology. He was awarded the 2015 Irish National Teaching Award in Higher Education and the 2017 Ryan Award for Innovation. Dugon is currently working on developing the VIDAA network (Venom Investigations for the Development of Antimicrobial Agents) in collaboration with Irish, French and Belgian researchers.
As the founder and director of the science outreach Eco Explorers, Dugon dedicates a sizable amount of his time to promoting ecological awareness in the media and in schools throughout Ireland. Dr Dugon's work has been featured on national and international networks, including RTE, the BBC, Euronews and SKY.
Michel Dugon | Speaker | TED.com