TEDxGalway
Michel Dugon: The secrets of spider venom
米歇尔 · 杜冈: 蜘蛛毒液的秘密
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动物学家米歇尔 · 杜冈指出，蜘蛛毒液可以让你的心跳在几分钟内停止，引起难以想象的痛疼——但它同时也是潜在的救命解药。带着一只狼蛛在他的手臂上爬行，杜冈在演讲中解释了这种强力毒素的医学特性，以及它可以如何被用来生产下一代抗生素。
Michel Dugon - Zoologist, venom researcher
Michel Dugon researches the potential of spider venom as a source of novel therapeutic agents. Full bio
Michel Dugon researches the potential of spider venom as a source of novel therapeutic agents. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
Well, hello.
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大家好。
00:16
This is Sophie.
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这是索菲。
00:17
It's all right, don't worry,
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没事的，别担心，
00:20
everything's going to be fine.
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不会出问题的。
00:21
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
00:23
There are some people on the balcony
that are very happy to be up there now.
that are very happy to be up there now.
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现在坐在楼上的一些人
一定很庆幸自己离舞台很远。
一定很庆幸自己离舞台很远。
（笑声）
00:27
(Laughter)
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00:28
So this is Sophie --
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这是索菲——
00:30
not Sophia -- no, Sophie.
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不是索菲亚，也不是苏菲。
00:32
She has a French name.
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她有个法文名。
00:33
And you wonder why?
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想知道为什么吗？
00:35
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
00:36
So Sophie, for most people,
is the incarnation of terror, really.
is the incarnation of terror, really.
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索菲，对大多数人来说
着实是恐怖的化身。
着实是恐怖的化身。
00:40
She's far too leggy, she's far too hairy,
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她的腿太长了，太毛茸茸了，
00:42
and she's far too big to ever be trusted.
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并且大到让人们没有安全感。
00:45
But to me, Sophie is a fantastic
feat of bioengineering.
feat of bioengineering.
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但对我而言，索菲在生物工程领域
是一个了不起的成就。
是一个了不起的成就。
00:50
You see, Sophie is a testimony
to all those creatures
to all those creatures
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索菲是所有这些从一开始
就成功存活下来的动物的见证——
00:54
that have managed to survive
since the beginning of time;
since the beginning of time;
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我指的是所有这些一代代
00:57
all those animals
that have managed to have offspring
that have managed to have offspring
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繁衍至今的动物。
01:01
generation after generation,
until this day.
until this day.
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01:05
You see, over one billion years ago,
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十多亿年前，
第一批原始细胞开始在这个星球上进化。
01:07
the first primitive cells
started to evolve on this planet.
started to evolve on this planet.
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01:12
It took spiders 430 million years
to become what they are now:
to become what they are now:
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蜘蛛花了4.3亿年才成为今天的样子：
世界上最全能的，
01:17
one of the most versatile,
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01:19
one of the most diverse
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最具多样性的
和地球上进化程度最高的——
01:21
and one of the most evolved groups --
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（笑声）
01:26
(Laughter)
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01:27
of predators to ever walk this earth.
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捕食者之一。
01:31
It's actually quite sporty
to give a speech
to give a speech
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不得不说，边摆弄一只狼蛛
01:33
while wrangling a tarantula,
I have to say.
I have to say.
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边发表演讲，运动量非常大。
01:35
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
01:40
So, we shouldn't forget that Sophie --
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我们不应该忘记的是，索菲，
01:43
and in fact, all of us --
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事实上还包括我们所有人，
01:44
we all are a testimony
to all those ruthless battles
to all those ruthless battles
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我们都是那些残酷斗争的见证者，
01:48
that actually were won
consistently by all our ancestors,
consistently by all our ancestors,
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这些斗争实际上是由我们的祖先，
01:52
all our predecessors.
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我们所有的父辈共同赢得的。
01:54
In fact, all of us,
every single one of you,
every single one of you,
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事实上，我们所有人，每一个个体，
01:58
is in fact an uninterrupted,
one-billion-years-old success story.
one-billion-years-old success story.
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都是一个不间断的，
长达10亿年的成功故事。
长达10亿年的成功故事。
02:05
And in the gaze of Sophie,
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而对索菲来说，
02:06
that success is partly due
to what she has in her chest,
to what she has in her chest,
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成功的部分原因在于她的胸部，
02:10
just under her eyes.
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就在她的眼睛下面。
02:11
In there, she has a pair of venom glands
that are attached to a pair of fangs,
that are attached to a pair of fangs,
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在那里，她有一对附在毒牙上的毒腺，
02:17
and those fangs are folded into her mouth.
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那些尖牙被折进她的嘴里。
02:21
So, without those fangs
and without this venom,
and without this venom,
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没有这些毒牙，没有这种毒液，
02:25
Sophie would have never
managed to survive.
managed to survive.
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索菲就无法成功存活下来。
02:28
Now, many animals have evolved
venom systems in order to survive.
venom systems in order to survive.
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很多动物为了生存，进化出了毒液系统。
如今，任何一种毒蛇，
02:32
Nowadays, any species of venomous snakes,
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02:34
any species of spider,
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任何一种蜘蛛，
02:36
any species of scorpion,
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任何一种蝎子，
02:38
has its own venom signature, if you will,
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它们的毒液都有各自的特点，
02:42
made out of dozens, if not hundreds,
of chemical compounds.
of chemical compounds.
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由几十个，甚至上百种化学物质组成。
02:47
And all of those compounds
have evolved purely for one purpose:
have evolved purely for one purpose:
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所有这些物质的形成只为一个目的：
02:52
disable and, eventually, kill.
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致残，甚至致死。
02:55
Now, venom can actually act
in many different ways.
in many different ways.
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毒液实际上可以有很多不同的作用。
02:59
Venom, believe me, can make you feel
pains that you've never felt before.
pains that you've never felt before.
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相信我，毒液可以让你
感到前所未有的痛疼。
感到前所未有的痛疼。
03:04
Venom can also make
your heart stop within minutes,
your heart stop within minutes,
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毒液也会让你的心跳在几分钟内停止，
03:08
or it can turn your blood into jelly.
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或者可以让你的血液变成胶状物。
03:10
Venom can also paralyze you
almost instantly,
almost instantly,
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毒液也能立马让你瘫痪，
03:13
or it can just eat
your flesh away, like acid.
your flesh away, like acid.
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或者可以把你的肉腐蚀掉，就跟酸一样。
03:18
Now, all of these are pretty
gruesome stories, I know,
gruesome stories, I know,
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所有这些都是非常可怕的，我知道，
03:22
but, to me, it's kind of music to my ears.
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但对我来讲，这是非常棒的事。
03:26
It's what I love.
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这正是我所钟情的。
03:27
So why is that?
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为什么这么说呢？
03:29
Well, it's not because I'm a nutcase, no.
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不是因为我是疯子，绝对不是。
03:31
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
03:33
Just imagine what we could do
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想象一下，如果我们可以利用所有这些
03:36
if we could harvest
all those super powerful compounds
all those super powerful compounds
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超级强大的化学物质
03:40
and use them to our benefit.
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去造福人类，
03:43
That would be amazing, right?
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那一定十分让人惊叹，对吧？
03:45
What if we could, I don't know,
produce new antibiotics with those venoms?
produce new antibiotics with those venoms?
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如果我们可以用这些毒液
生产新的抗生素呢？
生产新的抗生素呢？
03:49
What if we could actually help people
that are suffering from diabetes
that are suffering from diabetes
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如果我们真的能利用
毒液来帮助那些患糖尿病
毒液来帮助那些患糖尿病
03:53
or hypertension?
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或高血压的人呢？
03:55
Well, in fact, all those applications
are already being developed
are already being developed
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事实上，所有这些应用已经
04:00
by scientists just like me
everywhere around the world, as I speak.
everywhere around the world, as I speak.
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被全球各地像我这样的科学家开发出来了。
04:06
You see, hypertension is actually treated
regularly with a medication
regularly with a medication
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治疗高血压的常用药物实际上
04:11
that has been developed from the toxin
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是利用南美毒蛇产生的毒素
04:13
that is produced
by a South American viper.
by a South American viper.
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研发出来的。
04:17
People that have type 2 diabetes
can be monitored using, actually,
can be monitored using, actually,
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患有2型糖尿病的人实际上可以使用
04:20
the toxin produced
by a lizard from North America.
by a lizard from North America.
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来自北美的蜥蜴产生的毒素进行调理。
04:24
And in hospitals all around the world,
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在全球各地的医院，
04:26
a new protocol is being developed
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一项使用一种来自
04:28
to use a toxin from
a marine snail for anesthetics.
a marine snail for anesthetics.
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海生蜗牛的毒素进行
麻醉的新的计划正在开展。
麻醉的新的计划正在开展。
04:34
You see, venom is that kind of huge
library of chemical compounds
library of chemical compounds
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因此，毒液是一种我们可以获取的，
04:40
that are available to us,
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由成千上万种生物
04:42
that are produced by hundreds
of thousands of live creatures.
of thousands of live creatures.
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产生的巨大的化学物质库。
04:46
And --
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而且——
哦，抱歉，它只是想去散散步。
04:48
Oh, sorry, she just wants
to go for a little walk.
to go for a little walk.
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04:51
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
04:52
Spiders alone are actually
thought to produce
thought to produce
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事实上，蜘蛛被认为能生产
04:56
over 10 million different
kinds of compounds
kinds of compounds
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超过1千万种有潜在治疗用途的
05:00
with potential therapeutic application.
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化学物质。
05:03
10 million.
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1千万。
05:04
And do you know how many scientists
actually have managed to study so far?
actually have managed to study so far?
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你们知道目前科学家
能够研究的有多少吗？
能够研究的有多少吗？
05:08
About 0.01 percent.
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大约0.01%。
05:11
So that means that there is still
99.99 percent of all those compounds
99.99 percent of all those compounds
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所以这意味着，仍有99.99%的这些物质
05:17
that are out there, completely unknown,
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还全然不为人知，
05:19
and are just waiting
to be harvested and tested,
to be harvested and tested,
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等待被利用和测试，
05:21
which is fantastic.
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这真是太棒了。
05:23
You see, so far, scientists
have concentrated their efforts
have concentrated their efforts
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目前，科学家们把精力放在了
05:27
on very charismatic,
very dangerous animals --
very dangerous animals --
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非常有魅力，也非常危险的动物上，
05:31
vipers and cobras or scorpions
and black widows.
and black widows.
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比如毒蛇、眼镜蛇、蝎子和黑寡妇。
05:35
But what about all those little bugs
that we actually have all around us?
that we actually have all around us?
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但我们周围所有这些小虫子呢？
05:40
You know, like that spider
that lives behind your couch?
that lives behind your couch?
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比如生活在你沙发背后的蜘蛛？
05:44
You know, the one that decides
to just shoot through the floor
to just shoot through the floor
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那只在你看电视时
05:47
when you're watching TV
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决定从地板上弹起
05:48
and freaks you out?
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吓你一跳的虫子？
05:50
Ah, you have that one at home as well.
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啊，你家里也有这种虫子。
05:52
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
05:53
Well, what about those guys?
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那么那些家伙呢？
05:55
Do they actually produce
some kind of amazing compound
some kind of amazing compound
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它们也能在小小的身体中
05:59
in their tiny body as well?
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生产某些让人惊叹的物质吗？
06:01
Well, an honest answer a few months ago
would have been, "We have no clue."
would have been, "We have no clue."
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实际上就在几个月前，
答案还是：我们完全没有头绪。
答案还是：我们完全没有头绪。
06:05
But now that my students and myself
have started to look into it,
have started to look into it,
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但现在我和我的学生已经开始研究它，
06:09
I can tell you those guys
actually are producing
actually are producing
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我可以告诉你们，这些家伙确实在生产
06:12
very, very interesting compounds.
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非常，非常有趣的物质。
06:15
And I'm going to tell you
more about that in a second,
more about that in a second,
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我待会儿会详细介绍一下，
06:18
but first, I would like to tell you more
about this "we are looking into it."
about this "we are looking into it."
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但首先，我想告诉你们
更多关于“我们正在研究它”的事。
更多关于“我们正在研究它”的事。
06:22
How does one look into it?
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如何去研究它们？
06:25
Well, first of all, my students and I
have to capture a lot of spiders.
have to capture a lot of spiders.
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首先，我和学生们需要捕获大量的蜘蛛。
06:30
So how do we do that?
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那么如何捕获呢？
06:31
Well, you'd be surprised.
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你一定会感到惊讶。
06:33
Once one starts to look,
one finds a lot of spiders.
one finds a lot of spiders.
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一旦你开始寻找，你就会发现蜘蛛无处不在。
06:38
They actually live everywhere around us.
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它们其实就生活在我们周围的每个角落。
不到几个小时，
06:40
Within a couple of hours,
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06:41
we are capable of catching maybe
two, three, four hundred spiders,
two, three, four hundred spiders,
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我们抓到的蜘蛛数量
可能就有200-400个，
可能就有200-400个，
06:46
and we bring them back to my laboratory,
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我们把它们带回实验室，
06:48
and we house each of them
in its own individual home.
in its own individual home.
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然后分开安置在不同的地方，
06:52
And we give each of them a little meal.
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还会给它们一点食物。
06:55
So now I know what you're thinking:
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现在我知道你们在想什么了：
06:57
"This guy's nuts.
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“这家伙疯了。
他的研究室里有蜘蛛旅馆。”
06:58
He has a spider B&B at work ..."
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07:00
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
07:02
No, no it's not exactly that,
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不，这个不够准确，
07:04
and it's not the kind of venture
I would advise you to start.
I would advise you to start.
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并且我也不建议你们开始这种冒险。
07:09
No, once we're done with that,
we wait a few days,
we wait a few days,
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一旦完成这些步骤，我们会静候几天，
07:12
and then, we anesthetize those spiders.
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然后对那些蜘蛛进行麻醉。
07:15
Once they're asleep, we run a tiny
little electric current through their body
little electric current through their body
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一旦它们睡着了，我们会让
微小的电流通过它们的身体，
微小的电流通过它们的身体，
07:20
and that contracts their venom glads.
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使电流接触到它们的毒液。
07:22
Then, under a microscope, we can see
a tiny little droplet of venom appearing.
a tiny little droplet of venom appearing.
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然后，在显微镜下面，
我们可以看到一小滴毒液出现了。
我们可以看到一小滴毒液出现了。
07:27
So we take a hair-thin
glass tube, a capillary,
glass tube, a capillary,
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我们用一个很薄的玻璃管，毛细管，
07:30
and we collect that tiny droplet.
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来收集这些小液滴。
07:33
Then, we take the spider
and we put it back into its home,
and we put it back into its home,
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然后，我们把蜘蛛放回它的家中，
07:36
and we start again with another one.
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再开始研究下一只蜘蛛。
07:38
Because spiders are completely
unharmed during the process,
unharmed during the process,
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因为蜘蛛在这个过程中完全不会受伤，
07:43
it means that a few days later,
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这意味着几天后，
07:44
once they've produced a little bit
of venom again and they've recovered,
of venom again and they've recovered,
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一旦它们又产生了一点毒液，
并且恢复了生存能力，
并且恢复了生存能力，
我们就可以把它们放回野外。
07:48
we can release them back into the wild.
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07:50
It takes literally hundreds of spiders
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实际上，我们需要数百只蜘蛛
07:53
to just produce the equivalent
of one raindrop of venom.
of one raindrop of venom.
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才能产生足量的一滴毒液。
07:58
So that drop is incredibly precious to us.
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所以那一滴对我们来说非常珍贵。
08:02
And once we have it, we freeze it,
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收集好之后，我们会把它冷冻起来，
08:04
and we then pass it in a machine
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然后我们放到机器里
08:05
that will separate and purify every
chemical compound that is in that venom.
chemical compound that is in that venom.
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分离并提纯毒素中的每一种物质。
08:11
We're speaking about tiny amounts.
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我们谈及的化学物质都是微量的，
08:13
We're actually speaking about a tenth
of a millionth of a liter of compound,
of a millionth of a liter of compound,
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只有一升化学物质的千万分之一，
08:18
but we can dilute that compound
several thousand times
several thousand times
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但是我们可以把这个物质用和它等量的水
08:21
in its own volume of water
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稀释几千次，
08:23
and then test it against
a whole range of nasty stuff,
a whole range of nasty stuff,
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然后在一系列令人厌恶的东西上进行测试，
08:26
like cancer cells or bacteria.
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比如癌细胞或细菌。
08:30
And this is when the very exciting
part of my job starts,
part of my job starts,
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这是我工作中最令人激动的部分，
08:35
because this is pure scientific gambling.
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因为这全是有关科学的博弈。
08:38
It's kind of "Las Vegas, baby," for me.
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对我来说，这有点像
“拉斯维加斯，我来了”的呼唤。
“拉斯维加斯，我来了”的呼唤。
（笑声）
08:42
(Laughter)
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我们花了如此多的时间，如此多的资源，
08:43
We spend so many hours, so much resources,
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08:47
so much time trying to get
those compounds ready,
those compounds ready,
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如此多的尝试，来取得这些化学物质，
08:50
and then we test them.
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然后测试它们。
08:52
And most of the time, nothing happens.
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绝大部分时间，什么都不会发生。
08:55
Nothing at all.
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什么都没有。
08:57
But once in a while --
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但是偶尔，
08:58
just once in a while,
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只是偶尔，
我们得到了有绝对惊人效果的独特化学物质。
09:00
we get that particular compound
that has absolutely amazing effects.
that has absolutely amazing effects.
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这就好比中了大奖。
09:04
That's the jackpot.
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09:06
And when I'm saying that, actually,
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当我这么说的时候，其实，
09:08
I should take out something
else from my pocket --
else from my pocket --
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我应该从我口袋里掏点东西，
09:10
be afraid, be very afraid.
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你们要怕了，要怕了。
09:12
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
09:13
Now, in that little tube,
I have, actually, a very common spider.
I have, actually, a very common spider.
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在这个小管里，有一种非常常见的蜘蛛。
09:17
The kind of spider
that you could find in your shed,
that you could find in your shed,
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你可以在你的小屋里找到这种蜘蛛，
09:20
that you could find in your basement
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还有你的地下室，
09:22
or that you could find in your sewer pipe,
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下水道，
09:25
understand: in your toilet.
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当然：还有你的厕所。
09:28
Now, that little spider happens to produce
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这个小蜘蛛恰巧能产生
09:31
amazingly powerful
antimicrobial compounds.
antimicrobial compounds.
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令人惊讶的强大抗菌化合物。
09:35
It is even capable of killing
those drug-resistant bacteria
those drug-resistant bacteria
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它甚至能够杀死那些
给我们造成了很多麻烦，
给我们造成了很多麻烦，
09:40
that are giving us so much trouble,
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天天上媒体头条的
09:42
that are often making media headlines.
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抗药性细菌。
09:45
Now, honestly, if I was living
in your sewer pipe,
in your sewer pipe,
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说实话，如果我住在你的下水道，
09:47
I'd produce antibiotics, too.
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我也会产生抗生素。
09:49
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
09:51
But that little spider,
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但这只小小的蜘蛛，
09:54
may actually hold the answer
to a very, very serious concern we have.
to a very, very serious concern we have.
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也许可以解决我们面临的
一个非常非常严肃的问题。
一个非常非常严肃的问题。
09:59
You see, around the world,
every single day,
every single day,
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在全球范围内，每天都有
10:02
about 1,700 people die because of
antimicrobial-resistant infections.
antimicrobial-resistant infections.
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大约1700人死于耐抗生素细菌感染。
10:08
Multiply that by 365,
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这个数字乘上365，
10:11
and you're reaching the staggering number
of 700,000 people dead every single year
of 700,000 people dead every single year
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就会得到每年致死70万人的可怕数字，
10:17
because antibiotics that were efficient
30, 20 or 10 years ago
30, 20 or 10 years ago
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因为近几十年前，甚至是
十年前还十分有效的抗生素，
十年前还十分有效的抗生素，
10:23
are not capable of killing
very common bugs.
very common bugs.
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已经无法杀死如今很常见的细菌。
10:26
The reality is that the world
is running out of antibiotics,
is running out of antibiotics,
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现实是，全世界的抗生素种类已穷尽，
10:30
and the pharmaceutical industry
does not have any answer,
does not have any answer,
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医药行业还没有找到任何对策，
10:34
actually, any weapon
to address that concern.
to address that concern.
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任何有效的手段去解决这个问题。
10:38
You see, 30 years ago,
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30年前，
10:40
you could consider that 10 to 15
new kinds of antibiotics
new kinds of antibiotics
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每隔几年就有
10:44
would hit the market
every couple of years.
every couple of years.
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10-15种抗生素进入市场。
10:46
Do you know how many of them
hit the market in the past five years?
hit the market in the past five years?
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你知道在过去5年这个数字是多少吗？
10:50
Two.
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2种。
10:51
The reality is
that if we continue this way,
that if we continue this way,
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如果我们继续这样下去，
10:55
we are a few decades away
from being completely helpless
from being completely helpless
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在几十年的时间里，我们面对感染问题
10:59
in front of infections,
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将变得黔驴技穷，
11:01
just like we were before the discovery
of penicillin 90 years ago.
of penicillin 90 years ago.
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就像90年前青霉素诞生之前那样。
11:05
So you see, the reality
is that we are at war
is that we are at war
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很明显，我们正在与
11:08
against an invisible enemy
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看不见的敌人做斗争，
11:10
that adapts and evolves
a lot quicker than we do.
a lot quicker than we do.
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这个敌人适应环境和进化的
速度远胜于我们。
速度远胜于我们。
11:14
And in that war,
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在这场战争中，
11:16
this little spider might be
one of our greatest secret weapons.
one of our greatest secret weapons.
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这只小蜘蛛可能是我们最大的秘密武器。
11:21
Just a half a millionth
of a liter of a venom,
of a liter of a venom,
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即使是一升毒液的50万分之一，
11:25
diluted 10,000 times,
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再稀释1万倍，
11:28
is still capable of killing most bacteria
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仍然能够杀死大部分
11:34
that are resistant
to any other kind of antibiotics.
to any other kind of antibiotics.
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对其他任何抗生素都有耐药性的细菌。
11:38
It's absolutely amazing.
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这绝对是惊人的。
11:39
Every time I repeat
this experiment, I just wonder:
this experiment, I just wonder:
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每次重复这个实验，我总会感到疑惑：
11:43
How is that possible?
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这怎么可能？
11:45
How many other possibilities and secrets
do the siblings actually have?
do the siblings actually have?
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这类物种到底有多少其他的可能和秘密？
11:51
What kind of wonderful product
can we really find, if we care to look?
can we really find, if we care to look?
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如果我们仔细研究，
都会开发出哪些强大的产品？
都会开发出哪些强大的产品？
11:57
So when people ask me, "Are bugs
really the future of therapeutic drugs?"
really the future of therapeutic drugs?"
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所以当人们问我，
“虫子真是治疗药物的未来吗？”
“虫子真是治疗药物的未来吗？”
12:01
my answer is, "Well, I really believe
that they do hold some key answers."
that they do hold some key answers."
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我的答案是：“我真的相信
它们掌握着关键答案。”
它们掌握着关键答案。”
12:08
And we need to really give ourselves
the means to investigate them.
the means to investigate them.
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我们需要自己寻找方法去研究它们。
12:12
So when you head back home later tonight,
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所以，你们今晚回到家之后，
12:15
and you see that spider
in the corner of your room ...
in the corner of your room ...
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看到房间角落里的蜘蛛，
12:18
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
12:19
don't squash it.
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不要拍死它。
12:20
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
12:22
Just look at it, admire it
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去看看它，欣赏它，
并记住它是一种非常神奇的生物，
12:25
and remember that it is
an absolutely fantastic creature,
an absolutely fantastic creature,
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12:29
a pure product of evolution,
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进化过程的纯粹产物，
12:31
and that maybe that very spider,
one day, will hold the answer,
one day, will hold the answer,
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也许有一天，蜘蛛身上所携带的答案，
12:36
will hold the key
to your very own survival.
to your very own survival.
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就是你们每个人存活下去的关键。
12:40
You see, she's not so insignificant
anymore now, is she?
anymore now, is she?
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你瞧，她现在已经不是
那么微不足道了，是吧？
那么微不足道了，是吧？
12:43
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
12:44
Thank you.
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谢谢。
12:45
(Applause)
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（鼓掌）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Michel Dugon - Zoologist, venom researcherMichel Dugon researches the potential of spider venom as a source of novel therapeutic agents.
Why you should listen
Michel Dugon runs the Venom Systems and Proteomics Lab and teaches zoology at the National University of Ireland Galway. His research focuses on the evolution of venom systems and on the potential of arthropod venom as a source of novel therapeutic agents. After a six-year stint chasing venomous creatures in the jungles of South East Asia, Dugon published extensively on the evolution of venom systems while pursuing a PhD in Evolutionary Developmental Biology. He was awarded the 2015 Irish National Teaching Award in Higher Education and the 2017 Ryan Award for Innovation. Dugon is currently working on developing the VIDAA network (Venom Investigations for the Development of Antimicrobial Agents) in collaboration with Irish, French and Belgian researchers.
As the founder and director of the science outreach Eco Explorers, Dugon dedicates a sizable amount of his time to promoting ecological awareness in the media and in schools throughout Ireland. Dr Dugon's work has been featured on national and international networks, including RTE, the BBC, Euronews and SKY.
Michel Dugon | Speaker | TED.com