TEDxMidAtlantic
Judith Heumann: Our fight for disability rights -- and why we're not done yet
朱迪思·休曼: 我们为争取残疾人权利的斗争 —— 以及为什么我们仍需努力
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四十年前，朱迪思·休曼（Judith Heumann）帮助领导了一项名为“504条款”的开创性抗议活动，其中残疾人权利活动家占据了联邦大楼近一个月，要求政府为包括行动不便之人在内的所有群体，提供更多的公共便利设施。在这次个人的，鼓舞人心的演讲中，休曼讲述了这些抗议背后的故事 —— 并提醒我们，40年过去了，我们需要做的还有许多。
Judith Heumann - Disability rights activist
Judith Heumann is a lifelong advocate for the rights of disabled people. Full bio
Judith Heumann is a lifelong advocate for the rights of disabled people. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
I was born in 1947, a long time ago,
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我出生于1947年，
那是很久以前了，
那是很久以前了，
00:17
and when I was 18 months old, I had polio.
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在18个月大的时候，
我得了小儿麻痹症。
我得了小儿麻痹症。
00:21
I was in an iron lung for three months
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我在一个铁肺（一种呼吸器）
里待了三个月，
里待了三个月，
00:24
and in and out of the hospital
for three years.
for three years.
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在医院里进进出出了三年。
00:27
Now, we had lots of neighbors
in our Brooklyn neighborhood,
in our Brooklyn neighborhood,
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我们在布鲁克林区有很多邻居，
00:31
and some of them were really
very helpful for my parents.
very helpful for my parents.
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其中的一些帮了我父母很多忙。
00:35
Some of them were really
afraid of contagion,
afraid of contagion,
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但是有些却十分害怕被传染，
00:39
and they wouldn't even walk
in front of our house.
in front of our house.
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他们甚至都不愿意走到我们的房前，
00:42
They would literally
walk across the street.
walk across the street.
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（为了避免碰到我）
宁可绕路到另一条街。
宁可绕路到另一条街。
00:45
I think this was a time
when my family really began to realize
when my family really began to realize
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我觉得 ，正是这段经历
使我的家人开始认识到
使我的家人开始认识到
00:50
what disability meant to some people:
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残疾对一些人意味着什么：
00:53
fear.
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恐惧。
00:55
And it wasn't even a sure thing
that I would live at home,
that I would live at home,
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我甚至都不能
确保一直住在家里，
确保一直住在家里，
00:59
although I didn't learn about this
until I was 36 years old.
until I was 36 years old.
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尽管我到36岁
才听说了这段往事。
才听说了这段往事。
01:02
I was having a discussion
with my father one night,
with my father one night,
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有天晚上，我在跟父亲聊天，
01:05
and he said, "You know,
when you were two years old,
when you were two years old,
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他说：你知道吗，你两岁的时候，
有一个医生建议你的母亲和我
01:08
one of the doctors
suggested to your mom and I
suggested to your mom and I
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01:11
that you live in an institution,
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让你住在一个公共机构里，
01:14
that they could just
go ahead with their lives
go ahead with their lives
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这样他们（我的父母）
就可以继续他们的生活，
就可以继续他们的生活，
抚养其他的子女，
01:17
and raise their kids
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并且不用再处理
与残疾相关的事请。
与残疾相关的事请。
01:18
and kind of be done with having to deal
with all the disability-related things.
with all the disability-related things.
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01:23
I didn't believe my father,
not because he was a liar,
not because he was a liar,
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我当时不相信我的父亲，
并不是因为他是个会说谎的人，
并不是因为他是个会说谎的人，
01:27
but I'd never heard this story,
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而是我从来没听过这个故事，
01:29
and my mother in fact validated that.
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然后我母亲证实了这件事。
01:32
She never wanted to tell me.
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她从来都没有想过要告诉我。
01:34
But in reality, I don't know why
I was really surprised by this story,
I was really surprised by this story,
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但实际上，我不明白为什么
我对这件事感到非常惊讶，
我对这件事感到非常惊讶，
01:38
because when I was five years old,
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因为在我五岁的时候，
01:41
and my mother, like mothers and fathers
all across the United States,
all across the United States,
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我的母亲，跟美国所有的父母一样，
01:45
was taking me to school to enroll,
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要带我去学校办理入学手续，
01:48
she pushed my wheelchair to the school
in walking distance to our house,
in walking distance to our house,
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她推着轮椅上的我
到离我家步行距离的学校，
到离我家步行距离的学校，
01:53
pulled the wheelchair
up the steps into the school,
up the steps into the school,
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把轮椅抬上台阶，进入学校，
01:56
and we were greeted by the principal.
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然后我们受到了校长的迎接。
01:58
Not really greeted.
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其实不能算是迎接。
02:00
But the principal said,
no, I couldn't come to that school
no, I couldn't come to that school
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校长表示了歉意，
说我不能来这儿上学，
说我不能来这儿上学，
02:04
because it wasn't accessible.
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因为这里不方便轮椅进出。
02:07
But he told us not to worry,
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但是他告诉我们不要着急，
02:10
because the Board of Education in fact
would send a teacher to my house.
would send a teacher to my house.
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因为教育局将派一名老师到我家。
02:15
And they did
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他们真的这样做了，
02:17
for a total of two and a half hours
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只不过总共是两个半小时，
02:20
a week.
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每周。
02:22
(Audience murmurs)
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（观众低语）
02:23
But for good behavior,
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同时为了表达善意，
02:25
they threw in an occupational therapist
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他们派来了一个职业治疗师
02:28
who taught me that very essential skill
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他教了我非常必要的技能—
02:31
of cross-stitching.
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十字绣。
02:33
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
02:34
I don't cross-stitch today.
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现在我可不做十字绣。
02:35
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
02:38
I didn't actually get to go to school
in a real building
in a real building
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九岁之前我都没有去过
02:42
until I was nine years old,
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一个真正意义上的学校，
02:44
and then I was in classes
only with disabled children
only with disabled children
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之后我也被分在
只有残疾孩子的班里，
只有残疾孩子的班里，
02:47
in a school that had
mainly nondisabled children.
mainly nondisabled children.
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尽管这个学校的大部分学生
都是健全的孩子。
都是健全的孩子。
02:50
And in my classes,
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在我的班里，
02:52
there were students up to the age of 21.
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有些学生都已经21岁了。
02:56
And then, after 21,
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超过21岁之后，
02:58
they went to something
called sheltered workshops
called sheltered workshops
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就会去一些叫做
“庇护工场”的地方。
“庇护工场”的地方。
03:02
with menial work
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做一些卑微的工作。
03:03
and earning either nothing
or below minimum wage.
or below minimum wage.
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要么没有工资，就算有，
也低于最低工资标准。
也低于最低工资标准。
03:07
So I understood discrimination.
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于是我懂得了什么是歧视。
03:10
My parents understood discrimination.
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我的父母也懂得。
03:13
My parents came from Germany.
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我的父母来自德国。
03:16
They were German Jews
who left in the 1930s,
who left in the 1930s,
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他们是30年代
离开德国的犹太人，
离开德国的犹太人，
为了逃离那场大屠杀。
03:19
escaping the Holocaust.
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03:21
My parents lost family
and they lost parents.
and they lost parents.
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我的父母失去了他们的家庭，
03:25
Both my parents lost
their parents in the Holocaust.
their parents in the Holocaust.
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在大屠杀中都失去了各自的父母。
所以他们明白
03:29
And so they realized
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03:31
that they could not be silent
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他们不能保持沉默，
因为发生在我身上的事太不公正。
03:33
as things were going wrong
for me in my life.
for me in my life.
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03:36
Not me personally,
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不仅仅是我个人，
03:38
but what was going on around me.
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而且是发生在我周围的人与事。
03:40
They learned that because
I used a wheelchair,
I used a wheelchair,
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他们深知这些不公正
是因为我使用轮椅，
是因为我使用轮椅，
03:44
none of the high schools
in New York City, in the entire city,
in New York City, in the entire city,
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在整个纽约市的所有高中里，
03:47
were wheelchair accessible,
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没有一所是轮椅能推进的，
03:49
so what was supposed to happen
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所以当时最有可能的情况
03:52
is I was supposed to go
back onto home instruction
back onto home instruction
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是我和其他不能
正常上学的学生一起，
正常上学的学生一起，
03:55
along with many other students.
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接受家庭辅导。
03:58
So my parents banded together
with other parents.
with other parents.
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所以我的父母跟其他父母联合起来。
04:03
They went to the Board of Education
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他们一起去了教育局，
04:05
and they demanded that the Board of Ed
make some of the high schools accessible.
make some of the high schools accessible.
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提出让教育局强制要求
部分高中建设无障碍通道。
部分高中建设无障碍通道。
04:09
And they did.
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教育局做到了。
由此，我和其他许多残障学生一起
04:11
And so I and many others
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04:14
were finally able to go to high school,
a regular high school,
a regular high school,
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终于能上一个普通高中，
04:17
and take regular classes.
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上与所有人一样的课程。
04:20
So what happened next?
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那么接下来又了发生什么呢？
04:23
I was learning more and more
about what discrimination was,
about what discrimination was,
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我渐渐对什么是歧视
有了更深入的认知，
有了更深入的认知，
04:26
and equally important, I was learning
that I needed to become my own advocate.
that I needed to become my own advocate.
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同样重要的是，我渐渐
明白我需要为自己发声。
明白我需要为自己发声。
04:31
I was entering college,
Long Island University,
Long Island University,
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我进入了大学，长岛大学，
04:35
and I had always wanted to be a teacher,
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我一直梦想成为一名教师，
04:37
and so I minored in education
and I took all the appropriate courses,
and I took all the appropriate courses,
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所以我辅修了教育学，
我上完了所有该上的课，
我上完了所有该上的课，
04:43
and then when it was time
for me to go for my license,
for me to go for my license,
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当我准备去考
教师执业资格证时，
教师执业资格证时，
04:47
I had to take a written exam,
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我需要通过一场笔试，
04:49
an oral exam
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一场面试，
04:51
and a medical exam.
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以及一次体检。
04:53
At that time, all three of those exams
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那时，这三场考试
04:56
were given in completely
inaccessible buildings,
inaccessible buildings,
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都是在完全没有无障碍设施的
建筑中进行的，
建筑中进行的，
05:00
so I had friends who carried me
up and down the steps
up and down the steps
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所以我只有找我的朋友帮忙，
在考试期间将我抬上抬下，
05:04
for these exams,
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那会儿我可没有电动轮椅。
05:06
not in a motorized wheelchair.
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（笑声）
05:07
(Laughter)
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05:08
In a manual wheelchair.
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那时还是手动的轮椅。
05:11
But I passed my oral exam.
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最后我成功通过了口试。
05:14
I passed my written exam.
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也通过了笔试。
05:16
My medical exam was something
completely different.
completely different.
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但到了体检这儿，
事情就不那么顺利了。
事情就不那么顺利了。
05:21
One of the first questions
the doctor asked me
the doctor asked me
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为我体检的医生
问我的第一个问题就是，
问我的第一个问题就是，
05:24
was, could I please show her
how I went to the bathroom.
how I went to the bathroom.
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能否展示给她看
我是如何上厕所的。
我是如何上厕所的。
05:31
I was 22 years old
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我那年22岁。
05:33
and you know when you go
for any kind of an interview,
for any kind of an interview,
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你要知道，无论你去怎样的面试之前，
05:36
you think about all the kinds
of questions that people could ask you?
of questions that people could ask you?
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都会去设想各种可能被问到的问题。
（笑声）
05:39
(Laughter)
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但怎么也想不到这样的问题吧！
05:41
That was not one of them.
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05:43
And I was freaked out in the first place
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我当时也懵了，
因为我之前就了解到
05:46
because I had heard
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05:47
that there were actually
no disabled people using wheelchairs
no disabled people using wheelchairs
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到那时为止，纽约还没有一名
05:51
who were teachers in New York,
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身体残疾的老师，
05:53
so each step along the way
I was expecting something bad.
I was expecting something bad.
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所以我对面试中每一步可能会
碰到些麻烦，多少都有些心理准备。
碰到些麻烦，多少都有些心理准备。
05:57
So I said to her,
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所以我问她，
05:59
is it a requirement
that teachers show their students
that teachers show their students
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有没有要求规定
老师需要给学生展示
老师需要给学生展示
06:01
how to go to the bathroom?
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如何去厕所？
06:04
If it is, I can do that.
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如果有这个要求，
我就演示给你看。
我就演示给你看。
06:07
So no surprise,
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不出所料，
我没有被录取，
06:09
I was failed
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因为我的体检结果不合格。
06:11
because I didn't pass the medical.
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06:13
The official reason
that I was denied my job
that I was denied my job
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我被禁止从业的官方解释是：
06:17
was paralysis of poliomyelitis
sequelae of -- I'm sorry.
sequelae of -- I'm sorry.
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小儿麻痹症瘫痪后遗。。。抱歉。
06:24
Paralysis of both lower limbs,
sequelae of poliomyelitis.
sequelae of poliomyelitis.
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双下肢瘫痪，
小儿麻痹症的后遗症。
小儿麻痹症的后遗症。
老实说，我都不知道
“后遗”是什么意思，
“后遗”是什么意思，
06:28
Honestly, I didn't know
what the word "sequelae" meant,
what the word "sequelae" meant,
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所以我去查了字典
字典上的解释是“由于”。
字典上的解释是“由于”。
06:31
so I went to the dictionary,
and it meant "because of."
and it meant "because of."
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也就是说，我仅仅因为不能走路
而无法获得教师资格证。
而无法获得教师资格证。
06:34
So I'd been denied my license
because I couldn't walk.
because I couldn't walk.
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06:38
So what was I going to do?
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那我该做什么呢？
06:41
This is a really important
time in my life,
time in my life,
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这是我一生中的关键时期，
因为这曾是我第一次
06:44
because it would be the first time
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06:46
that I really would be
challenging the system, me,
challenging the system, me,
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真正地要与现有的体制进行抗争，
06:50
and although I was working with a lot
of other friends who had disabilities
of other friends who had disabilities
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尽管当时和我一起的
许多同样身患残疾的朋友们
许多同样身患残疾的朋友们
06:54
who were encouraging me
to move forward with this,
to move forward with this,
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都鼓励并支持着我，
06:57
it was nonetheless quite frightening.
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尽管如此，这还是
很令人胆怯的。
很令人胆怯的。
但我最后运气不错。
06:59
But I was really very lucky.
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07:01
I had a friend who was a disabled student
at Long Island University
at Long Island University
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我的一名身患残疾的朋友，
曾也是长岛大学的学生，
曾也是长岛大学的学生，
07:05
and was also a stringer
at the "New York Times,"
at the "New York Times,"
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他当时是《纽约时报》的兼职记者，
07:08
and he was able to get a reporter
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他帮我找到了一名职业记者，
07:11
to write a really good piece
about what had happened
about what had happened
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写了一篇非常好的
文章来阐述现状，
文章来阐述现状，
以及为什么这样的现状
在他看来是不正确的。
在他看来是不正确的。
07:15
and why he thought
what had happened was wrong.
what had happened was wrong.
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07:18
The next day there was an editorial
in the "New York Times"
in the "New York Times"
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第二天，在纽约时报上
就有了一篇社论，
就有了一篇社论，
07:23
with the title of
"Human v. The Board of Education"
"Human v. The Board of Education"
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标题是《休曼与教育局之争》，
07:26
and the "New York Times"
came out in support
came out in support
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而且当时纽约时报也站出来声援，
07:28
of my getting my teaching license.
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意图帮助我拿到教师执照。
07:30
(Applause)
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（掌声）
在同一天，
07:34
And then the same day,
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07:36
I got a call from an attorney
who was writing a book about civil rights.
who was writing a book about civil rights.
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我接到了一名律师的电话，
他在写一本关于公民权利的的书。
他在写一本关于公民权利的的书。
07:41
And he was calling me to interview me,
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他说他期望能与我进行一次面谈，
07:44
and I was interviewing him.
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但实际上，我当时也在审核他。
07:46
He didn't know that.
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他并不知道这点。
07:47
And at the end of our discussion, I said,
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然后在面谈结束时，我问，
07:50
"Would you be willing to represent me?
I want to sue the Board of Education."
I want to sue the Board of Education."
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你愿意代表我
对教育局提起诉讼吗？
对教育局提起诉讼吗？
07:54
And he said yes.
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他同意了。
07:56
Now, sometimes I say that the stars
were aligned around this court case,
were aligned around this court case,
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有时候我会说，
这场官司赢的真是太幸运了，
这场官司赢的真是太幸运了，
08:01
because we had an amazing judge:
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因为我们当时有一名出色的法官：
08:05
the first African American
female federal judge --
female federal judge --
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她是第一位非裔美籍女法官——
（笑声）
08:10
(Laughter)
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08:12
Constance Baker Motley.
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康斯坦斯·贝克·莫特利。
08:14
(Applause)
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（掌声）
她一眼就看出，
这是赤裸裸的歧视问题。
这是赤裸裸的歧视问题。
08:20
And she knew discrimination
when she saw it.
when she saw it.
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08:24
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
08:27
So she strongly encouraged the Board of Ed
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于是，她强烈建议了教育局
08:31
to give me another medical exam,
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再次为我安排医学体检，
08:34
which they did.
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教育局照做了。
08:36
And then I got my license,
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由此，我获得了教师执照，
又花了几个月的时间，
08:39
and while it took a number of months
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08:41
for me to actually get a principal
to offer me a job,
to offer me a job,
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终于有一名校长决定聘用我了。
08:44
I finally did get a job
and I started teaching that fall
and I started teaching that fall
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我终于得到了一份工作，
从那个秋天开始了我的教师生涯，
从那个秋天开始了我的教师生涯，
08:48
in the same school that I had gone to,
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就在我曾就读的那个学校，
08:51
second grade.
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教二年级。
08:53
So --
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所以——
（掌声）
08:54
(Applause)
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08:58
That's a whole other TED Talk.
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这就是另外一个故事了。
08:59
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
09:01
But I was learning as my friends were,
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我和我的朋友们，
09:05
and people I didn't know
around the country,
around the country,
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以及全球更多我并不认识的
残障人士都从中学到了，
残障人士都从中学到了，
09:08
that we had to be our own advocates,
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我们必须为自己发声，
09:11
that we needed to fight back people's view
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我们必须自己去
反击大众错误的观念，
反击大众错误的观念，
09:15
that if you had a disability,
you needed to be cured,
you needed to be cured,
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去反击人们认为残障人士
就应该呆在医院里接受治疗，
就应该呆在医院里接受治疗，
09:18
that equality was not
part of the equation.
part of the equation.
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去反击人们用双重标准
衡量残障人士。
衡量残障人士。
09:22
And we were learning
from the Civil Rights Movement
from the Civil Rights Movement
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我们从过去的公民权利运动
09:25
and from the Women's Rights Movement.
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和女权运动中学习。
我们学习他们的维权意识，
09:27
We were learning from them
about their activism
about their activism
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09:30
and their ability to come together,
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和他们愿意团结一致的决心，
09:32
not only to discuss problems
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不仅仅要抛出问题，
09:35
but to discuss solutions.
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还要讨论实质的解决方案。
09:37
And what was born is what we call today
the Disability Rights Movement.
the Disability Rights Movement.
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由此就诞生了今天人们所称的
残疾人权利运动。
残疾人权利运动。
09:42
So I'd like to tell you
a couple of riddles.
a couple of riddles.
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我来给你们出几个问答题。
09:46
How many people do you think it takes
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你觉得多少人聚集起来足够
09:50
to stop traffic on Madison Avenue
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在高峰时段
挡住纽约麦迪逊大道上的车流？
09:53
during rush hour in New York City?
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09:56
Do you have a guess? How many?
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想好了吗？
09:58
(Audience members shout out answers)
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（观众席中有人喊出）
10:01
Fifty.
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五十。
10:03
One would be too little.
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1200
一个人太少啦。
10:06
Fifty people.
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五十个人差不多。
反正警察也会拿我们没办法，
因为他们监狱的大巴不能上轮椅，
因为他们监狱的大巴不能上轮椅，
10:07
And there were no accessible paddy wagons,
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10:10
so they had to just kind of deal with us.
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所以他们没辙，只能跟我们谈判。
10:12
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
10:15
(Applause)
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（掌声）
10:17
But let me tell you another riddle.
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再来一个。
10:19
How many people does it take
to stop a bus in New York City
to stop a bus in New York City
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你们觉得当巴士因为
你坐轮椅而拒载你时，
你坐轮椅而拒载你时，
10:24
when they refuse to let you on
because you're in a wheelchair?
because you're in a wheelchair?
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需要多少人可以
阻挡一辆纽约的巴士呢？
阻挡一辆纽约的巴士呢？
10:29
One. That is the right answer.
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只需要一个人，这是正确答案。
10:31
So what you have to do though
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所以，你需要做的
10:34
is take your wheelchair --
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只是把你的轮椅——
10:36
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
10:39
Sidle in the right place
right in front of the steps
right in front of the steps
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滑到恰好挡住车前进的位置，
10:43
and give it a little push underneath,
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631200
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轻轻一推固定住，
10:46
and then their bus can't move.
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巴士便不敢乱动了。
10:48
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
10:52
Any of you who want
to learn how to do that,
to learn how to do that,
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谁要是想知道这些技巧，
等会儿可以到台下找我。
10:55
talk to me after this.
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10:56
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
10:58
In 1972, President Nixon
vetoed the Rehabilitation Act.
vetoed the Rehabilitation Act.
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在1972年，尼克松总统
否决了残疾人劳工复健法案。
否决了残疾人劳工复健法案。
11:05
We protested. He signed it.
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我们抗议了，他随后便签署了。
11:09
Then the regulations that needed
to be promulgated to implement that law
to be promulgated to implement that law
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不过当时为落实
该法律相关必要的规章
该法律相关必要的规章
11:14
had not in fact been signed.
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其实并没有被签署。
11:16
We demonstrated. They were signed.
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我们再次游行示威，他们再次签署了。
11:19
And when the Americans
With Disabilities Act, the ADA,
With Disabilities Act, the ADA,
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后来，美国残疾人法案，
也就是ADA，
也就是ADA，
11:23
our Emancipation Proclamation Act,
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如同我们残疾人的解放宣言，
11:26
looked as though it might not
in fact be passed in the House or Senate,
in fact be passed in the House or Senate,
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看起来好像并没有
在众议院或参议院通过，
在众议院或参议院通过，
11:32
disabled people from all across
the United States came together
the United States came together
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全美的残障人士都汇聚起来了，
11:36
and they crawled up the Capitol steps.
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他们爬上国会大厦的台阶。
11:41
That was an amazing day,
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那真的是非凡的一天，
11:44
and the House and Senate passed the ADA.
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随后众议院和参议院通过了ADA。
11:48
And then President Bush signed the ADA.
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5456
当时的总统老布什
也签署通过了ADA。
也签署通过了ADA。
11:54
It's a great picture.
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这真是一张难忘的照片。
11:55
President Bush signed the ADA
on the lawn of the White House.
on the lawn of the White House.
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布什总统在白宫的
草坪上签署了ADA。
草坪上签署了ADA。
11:59
It was an amazing day,
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1976
这是无比伦比的一天，
12:01
and there are about 2,000 people there.
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当时有大概两千多人守候在那里，
12:05
It was July 26, 1990.
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那是1990年7月26日。
12:09
And one of the most famous
statements he had in his speech
statements he had in his speech
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他在当天的演讲中
说过的最著名的一句话是：
说过的最著名的一句话是：
12:13
was, "Let the shameful walls
of exclusion finally come tumbling down."
of exclusion finally come tumbling down."
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“让可耻的排斥之墙最终崩塌。”
12:20
For any of you in the room
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在座的各位，
12:22
who are 50 or older,
or maybe or even 40 or older,
or maybe or even 40 or older,
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730080
3536
如果您在五十岁，
或许四十岁以上，
或许四十岁以上，
12:25
you remember a time when
there were no ramps on the streets,
there were no ramps on the streets,
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你应该能回想起来，以前的
街道上是没有无障碍坡道的，
街道上是没有无障碍坡道的，
12:28
when buses were not accessible,
238
736840
2056
以前的巴士是
没有无障碍设施的，
没有无障碍设施的，
12:30
when trains were not accessible,
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738920
1976
以前的地铁也是
没有无障碍设施的，
没有无障碍设施的，
12:32
where there were no wheelchair-accessible
bathrooms in shopping malls,
bathrooms in shopping malls,
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以前的商场里是
没有残疾人厕所的，
没有残疾人厕所的，
12:36
where you certainly did not have
a sign language interpreter,
a sign language interpreter,
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3136
当然，那时也没有人
提供手语翻译，
提供手语翻译，
12:39
or captioning, or braille
or other kinds of supports.
or other kinds of supports.
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4176
影音字幕，盲文，种种对
残疾人的支持当时都没有。
残疾人的支持当时都没有。
12:44
These things have changed,
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1936
现如今，这一切都改变了，
12:46
and they have inspired the world.
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而且这些改变影响了整个世界。
12:48
And disabled people around the world
want laws like we have,
want laws like we have,
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4816
全世界的残障人士都
希望拥有我们一样的法律，
希望拥有我们一样的法律，
12:53
and they want those laws enforced.
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他们希望这些
法律能被强制执行。
法律能被强制执行。
12:56
And so what we've seen is something called
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所以我们进而拥有了
12:59
the Convention on the Rights
of Persons with Disabilities.
of Persons with Disabilities.
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《残疾人权利公约》。
13:03
It is a treaty that was adopted in 2006.
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这是一项于2006年通过的公约。
13:07
It's celebrating is 10-year anniversary.
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3976
正在庆祝它的10周年。
13:11
More than 165 countries
have joined this treaty.
have joined this treaty.
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4440
超过165个国家加入了这项公约。
13:16
It is the first international
human rights treaty
human rights treaty
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这是第一个国际性的，
专为残疾人而打造的
专为残疾人而打造的
13:20
fully focused on disabled people.
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2560
人权公约。
13:23
But I am sad to say that our US Senate
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但很遗憾，我们的美国参议院
13:27
has failed to recommend to our president
that we ratify the treaty.
that we ratify the treaty.
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5256
没有及时向我们的总统
建议批准该公约。
建议批准该公约。
13:32
We signed it in 2009,
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我们2009年就在国际上签署了，
13:35
but it doesn't come
into force until ratification,
into force until ratification,
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但（公约）不能被实际实施，
除非我们在国内正式批准，
除非我们在国内正式批准，
13:40
and the president --
no president can ratify a treaty
no president can ratify a treaty
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就算是总统，
在没有参议院的批准下，
在没有参议院的批准下，
13:43
without the consent of the Senate.
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2560
也不能正式将公约批准实施。
13:46
So we feel really strongly
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所以我们深深感到
13:50
that our US Senate needs to do its job,
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3536
我们的参议院应该做好份内工作，
13:53
that our Senate needs
to enable us as Americans
to enable us as Americans
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让我们美国人有能力
13:57
not only to be able to assist disabled
people and governments around the world
people and governments around the world
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不仅仅去帮助残障人士，
帮助世界上的其他政府
帮助世界上的其他政府
14:02
to learn about the good work
that we've been doing,
that we've been doing,
264
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3856
了解和学习我们签署的法案，
14:06
but it's equally important
265
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2016
而且同样重要的是
14:08
that disabled people
have the same opportunities
have the same opportunities
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残障人士能有和
国内的其他普通人一样
国内的其他普通人一样
14:12
to travel, study and work abroad
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拥有出国旅游、留学和
14:16
as anyone else in our country.
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2376
在海外工作的机会。
14:18
And as long as many countries
don't have the same laws as we do
don't have the same laws as we do
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4136
只要世界上还有很多国家没有
像我们一样保护残疾人的法律，
像我们一样保护残疾人的法律，
14:22
and don't enforce them if they have them,
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或者他们有法律却不被强制执行，
14:25
opportunities for disabled people
are more limited.
are more limited.
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残障人士的机会就依然有限。
14:29
When I travel abroad,
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1936
每当我有机会出国时，
14:31
I am always meeting with disabled women,
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我总是会去见见
身残志坚的女性们，
身残志坚的女性们，
14:34
and those women tell me stories
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听听她们的故事，
14:37
about how they experience
violence and rape
violence and rape
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4336
听她们讲述她们如何
熬过暴力和强奸，
熬过暴力和强奸，
14:41
and how in many cases
these forms of violence
these forms of violence
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而且为什么这些各种形式的暴力
14:45
occur from family members
and people that they know,
and people that they know,
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5496
往往由家庭成员或者
她们所熟知的人实施，
她们所熟知的人实施，
14:50
who in fact may be working for them.
278
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2576
甚至可能是她们的下属。
14:53
And frequently these cases
are not adjudicated.
are not adjudicated.
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3416
然而经常性的，
这些事件并没有被立案。
这些事件并没有被立案。
14:56
I meet disabled people
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1976
我遇到有过残障人士
14:58
who have been offered jobs by businesses
281
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4656
得到了一份工作，
15:03
because they live in a country
where there's a quota system,
where there's a quota system,
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仅仅因为他们所居住的
国家有一个配额要求，
国家有一个配额要求，
15:06
and in order to avoid a fine,
283
894800
2536
公司为了避免被罚款，
15:09
they will hire you
284
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2256
才雇佣了残障人士，
15:11
and then tell you,
285
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然后他们告诉你，
15:12
"You don't need to come to work
286
900920
1856
“你不用来上班，
15:14
because we really don't need you
in the facility."
in the facility."
287
902800
3160
因为我们这边真的不需要你“。
15:18
I have visited institutions
288
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2576
我去过的一些（美国的福利）机构，
15:21
where the stench of urine is so strong
289
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建筑内的骚臭味强烈到
15:25
that before you open
the door of your vehicle,
the door of your vehicle,
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你还没有推开车门，
就有点被熏倒的感觉，
15:28
you're kind of pushed back,
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15:30
and then gone into those institutions
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在这种公共机构里，
15:33
where people should be living
in the community with appropriate supports
in the community with appropriate supports
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本应该是给予人们
支持和帮助的社区，
支持和帮助的社区，
15:38
and seen people almost naked,
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里面的人们大都衣不遮体，
15:41
people who are chemically drugged
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还有正在嗑药的人，
15:43
and people who are living
lives of despair.
lives of despair.
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还有很多生活在绝望中的人们。
这些都是本不应该发生的事情，
美国需要采取更多措施解决这些问题。
美国需要采取更多措施解决这些问题。
15:47
These are some of the things that the US
needs to be doing more to correct.
needs to be doing more to correct.
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15:53
We know discrimination when we see it,
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我们都看得出什么是歧视，
15:56
and we need to be fighting it together.
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我们需要一起为此斗争下去。
15:59
So what is it that we can
be doing together?
be doing together?
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那么，什么能够让我们团结起来？
16:03
I encourage you all to recognize
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我希望你们认识到，
16:06
that disability is a family
you can join at any point in your life.
you can join at any point in your life.
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任何人，在人生的任何时刻，
都有可能变成残障人群中的一员。
都有可能变成残障人群中的一员。
16:12
I'd like to see by a show of hands
how many of you have ever broken a bone?
how many of you have ever broken a bone?
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有多少人曾经经历过骨折的，
能举手给我看一下吗？
能举手给我看一下吗？
16:18
And then, when you leave today, I'd like
you to maybe write a couple of sentences
you to maybe write a couple of sentences
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好，今天结束之后，
我想让你们就用几句话
我想让你们就用几句话
16:23
about what that period of time
has been like for you,
has been like for you,
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描述一下那段时间
你的生活是怎样的，
你的生活是怎样的，
16:27
because frequently I hear from people,
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因为我经常听到人们说，
16:30
"You know, I couldn't do this,
I couldn't do that.
I couldn't do that.
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“我不能做这个了，
我不能做那个了，
我不能做那个了，
16:33
People talked to me differently.
They acted differently towards me."
They acted differently towards me."
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大家跟我说话的方式变了，
大家对我的行为也都变了。”
大家对我的行为也都变了。”
16:37
And that's what I see
and other disabled people see
and other disabled people see
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这些问题，让我和其他残障人士
16:41
in flashing letters.
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都印象深刻。
16:43
But we -- you in this room,
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但我们，在座的你们，
16:46
people listening
and watching this TED Talk --
and watching this TED Talk --
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在聆听和观看这场
TED 演讲的人们——
TED 演讲的人们——
16:49
together we can make a difference.
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我们携起手来，就能做出改变，
16:52
Together we can speak up for justice.
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我们团结一致，就能伸张正义，
16:56
Together we can help change the world.
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我们风雨同舟，就能改变世界！
16:59
Thank you. I have to go catch my bus.
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谢谢你们，我得去赶巴士了。
17:02
(Applause)
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（掌声）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Judith Heumann - Disability rights activistJudith Heumann is a lifelong advocate for the rights of disabled people.
Why you should listen
Judith (Judy) Heumann contracted polio in 1949 in Brooklyn, NY and began to experience discrimination at five years old when she was denied the right to attend school because she was a "fire hazard." Her parents played a strong role in fighting for her rights as a child. Heumann determined that she, working in collaboration with other disabled people, had to play an increasing advocacy role as she and others experienced continuous discrimination because of their disabilities. She is now an internationally recognized leader in the disability rights community and a lifelong civil rights advocate. As a Senior Fellow at the Ford Foundation, she is currently working to help advance the inclusion of disability in the Foundation’s work and is leading a project to advance the inclusion of disabled people in the media.
President Obama appointed Heumann as the first Special Advisor for International Disability Rights at the US Department of State, where she served from 2010-2017. Prior to this position, she served as the Director for the Department on Disability Services for the District of Columbia, where she was responsible for the Developmental Disability Administration and the Rehabilitation Services Administration.
From June 2002- 2006, Heumann served as the World Bank's first Adviser on Disability and Development. In this position, she led the World Bank's disability work to expand the Bank’s knowledge and capability to work with governments and civil society on including disability in the global conversation. From 1993 to 2001, Heumann served in the Clinton Administration as the Assistant Secretary for the Office of Special Education and Rehabilitative Services in the Department of Education. She was also responsible for the implementation of legislation at the national level for programs in special education, disability research, vocational rehabilitation and independent living, serving more than 8 million youth and adults with disabilities.
Heumann graduated from Long Island University in Brooklyn, NY in 1969 and received her Master’s in Public Health from the University of California at Berkeley in 1975. Her goal in life is to continue to advance the rights and empowerment of ALL disabled people around the world. She is also currently building an online presence through The Heumann Perspective which can found on Facebook, YouTube and Twitter.
Judith Heumann | Speaker | TED.com