TEDWomen 2010
Tyrone Hayes + Penelope Jagessar Chaffer: The toxic baby
Tyrone Hayes + Penelope Jagessar Chaffer: 中毒的宝宝？
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电影制作人 Penelope Jagessar Chaffer对她在怀孕期间面临的化学制品很好奇。它们会不会影响她未出生的宝宝？她让科学家Tyrone Hayes简要介绍他研究很深的课题：阿特拉津，一种用于玉米上的除虫剂。（Hayes是一位两栖动物专家，他对阿特拉津持批评态度，因为它对青蛙的发育有明显的影响。在TEDWomen的舞台上，Hayer和Chaffer讲述他们的故事。
Tyrone Hayes - Biologist
Tyrone Hayes studies frogs and amphibians -- and the effects on their bodies of common farming chemicals. Full bioPenelope Jagessar Chaffer - Filmmaker
Penelope Jagessar Chaffer made the film "Toxic Baby," exploring environmental toxins through interviews and surreal imagery. Full bio
Tyrone Hayes studies frogs and amphibians -- and the effects on their bodies of common farming chemicals. Full bioPenelope Jagessar Chaffer - Filmmaker
Penelope Jagessar Chaffer made the film "Toxic Baby," exploring environmental toxins through interviews and surreal imagery. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
Penelope Jagessar Chaffer: I was going to ask if there's a doctor in the house.
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Penelope Jagessar Chaffer:我要问声这里是否有医生。
00:18
No, I'm just joking.
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不问了，开个玩笑。
00:20
It's interesting, because it was six years ago
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很有趣，因为六年前
00:23
when I was pregnant with my first child
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当我怀第一个宝宝的时候
00:25
that I discovered
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我发现
00:27
that the most commonly used preservative
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最常用的防腐剂
00:29
in baby care products
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用于婴儿制品
00:31
mimics estrogen
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进入人体后
00:33
when it gets into the human body.
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酷似雌性激素。
00:35
Now it's very easy actually
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事实上，
00:37
to get a chemical compound from products
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产品中的化学合成物
00:39
into the human body through the skin.
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很容易透过皮肤进入人体。
00:41
And these preservatives had been found
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并且，这些防腐剂
00:43
in breast cancer tumors.
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已经在乳腺癌肿瘤中发现。
00:45
That was the start of my journey
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这就是我开始
00:47
to make this film, "Toxic Baby."
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拍摄《中毒宝宝》的起因。
00:49
And it doesn't take much time
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并且，不用花多少时间
00:51
to discover some really astonishing statistics
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就会发现有关这个问题的令人震惊的
00:53
with this issue.
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统计数字。
00:55
One is that you and I all have
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之一就是你和我
00:58
between 30 to 50,000 chemicals
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体内都带有30至5万种
01:00
in our bodies
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化学制品
01:02
that our grandparents didn't have.
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而我们的祖父母却没有的。
01:04
And many of these chemicals
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其中很多的化学成分
01:06
are now linked to the skyrocketing incidents
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现在联系到
01:09
of chronic childhood disease
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工业化国家中常见的
01:11
that we're seeing across industrialized nations.
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飞速发展的慢性儿童疾病。
01:14
I'll show you some statistics.
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我给大家看些数据。
01:16
So for example, in the United Kingdom,
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举个例子，在英国，
01:18
the incidence of childhood leukemia
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儿童白血病的发病率
01:20
has risen by 20 percent just in a generation.
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在一代人中已提高了20%。
01:23
Very similar statistic for childhood cancer in the U.S.
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在美国，儿童癌症发病率的增长数字也非常相似
01:26
In Canada, we're now looking at one in 10 Canadian children with asthma.
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在加拿大，有十分之一的儿童患有哮喘。
01:30
That's a four-fold increase.
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这是四倍的增长率。
01:33
Again, similar story around the world.
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同样，类似的事情在世界各地发生着。
01:35
In the United States,
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在美国，
01:37
probably the most astonishing statistic
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或许最令人震惊的数据
01:39
is a 600 percent increase
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是自闭症，自闭症障碍
01:41
in autism and autistic spectrum disorders
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和其他学习障碍
01:44
and other learning disabilities.
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600％的发病增长率。
01:46
Again, we're seeing that trend
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同样，我们看到这个趋势
01:48
across Europe, across North America.
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在横扫欧洲和北美。
01:50
And in Europe,
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在欧洲
01:52
there's certain parts of Europe,
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某些地区，
01:54
where we're seeing a four-fold increase
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我们看到有四倍增长的
01:56
in certain genital birth defects.
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一些生殖器先天缺陷案例。
01:59
Interestingly, one of those birth defects
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有趣的是，其中一种的先天缺陷的案例
02:01
has seen a 200 percent increase in the U.S.
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在美国已经增长了200%。
02:04
So a real skyrocketing
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同样正在真正激增的还有
02:06
of chronic childhood disease
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慢性儿童疾病
02:08
that includes other things
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以及其他疾病
02:10
like obesity and juvenile diabetes,
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譬如肥胖，青少年糖尿病，
02:12
premature puberty.
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早熟。
02:14
So it's interesting for me,
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我感到很有趣的是，
02:16
when I'm looking for someone who can really talk to me
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当我寻找一位能够真正和我讨论
02:18
and talk to an audience about these things,
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并且对听众们谈论这些事的人
02:21
that probably one of the most important people in the world
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并且他可能是这世上很重要的一个
02:24
who can discuss toxicity in babies
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能讨论婴儿体内的毒性的人
02:27
is expert in frogs.
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却是个青蛙专家。
02:29
(Laughter)
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（笑）
02:31
Tyrone Hayes: It was a surprise to me as well
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Tyrone Hayes：我也很吃惊
02:34
that I would be talking about pesticides,
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我会谈论杀虫剂，
02:37
that I'd be talking about public health,
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我会谈论公共健康，
02:41
because, in fact, I never thought I would do anything useful.
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因为我从来没想过我会做什么有用的事。
02:44
(Laughter)
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（笑）
02:47
Frogs.
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青蛙。
02:50
In fact, my involvement in the whole pesticide issue
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其实，我也吃惊会渉入
02:53
was sort of a surprise as well
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杀虫剂这个问题。
02:55
when I was approached by the largest chemical company in the world
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当时，世上最大的化学制品公司
02:58
and they asked me if I would evaluate
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来问我，是否能评估
03:00
how atrazine affected amphibians, or my frogs.
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阿特拉津对两栖动物或者说我的青蛙的影响。
03:03
It turns out, atrazine is the largest selling product
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结果呢，原来阿特拉津是
03:06
for the largest chemical company in the world.
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世上最大的化学制品公司的最畅销产品。
03:08
It's the number one contaminant
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它含量最高的杂质
03:10
of groundwater, drinking water, rain water.
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于地下水，饮用水和雨水。
03:13
In 2003, after my studies, it was banned in the European Union,
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在2003年，在我的研究之后，阿特拉津被欧盟禁止了。
03:16
but in that same year,
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但是在同一年，
03:18
the United States EPA re-registered the compound.
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美国环保署重新注册了这个化合物。
03:20
We were a bit surprised when we found out
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我们的发现令我们小吃一惊
03:23
that when we exposed frogs
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当我们把青蛙暴露在
03:25
to very low levels of atrazine -- 0.1 parts per billion --
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很低水平的阿特拉津中时，虽然10亿当中只有0.1部分，
03:28
that it produced animals that look like this.
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创造出了长成这个样子的动物。
03:31
These are the dissected gonads of an animal
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动物的生殖腺解剖显示出
03:33
that has two testes, two ovaries,
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它有两个睾丸，两个卵巢，
03:35
another large testis, more ovaries,
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外加一个大的睾丸，几个卵巢，
03:37
which is not normal ...
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这都不正常。
03:39
(Laughter)
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（笑）
03:41
even for amphibians.
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即使是对两栖动物来说。
03:43
In some cases, another species like the North American Leopard Frog
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另外一些例子里，比如一种叫北美豹蚊蛙的物种
03:46
showed that males exposed to atrazine grew eggs in their testes.
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在暴露于阿特拉津后雄性的睾丸竟然长有卵子。
03:49
And you can see these large, yolked-up eggs
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大家可以看到的这些大个的充满黄的卵子
03:51
bursting through the surface of this male's testes.
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布满雄性睾丸的外表。
03:54
Now my wife tells me, and I'm sure Penelope can as well,
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我太太告诉我，当然Penelope也会说，
03:57
that there's nothing more painful than childbirth --
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没有比生孩子更痛的事。
04:00
which that I'll never experience, I can't really argue that --
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生孩子我永远不可能体验，所以我不会争辩这个。
04:03
but I would guess that a dozen chicken eggs in my testicle
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但我会猜想如果我睾丸里有一打的鸡蛋的话，
04:05
would probably be somewhere in the top five.
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这疼痛可能会排在前五个最疼痛的经历里面。
04:08
(Laughter)
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（笑）
04:10
In recent studies that we've published,
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在我们发表的近期研究，
04:12
we've shown that some of these animals when they're exposed to atrazine,
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我们展示了当一些动物暴露在阿特拉津下的时候，
04:14
some of the males grow up
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一些雄性的成长后
04:16
and completely become females.
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会变成完全的雌性。
04:18
So these are actually two brothers consummating a relationship.
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所以，有些配偶关系实际上是两兄弟的组合。
04:21
And not only do these genetic males mate with other males,
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并不只是这些基因雄性和其他雄性交配，
04:24
they actually have the capacity to lay eggs
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他们实际上还有能力产卵，
04:26
even though they're genetic males.
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尽管他们是基因雄性。
04:29
What we proposed,
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我们所提议的
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and what we've now generated support for,
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我们也得到了支持，
04:33
is that what atrazine is doing
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就是阿特拉津
04:35
is wreaking havoc causing a hormone imbalance.
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严重危害而导致荷尔蒙的不平衡。
04:37
Normally the testes should make testosterone,
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通常睾丸应该产出雄性激素，
04:39
the male hormone.
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就是雄性荷尔蒙。
04:41
But what atrazine does is it turns on an enzyme,
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但是阿特拉津所做的就是它会开启一种酶，
04:44
the machinery if you will, aromatase,
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叫芳香化酶，
04:46
that converts testosterone into estrogen.
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它会把雄性激素转化成雌性激素。
04:48
And as a result, these exposed males
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结果就是，这些被暴露过的雄性
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lose their testosterone, they're chemically castrated,
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就失去了他们的雄性激素，他们是被化学阉制了，
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and they're subsequently feminized
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因为他们不断制造雌性激素，
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because now they're making the female hormone.
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他们就被女性化了。
04:57
Now this is what brought me to the human-related issues.
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现在，这就引到了跟人有关的话题。
05:00
Because it turns out
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事实证明
05:02
that the number one cancer in women, breast cancer,
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女性中最多的癌症-乳腺癌，
05:05
is regulated by estrogen and by this enzyme aromatase.
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就是受控于雌性激素和芳香化酶。
05:08
So when you develop a cancerous cell in your breast,
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当你乳房里有了一个癌细胞，
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aromatase converts androgens into estrogens,
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芳香化酶就把雄性激素转化成雌性激素，
05:14
and that estrogen turns on or promotes
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而那个雌性激素又启动或促进
05:16
the growth of that cancer
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癌症的成长，
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so that it turns into a tumor and spreads.
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因此它就形成肿块并扩散。
05:21
In fact, this aromatase is so important in breast cancer
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实际上，芳香化酶在乳腺癌上起很关键的作用。
05:24
that the latest treatment for breast cancer
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最新的乳腺癌的治疗法，
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is a chemical called letrozole,
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就是用一种叫来曲唑的化学制品，
05:29
which blocks aromatase, blocks estrogen,
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来阻止芳香化酶，阻止雌激素，
05:31
so that if you developed a mutated cell, it doesn't grow into a tumor.
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所以如果你产生了变异的细胞，它不会长成肿瘤。
05:34
Now what's interesting is, of course,
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现在，有趣的是，
05:36
that we're still using 80 million pounds of atrazine,
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我们仍然在用八千万镑的阿特拉津，
05:39
the number one contaminant in drinking water, that does the opposite --
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饮用水中第一多的杂质，起着相反的作用-
05:42
turns on aromatase, increases estrogen
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启动芳香化酶，增加雌性激素，
05:44
and promotes tumors in rats
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在老鼠身上长肿瘤
05:46
and is associated with tumors, breast cancer, in humans.
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在人身上引发的就是肿瘤，乳腺癌。
05:50
What's interesting is, in fact,
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事实上，更有趣的是，
05:52
the same company that sold us 80 million pounds of atrazine,
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销售八千万镑的阿特拉津的公司
05:54
the breast cancer promoter,
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——乳腺癌的推广者，
05:56
now sells us the blocker -- the exact same company.
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现在又在卖阻滞剂，同一家公司。
05:59
And so I find it interesting
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我感到有趣的是，
06:01
that instead of treating this disease
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我们对付疾病的方法
06:03
by preventing exposure to the chemicals that promote it,
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不是预防暴露于引发疾病的化学制品
06:06
we simply respond
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而是简单地
06:08
by putting more chemicals into the environment.
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把更多的化学制品投入到环境里。
06:11
PJC: So speaking of estrogen,
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PJC：说到雌性激素，
06:13
one of the other compounds that Tyrone talks about in the film
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Tyrone在影片里提到的另一种叫做双酚A的化合物，
06:16
is something called bisphenol A, BPA,
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即BPA，
06:19
which has been in the news recently.
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最近也有报道。
06:22
It's a plasticizer.
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它是一种增塑剂。
06:24
It's a compound that's found in polycarbonate plastic,
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这种化合物在聚碳酸脂塑料里可见，
06:27
which is what baby bottles are made out of.
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婴儿奶瓶就是用这种塑料制作的。
06:29
And what's interesting about BPA
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BPA的有趣之处是，
06:31
is that it's such a potent estrogen
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它是一种很有效的雌激素，
06:34
that it was actually once considered for use
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曾被考虑用于
06:36
as a synthetic estrogen in hormone placement therapy.
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人造雌激素来做激素放置疗法。
06:39
And there have been many, many, many studies that have shown
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已经有过很多很多很多的研究表明
06:42
that BPA leaches from babies' bottles
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BPA从婴儿奶瓶
06:45
into the formula, into the milk,
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渗到婴儿食品，渗进奶水
06:47
and therefore into the babies.
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所以也渗进到宝宝体内。
06:49
So we're dosing our babies,
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所以，我们在给我们的宝宝们，
06:51
our newborns, our infants,
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我们的新生儿们，我们的婴儿们
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with a synthetic estrogen.
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服用人造雌性激素。
06:55
Now two weeks ago or so,
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大约两周前，
06:57
the European Union passed a law
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欧洲联盟通过一则法律
06:59
banning the use of BPA
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禁止使用BPA
07:01
in babies' bottles and sippy cups.
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在婴儿奶瓶和吸管杯中。
07:03
And for those of you who are not parents,
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对那些不是父母的说一声
07:05
sippy cups are those little plastic things
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吸管杯就是
07:07
that your child graduates to after using bottles.
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宝宝们停止使用奶瓶的后的塑料替代物。
07:10
But just two weeks before that,
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但，也就是在两周前，
07:13
the U.S. Senate refused to even debate
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美国参议院竟拒绝
07:16
the banning of BPA
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对禁止婴儿奶瓶和吸管杯
07:18
in babies' bottles and sippy cups.
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使用BPA之事展开辩论。
07:21
So it really makes you realize
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这也让你们认识到
07:23
the onus on parents
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是父母的义务
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to have to look at this and regulate this and police this
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去看待这件事，安排和监督
07:27
in their own lives
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他们自己的生活，
07:29
and how astonishing that is.
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这是很惊人的。
07:31
(Video) PJC: With many plastic baby bottles
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（录像）PJC：很多的婴儿奶瓶
07:34
now proven to leak the chemical bisphenol A,
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已经证实有双酚A的渗漏，
07:37
it really shows how sometimes
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也表明有时是
07:39
it is only a parent's awareness
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父母的关注
07:41
that stands between chemicals and our children.
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站在化学制品和我们孩子之间。
07:45
The baby bottle scenario proves
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婴儿奶瓶的情形证明
07:47
that we can prevent unnecessary exposure.
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我们能够防止不必要的接触。
07:50
However, if we parents are unaware,
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可是，如果我们做父母的不知道，
07:52
we are leaving our children
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那我们就让孩子们
07:54
to fend for themselves.
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照料他们自己去了。
08:03
TH: And what Penelope says here
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TH：Penelop说的
08:05
is even more true.
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再真实不过了。
08:07
For those of you who don't know, we're in the middle of the sixth mass extinction.
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你们可能还有不知道的，我们是在第六位大规模绝种之中。
08:10
Scientists agree now.
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科学们都赞成。
08:12
We are losing species from the Earth
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我们地球上物种的流失
08:14
faster than the dinosaurs disappeared,
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比恐龙消失还快
08:16
and leading that loss are amphibians.
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最快的就是两栖类。
08:18
80 percent of all amphibians
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所有两栖动物的80%
08:20
are threatened and in come decline.
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受到威胁并在减少。
08:22
And I believe, many scientists believe
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我相信，许多的科学家们也相信
08:24
that pesticides are an important part of that decline.
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杀虫剂是减少的主要原因。
08:27
In part, amphibians are good indicators and more sensitive
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在一定程度上，两栖动物是很好的指标且更敏感，
08:30
because they don't have protection from contaminants in the water --
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因为他们对水中的污染物没有任何保护-
08:32
no eggshells, no membranes
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没有蛋壳，没有隔膜
08:34
and no placenta.
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也没有胎盘。
08:36
In fact, our invention -- by "our" I mean we mammals --
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事实上，我们的发明，--我们意思是我们哺乳动物-
08:39
one of our big inventions was the placenta.
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我们的大发明之一就是胎盘。
08:42
But we also start out as aquatic organisms.
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但我们也是从水中的有机体而来的。
08:44
But it turns out that this ancient structure
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但事实证明这个古老的结构-
08:46
that separates us from other animals, the placenta,
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把我们从其他动物分开的结构，胎盘－
08:49
cannot evolve or adapt fast enough
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并不能进化或快速适应
08:51
because of the rate that we're generating new chemicals
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我们生产新化学制品的速度－
08:53
that it's never seen before.
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一个前所未有的速度。
08:55
The evidence of that is that studies in rats, again with atrazine,
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老鼠身上再次用过阿特拉津的研究证据
08:58
show that the hormone imbalance atrazine generates causes abortion.
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显示荷尔蒙不平衡的阿特拉津，会导致流产。
09:01
Because maintaining a pregnancy is dependent on hormones.
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因为维护怀孕是依靠荷尔蒙。
09:04
Of those rats that don't abort,
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当然老鼠不会流产，
09:06
atrazine causes prostate disease
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阿特拉津引起幼崽
09:08
in the pups so the sons
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前列腺疾病
09:10
are born with an old man's disease.
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所以说小老鼠一出生就患有老年病。
09:12
Of those that don't abort,
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对那些不流产的，
09:14
atrazine causes impaired mammary, or breast, development
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阿特拉津会导致不可恢复的乳房受损
09:16
in the exposed daughters in utero,
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在子宫内就遭到阿特拉津接触的女儿们，
09:18
so that their breast don't develop properly.
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她们的乳房不可能正常发育。
09:20
And as a result, when those rats grow up,
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结果是，这些老鼠成长时，
09:22
their pups experience retarded growth and development
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他们的幼崽会经历成长发育缓慢。
09:25
because they can't make enough milk to nourish their pups.
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因为她们没有足够的奶水来喂养幼崽。
09:28
So the pup you see on the bottom is affected by atrazine
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你们看到的最下面的小老鼠受的影响
09:31
that its grandmother was exposed to.
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源自它的祖母被暴露于阿特拉津。
09:33
And given the life of many of these chemicals,
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受这些化学制品影响的的生命，
09:36
generations, years, dozens of years,
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一代代，一年年，成年累月，
09:39
that means that we right now
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可以说我们今天
09:41
are affecting the health
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会影响到我们孙子的孙子
09:43
of our grandchildren's grandchildren
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那一代人的健康
09:45
by things that we're putting into the environment today.
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通过现在投入到环境里的东西。
09:48
And this is not just philosophical, it's already known,
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这并不只是哲理性的，已经众所周知，
09:50
that chemicals like diethylstilbestrol and estrogen,
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化学制品，诸如己烯雌酚，雌激素，
09:52
PCBs, DDT
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PCBs（多氯联苯），DDT（滴滴涕）等
09:54
cross the placenta
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能够穿过胎盘
09:56
and effectively determine
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有效地决定
09:58
the likelihood of developing breast cancer
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子宫内胎儿的乳腺癌的发展
10:00
and obesity and diabetes
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以及肥胖和糖尿病
10:02
already when the baby's in the womb.
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可能性。
10:04
In addition to that, after the baby's born,
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除此之外，婴儿出生后，
10:06
our other unique invention as mammals
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我们哺乳动物的另一个独特的发明
10:08
is that we nourish our offspring after they're born.
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是我们要喂养出世的宝宝。
10:10
We already know that chemicals
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我们都已知道化学制品
10:12
like DDT and DES and atrazine
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像DDT，DES（己烯雌酚）和阿特拉津
10:14
can also pass over into milk,
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都能透过容器进入奶水，
10:16
again, affecting our babies
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在宝宝出生后
10:18
even after their born.
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还能影响他们。
10:21
PJC: So when Tyrone tells me
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PJC：所以当Tyrone告诉我，
10:23
that the placenta is an ancient organ,
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胎盘是个古老的器官，
10:26
I'm thinking, how do I demonstrate that?
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我就想怎么样来展示它呢？
10:28
How do you show that?
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如何来表现呢？
10:30
And it's interesting when you make a film like this,
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拍电影时有趣的是，
10:32
because you're stuck trying to visualize science
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你一直在想用视觉来展示
10:35
that there's no visualization for.
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无法视觉化的科学。
10:37
And I have to take a little bit of artistic license.
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我只得借助一点艺术特权。
10:45
(Video) (Ringing)
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（视频）（响铃）
10:50
Old man: Placenta control.
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老者：这里是胎盘指挥部。
10:52
What is it?
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胎盘指挥部是什么？
10:54
Oh what?
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什么？
10:57
(Snoring)
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（打呼声）
11:00
(Honk)
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（按喇叭声）
11:05
Puffuffuff, what?
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全，全，全--什么？
11:11
Perflourooctanoic acid.
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全氟辛酸。
11:18
Blimey.
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啊呀。
11:20
Never heard of it.
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没听说过。
11:23
PJC: And neither had I actually
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PJC：我在开始拍这部影片的时候
11:27
before I started making this film.
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也没听说过。
11:29
And so when you realize that chemicals can pass the placenta
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当你意识到化学成分会穿过胎盘
11:32
and go into your unborn child,
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进入你未出世的婴孩，
11:35
it made me start to think,
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这让我开始思考，
11:37
what would my fetus say to me?
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我的胎儿要对我说什么？
11:40
What would our unborn children say to us
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当我们未出世的孩子们
11:43
when they have an exposure
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每天都被暴露于化学品之中，
11:46
that's happening everyday, day after day?
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他们会对我们说什么？
11:49
(Music)
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（音乐）
12:07
(Video) Child: Today,
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（视频）小孩：今天，
12:09
I had some octyphenols,
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我吃了些辛基酚，
12:13
some artificial musks
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吃了些人造麝香
12:16
and some bisphenol A.
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和一些双酚A。
12:21
Help me.
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救救我！
12:26
PJC: It's a very profound notion
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PJV：我们女人
12:29
to know that we as women
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是站在前沿，
12:31
are at the vanguard of this.
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知道这点有很深的意义。
12:33
This is our issue,
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这是我们的问题，
12:35
because we collect these compounds our entire life
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因为我们有毕生时间收集了这些化合物
12:38
and then we end up dumping it and dumping them
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最终把它们倒给
12:41
into our unborn children.
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我们为未出世的孩子。
12:44
We are in effect
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我们实际上
12:46
polluting our children.
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在污染我们的孩子。
12:48
And this was something that was really brought home to me a year ago
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这就是一年前发生在我身上的事。
12:52
when I found out I was pregnant
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我知道怀孕后
12:54
and the first scan revealed
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做的第一次扫描就显示
12:56
that my baby had a birth defect
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我的宝宝有先天性缺陷，
12:59
associated with exposure
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是与子宫里的
13:01
to estrogenic chemicals in the womb
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含雌性激素的化学成分有关。
13:03
and the second scan
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第二次的扫描
13:05
revealed no heartbeat.
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宝宝没有心跳。
13:07
So my child's death, my baby's death,
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我的孩子的死，我宝宝的死亡
13:10
really brought home the resonance of what I was trying to make in this film.
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真正引起我要拍这部电影的共鸣。
13:13
And it's sometimes a weird place
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有时很奇怪，
13:15
when the communicator becomes part of the story,
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本来不在计划之中的传播者
13:18
which is not what you originally intend.
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却成了故事的一部分。
13:20
And so when Tyrone talks about
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当Tyrone讲
13:23
the fetus being trapped in a contaminated environment,
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胎儿被困在受污染的环境里，
13:26
this is my contaminated environment.
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这个就是我的被污染了环境。
13:30
This is my toxic baby.
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这是我的中了毒的宝宝。
13:33
And that's something
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这件事
13:36
that's just profound and sad,
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很深刻和令人伤心的
13:39
but astonishing
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但令人吃惊的
13:41
because so many of us don't actually know this.
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是因为我们很多人还不知道。
13:46
TH: One of this things that's exciting and appropriate
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TH：能够来到TEDwomen对我
13:48
for me to be here at TEDWomen
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是很兴奋和合适的一件事，
13:50
is that, well, I think it was summed up best last night at dinner
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昨天晚餐时有一位总结的很好，
13:54
when someone said, "Turn to the man at your table and tell them,
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他说：转身对你的邻座说
13:56
'When the revolution starts, we've got your back.'"
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“当革命开始时，我们挺你。”
13:59
The truth is, women,
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事实是，女士们，
14:01
you've had our back on this issue for a very long time,
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在这个问题上我们已经支持了很久。
14:04
starting with Rachel Carson's "Silent Spring"
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从Rachel Carson（雷切尔·卡森）的《安静的春天》开始，
14:06
to Theo Colborn's "Our Stolen Future"
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到Theo Colborn（泰奥·柯尔朋） 的《失窃的未来》，♫
14:08
to Sandra Steingraber's books
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和Sandra Steingraber（桑德拉·斯坦格雷伯）的
14:10
"Living Downstream" and "Having Faith."
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《下游生活》和《相信》。
14:13
And perhaps it's the connection to our next generation --
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这也许是我们与下一代人的连系
14:16
like my wife and my beautiful daughter here about 13 years ago --
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就像13年前我太太和我漂亮的女儿，
14:19
perhaps it's that connection
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也许这种连接
14:21
that makes women activists
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使更多的妇女活动家
14:23
in this particular area.
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投身到这个特殊的领域。
14:25
But for the men here, I want to say
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对这里的男士，我想说
14:27
it's not just women and children that are at risk.
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并不只是妇女和孩子身处危险。
14:29
And the frogs that are exposed to atrazine,
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被暴露在阿特拉津的青蛙，
14:32
the testes are full of holes and spaces,
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睾丸上布满洞和空隙，
14:34
because the hormone imbalance,
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由于荷尔蒙不平衡，
14:36
instead of allowing sperm to be generated,
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睾丸本来应该产生精子的，
14:38
such as in the testis here,
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这里的睾丸小管
14:40
the testicular tubules end up empty
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却空空，
14:42
and fertility goes down by as much as 50 percent.
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所以生育力跌落到50%。
14:44
It's not just my work in amphibians,
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并不只是两栖动物，
14:47
but similar work has been shown in fish in Europe,
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在欧洲我们看到鱼类，
14:50
holes in the testes and absence of sperm in reptiles in a group from South America
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在南美我们也发现爬行类和老鼠
14:53
and in rats, an absence of sperm
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都存在睾丸穿孔，
14:55
in the testicular tubules as well.
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无精子的情况。
14:58
And of course, we don't do these experiments in humans,
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当然，我们不在人身上做试验。
15:00
but just by coincidence,
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但巧的是，
15:02
my colleague has shown
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我的同事发现
15:04
that men who have low sperm count, low semen quality
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精子数量和质量都低下的男士的尿样里
15:06
have significantly more atrazine in their urine.
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含有较高的阿特拉津。
15:09
These are just men who live
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这些男士都居住
15:11
in an agricultural community.
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在农业社区。
15:13
Men who actually work in agriculture
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从事农业的男士
15:15
have much higher levels of atrazine.
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含有更高水平的阿特拉津。
15:18
And the men who actually apply atrazine
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那些实际上喷洒阿特拉津的人，
15:20
have even more atrazine in their urine,
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尿液里的阿特拉津的含量
15:23
up to levels that are 24,000 times what we know to be active
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是我们能够测出的现有的人
15:26
are present in the urine of these men.
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3000
的24000倍。
15:29
Of course, most of them, 90 percent are Mexican, Mexican-American.
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当然，其中90%的是墨西哥人和墨西哥-美国人。
15:32
And it's not just atrazine they're exposed to.
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他们并不只接触阿特拉津。
15:34
They're exposed to chemicals like chloropicrin,
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他们也接触本来用作神经毒气的化学制品
15:37
which was originally used as a nerve gas.
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例如氯化苦。
15:39
And many of these workers
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这些工人很多
15:41
have life expectancies of only 50.
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只能活到50岁。
15:43
It shouldn't come to any surprise that the things that happen in wildlife
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并不吃惊野生动物
15:46
are also a warning to us,
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也在警告我们，
15:48
just like Rachel Carson and others have warned.
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就像雷切尔·卡森和别的科学家都已警告过一样。
15:50
As evident in this slide from Lake Nabugabo in Uganda,
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这张幻灯片的证据来自乌干达的那布加波湖，
15:53
the agricultural runoff from this crop,
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农作物的流出物
15:55
which goes into these buckets,
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接进到这些水桶，
15:57
is the sole source of drinking, cooking and bathing water for this village.
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这是这个村的唯一水源，用来饮用，做饭和梳洗。
16:00
Now if I told the men in this village
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如果我告诉这个村里的人，
16:02
that the frogs have pour immune function
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青蛙有免疫功能问题，
16:04
and eggs developing in their testes,
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它们的睾丸里长有卵子，
16:06
the connection between environmental health and public health
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那么环境健康和公众健康的关系
16:08
would be clear.
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就显而易见了。
16:10
You would not drink water that you knew was having this kind of impact
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你不会去喝你知道会影响
16:13
on the wildlife that lived in it.
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野生动物的水。
16:15
The problem is, in my village, Oakland,
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问题是，在奥克兰我的村里，
16:17
in most of our villages,
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在我们大多数的村子里
16:19
we don't see that connection.
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我们看不到这种关系。
16:21
We turn on the faucet, the water comes out, we assume it's safe,
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我们打开水龙头，水就出来，我们就认为它是安全的。
16:23
and we assume that we are masters of our environment,
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我们自以为是环境的主人，
16:26
rather than being part of it.
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而不是当中的一部分。
16:29
PJC: So it doesn't take much to realize
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PJC：不难看出
16:31
that actually this is an environmental issue.
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这实际上是个环境问题。
16:34
And I kept thinking over and over again
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我曾反复思考
16:37
this question.
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这个问题。
16:39
We know so much about global warming and climate change,
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我们知道全球温暖化和气候变化
16:42
and yet, we have no concept
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但我们对
16:44
of what I've been calling internal environmentalism.
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我一直称呼的内部环境保护论一无所知。
16:46
We know what we're putting out there,
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我们很清楚我们在往外放什么东西，
16:48
we have a sense of those repercussions,
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我们也感觉到它们的影响，
16:50
but we are so ignorant of this sense
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我们却忽视这种感觉
16:52
of what happens when we put things, or things are put
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但当我们往外放东西发生什么
16:55
into our bodies.
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或吃东西时。
16:57
And it's my feeling
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我的感受
16:59
and it's my urging being here
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和我的迫切，
17:01
to know that, as we women move forward
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让我们妇女要出去
17:03
as the communicators of this,
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作为传达者，
17:05
but also as the ones who carry that burden
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我们也要负担
17:08
of carrying the children, bearing the children,
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养育孩子的重担，
17:11
we hold most of the buying power in the household,
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我们是家庭的主要力量，
17:14
is that it's going to be us moving forward
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所以我们也要再走出一步
17:17
to carry the work of Tyrone and other scientists around the world.
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去承担一些Tyrone和世界的其它科学家们所做的工作。
17:20
And my urging is
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我的迫切要求是
17:22
that when we think about environmental issues
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当我们考虑环境问题的时候，
17:24
that we remember that it's not just about melting glaciers and ice caps,
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记住并不只是消融的冰川，冰冠，
17:28
but it's also about our children as well.
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也关乎我们的孩子。
17:30
Thank you.
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谢谢大家！
17:32
(Applause)
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（掌声）
ABOUT THE SPEAKERS
Tyrone Hayes - BiologistTyrone Hayes studies frogs and amphibians -- and the effects on their bodies of common farming chemicals.
Why you should listen
At the University of California, Berkeley, and in ponds around the world, professor Tyrone Hayes studies frogs and other amphibians. He's become an active critic of the farm chemical atrazine, which he's found to interfere with the development of amphibians' endocrine systems.
Hayes is the subject of the chidren's book The Frog Scientist, and lectures frequently. His work was recently covered in Mother Jones.
Tyrone Hayes | Speaker | TED.com
Penelope Jagessar Chaffer - Filmmaker
Penelope Jagessar Chaffer made the film "Toxic Baby," exploring environmental toxins through interviews and surreal imagery.
Why you should listen
Penelope Jagessar Chaffer is the director and producer of the documentary/surrealist film Toxic Baby. She works to bring to light the issue of environmental chemical pollution and its effect on babies and children.
Her first British Academy Award Nomination came for her BBC4 debut, Me and My Dad, which followed her on a trip to Trinidad as she confronted her father, a magistrate who was sent to prison for bribery and corruption. After working on 2005'sShakespeare's Stories for the BBC, for which she received a BAFTA nomination, Chaffer was inspired to begin her research on Toxic Baby.
Penelope Jagessar Chaffer | Speaker | TED.com