ABOUT THE SPEAKERS
Tyrone Hayes - Biologist
Tyrone Hayes studies frogs and amphibians -- and the effects on their bodies of common farming chemicals.

Why you should listen

At the University of California, Berkeley, and in ponds around the world, professor Tyrone Hayes studies frogs and other amphibians. He's become an active critic of the farm chemical atrazine, which he's found to interfere with the development of amphibians' endocrine systems.

Hayes is the subject of the chidren's book The Frog Scientist, and lectures frequently. His work was recently covered in Mother Jones.

More profile about the speaker
Tyrone Hayes | Speaker | TED.com
Penelope Jagessar Chaffer - Filmmaker
Penelope Jagessar Chaffer made the film "Toxic Baby," exploring environmental toxins through interviews and surreal imagery.

Why you should listen

Penelope Jagessar Chaffer is the director and producer of the documentary/surrealist film Toxic Baby. She works to bring to light the issue of environmental chemical pollution and its effect on babies and children.

Her first British Academy Award Nomination came for her BBC4 debut, Me and My Dad, which followed her on a trip to Trinidad as she confronted her father, a magistrate who was sent to prison for bribery and corruption. After working on 2005'sShakespeare's Stories for the BBC, for which she received a BAFTA nomination, Chaffer was inspired to begin her research on Toxic Baby.

More profile about the speaker
Penelope Jagessar Chaffer | Speaker | TED.com
TEDWomen 2010

Tyrone Hayes + Penelope Jagessar Chaffer: The toxic baby

Tyrone Hayes + Penelope Jagessar Chaffer:有毒的寶寶?

Filmed:
553,067 views

電影製作人潘尼洛普(Penelope Jagessar Chaffer)懷孕時,想進一步瞭解自己所接觸到的化學產品會不會影響她未出生的寶寶。所以她請科學家Tyrone Hayes介紹自己深入研究的主題:草脫劑農藥Atrazine,一種用在玉米種植上的除草劑。(Hayes博士是一位研究兩棲類的專家,因為實驗證明農藥會妨礙青蛙的發育,所以對Atrazine持批判態度。) 在TEDWoman的舞台上,Hayes和Chaffer一起告訴聽眾,關於他們的故事。
- Biologist
Tyrone Hayes studies frogs and amphibians -- and the effects on their bodies of common farming chemicals. Full bio - Filmmaker
Penelope Jagessar Chaffer made the film "Toxic Baby," exploring environmental toxins through interviews and surreal imagery. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

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Penelope佩內​​洛普 JagessarJagessar Chaffer包布: I was going to ask if there's a doctor醫生 in the house.
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事前我就在詢問是否會有醫生在場。
00:18
No, I'm just joking開玩笑.
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當然,這只是開玩笑的。
00:20
It's interesting有趣, because it was six years年份 ago
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我來告訴大家這一切是如何開始的。六年前,
00:23
when I was pregnant with my first child兒童
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當我懷了第一個寶寶時,
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that I discovered發現
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我發現
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that the most commonly常用 used preservative防腐劑
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嬰兒護理產品中
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in baby寶寶 care關心 products製品
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最常使用的防腐劑
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mimics模仿 estrogen雌激素
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進入人類身體後,
00:33
when it gets得到 into the human人的 body身體.
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會成為一種類似雌激素的物質。
00:35
Now it's very easy簡單 actually其實
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事實上,產品中的各種化學物質,
00:37
to get a chemical化學 compound複合 from products製品
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很容易經由皮膚
00:39
into the human人的 body身體 through通過 the skin皮膚.
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進入人體。
00:41
And these preservatives防腐劑 had been found發現
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而乳癌腫瘤中
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in breast乳房 cancer癌症 tumors腫瘤.
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也發現了這些防腐劑。
00:45
That was the start開始 of my journey旅程
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於是我開始探索這個議題,
00:47
to make this film電影, "Toxic有毒的 Baby寶寶."
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拍攝了電影"中毒的寶寶",
00:49
And it doesn't take much time
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沒多久時間,
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to discover發現 some really astonishing驚人 statistics統計
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我發現了關於這方面,
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with this issue問題.
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驚人的統計資料。
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One is that you and I all have
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其中之一是,不論是你們或我
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between之間 30 to 50,000 chemicals化學製品
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有大約3萬到5萬種的化學物質
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in our bodies身體
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在身體裡面,
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that our grandparents祖父母 didn't have.
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這些化學物質是我們祖父母輩沒有的。
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And many許多 of these chemicals化學製品
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其中很多化學物質,
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are now linked關聯 to the skyrocketing暴漲 incidents事故
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則和越來越多的慢性孩童疾病,
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of chronic慢性 childhood童年 disease疾病
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脫不了關係。
01:11
that we're seeing眼看 across橫過 industrialized工業化 nations國家.
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這在工業化國家已經是個顯見的事實。
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I'll show顯示 you some statistics統計.
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我現在秀一些統計數據給大家看,
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So for example, in the United聯合的 Kingdom王國,
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舉例來說,在英國,
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the incidence發生率 of childhood童年 leukemia白血病
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兒童白血病的案例,
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has risen上升 by 20 percent百分 just in a generation.
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僅僅一個世代,已經增加了百分之二十,
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Very similar類似 statistic統計 for childhood童年 cancer癌症 in the U.S.
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美國兒童癌症也呈現相似的統計數據。
01:26
In Canada加拿大, we're now looking at one in 10 Canadian加拿大 children孩子 with asthma哮喘.
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在加拿大,十分之一的兒童有氣喘症,
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That's a four-fold四倍 increase增加.
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比起上個世代,增加了四倍。
01:33
Again, similar類似 story故事 around the world世界.
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同樣的,類似的情形也發生在世界上其他地方。
01:35
In the United聯合的 States狀態,
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在美國,
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probably大概 the most astonishing驚人 statistic統計
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則出現了可能是最驚人的數據,
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is a 600 percent百分 increase增加
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患有自閉症,自閉症系列障礙
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in autism自閉症 and autistic自閉症 spectrum光譜 disorders障礙
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以及學習障礙的兒童,
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and other learning學習 disabilities殘疾人.
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增加了百分之六百。
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Again, we're seeing眼看 that trend趨勢
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當然,相同的趨勢也出現在
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across橫過 Europe歐洲, across橫過 North America美國.
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整個歐洲,北美洲。
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And in Europe歐洲,
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在歐洲,
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there's certain某些 parts部分 of Europe歐洲,
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某些地區,
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where we're seeing眼看 a four-fold四倍 increase增加
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患有某種生殖器先天缺陷的兒童,
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in certain某些 genital生殖器 birth分娩 defects缺陷.
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增加了四倍。
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Interestingly有趣的是, one of those birth分娩 defects缺陷
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值得關注的是,其中一種先天性缺陷,
02:01
has seen看到 a 200 percent百分 increase增加 in the U.S.
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在美國增加了百分之兩百。
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So a real真實 skyrocketing暴漲
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數量急劇上升的
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of chronic慢性 childhood童年 disease疾病
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慢性兒童疾病
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that includes包括 other things
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還包含了其它像是
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like obesity肥胖 and juvenile少年 diabetes糖尿病,
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肥胖,少年糖尿病,
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premature過早 puberty青春期.
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青春期早熟。
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So it's interesting有趣 for me,
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而非常有趣的是,
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when I'm looking for someone有人 who can really talk to me
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當我試著要找到適合的人,可以對我和大眾
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and talk to an audience聽眾 about these things,
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談論這個主題,
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that probably大概 one of the most important重要 people in the world世界
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發現了世界上一個很重要,
02:24
who can discuss討論 toxicity毒性 in babies嬰兒
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可以討論有毒物對嬰兒影響的人
02:27
is expert專家 in frogs青蛙.
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竟然是 研究青蛙的專家。
02:29
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
02:31
Tyrone泰隆 Hayes海耶斯: It was a surprise to me as well
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我也很驚訝
02:34
that I would be talking about pesticides農藥,
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我要談論農藥,
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that I'd be talking about public上市 health健康,
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談論大眾健康。
02:41
because, in fact事實, I never thought I would do anything useful有用.
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因為我沒想過,我在做的事會對大家有幫助。
02:44
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
02:47
Frogs青蛙.
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青蛙
02:50
In fact事實, my involvement參與 in the whole整個 pesticide農藥 issue問題
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事實上,我也很訝異,
02:53
was sort分類 of a surprise as well
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我會參與農藥的研究。
02:55
when I was approached接近 by the largest最大 chemical化學 company公司 in the world世界
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當時世界上最大的化學公司,
02:58
and they asked me if I would evaluate評估
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要求我評估
03:00
how atrazine阿特拉津 affected受影響 amphibians兩棲動物, or my frogs青蛙.
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草脫淨農藥ATRAZINE對兩棲類動物或青蛙有什麼影響。
03:03
It turns out, atrazine阿特拉津 is the largest最大 selling銷售 product產品
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ATRAZINE是世界上最大化學公司所出售
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for the largest最大 chemical化學 company公司 in the world世界.
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最暢銷的化學產品。
03:08
It's the number one contaminant污染物
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結果顯示,它是地下水,飲用水和雨水
03:10
of groundwater地下水, drinking water, rain water.
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最大的污染源。
03:13
In 2003, after my studies學習, it was banned取締 in the European歐洲的 Union聯盟,
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2003年,歐盟開始禁止使用草脫淨農藥ATRAZINE。
03:16
but in that same相同 year,
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但是同一年,
03:18
the United聯合的 States狀態 EPAEPA re-registered重新註冊 the compound複合.
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美國環境保護局卻重新註冊這個產品。
03:20
We were a bit surprised詫異 when we found發現 out
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實驗結果非常的驚人,
03:23
that when we exposed裸露 frogs青蛙
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我們發現,即使青蛙暴露在
03:25
to very low levels水平 of atrazine阿特拉津 -- 0.1 parts部分 per billion十億 --
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非常低濃度(0.1ppb)的農藥中,
03:28
that it produced生成 animals動物 that look like this.
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仍然會發生突變。
03:31
These are the dissected解剖 gonads性腺 of an animal動物
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這是青蛙的性腺解剖,
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that has two testes睾丸, two ovaries卵巢,
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有兩個睾丸,兩個卵巢,
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another另一個 large testis睾丸, more ovaries卵巢,
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另一大睾丸,和許多個卵巢,
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which哪一個 is not normal正常 ...
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當然,
03:39
(Laughter笑聲)
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這一點都不正常.....
03:41
even for amphibians兩棲動物.
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即使是兩棲類。
03:43
In some cases, another另一個 species種類 like the North American美國 Leopard Frog青蛙
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其他類似的實驗,像是北美跳蛙,
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showed顯示 that males男性 exposed裸露 to atrazine阿特拉津 grew成長 eggs in their testes睾丸.
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當公青蛙暴露在農藥中,睾丸會排卵。
03:49
And you can see these large, yolked-upyolked向上 eggs
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你們可以看到這些大卵,
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bursting爆破 through通過 the surface表面 of this male's男的 testes睾丸.
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充滿擠壓整個睾丸表面。
03:54
Now my wife妻子 tells告訴 me, and I'm sure Penelope佩內​​洛普 can as well,
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我的老婆告訴我,我想潘尼洛普也會說同樣的話,
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that there's nothing more painful痛苦 than childbirth分娩 --
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沒有任何的痛,比的上生小孩的痛。
04:00
which哪一個 that I'll never experience經驗, I can't really argue爭論 that --
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因為我永遠沒辦法體驗這件事,所以也無法爭辯,
04:03
but I would guess猜測 that a dozen chicken eggs in my testicle睾丸
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但是我想如果有許多雞蛋在我的睾丸內
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would probably大概 be somewhere某處 in the top最佳 five.
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也許可以排的上
04:08
(Laughter笑聲)
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痛苦指數前五名。
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In recent最近 studies學習 that we've我們已經 published發表,
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最近公佈新的研究中顯示,
04:12
we've我們已經 shown顯示 that some of these animals動物 when they're exposed裸露 to atrazine阿特拉津,
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我們將動物暴露在農藥ATRAZINE中,
04:14
some of the males男性 grow增長 up
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某些種類雄性長大之後,
04:16
and completely全然 become成為 females女性.
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會完全變成雌性。
04:18
So these are actually其實 two brothers兄弟 consummating完善 a relationship關係.
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現在你們看到的這兩隻青蛙其實是親兄弟,
04:21
And not only do these genetic遺傳 males男性 mate伴侶 with other males男性,
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這些雄性雌化的青蛙不只可以和其他雄蛙交配,
04:24
they actually其實 have the capacity容量 to lay鋪設 eggs
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他們事實上也可以產卵,
04:26
even though雖然 they're genetic遺傳 males男性.
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即使他們的基因是雄性。
04:29
What we proposed建議,
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因此我們認為,
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and what we've我們已經 now generated產生 support支持 for,
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且已經獲得證實,
04:33
is that what atrazine阿特拉津 is doing
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因為ATRAZINE的破壞
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is wreaking發洩 havoc浩劫 causing造成 a hormone激素 imbalance失調.
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造成動物體內荷爾蒙不平衡。
04:37
Normally一般 the testes睾丸 should make testosterone睾酮,
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正常狀況下,睪丸應該會產生睪丸酮
04:39
the male hormone激素.
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一種男性荷爾蒙。
04:41
But what atrazine阿特拉津 does is it turns on an enzyme,
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但是草脫淨農藥會活化某種酵素,
04:44
the machinery機械 if you will, aromatase芳香,
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以化學反應機構來解釋,也就是某種芳香酶,
04:46
that converts轉換 testosterone睾酮 into estrogen雌激素.
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將睪丸酮轉變為雌激素,
04:48
And as a result結果, these exposed裸露 males男性
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結果造成了這些雄性動物
04:50
lose失去 their testosterone睾酮, they're chemically化學 castrated閹割,
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無法產生睪丸酮,被化學閹割了,
04:53
and they're subsequently後來 feminized女性化
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最終,雄性雌化,
04:55
because now they're making製造 the female hormone激素.
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因為他們只有雌性荷爾蒙。
04:57
Now this is what brought me to the human-related人類有關 issues問題.
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現在我們回到人類的議題上,
05:00
Because it turns out
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因為事實證明
05:02
that the number one cancer癌症 in women婦女, breast乳房 cancer癌症,
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女性的最主要的癌症威脅-乳癌
05:05
is regulated調控 by estrogen雌激素 and by this enzyme aromatase芳香.
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就是受到雌激素和這種芳香酶的影響,
05:08
So when you develop發展 a cancerous癌的 cell細胞 in your breast乳房,
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所以當你有一個癌症細胞在乳房形成,
05:10
aromatase芳香 converts轉換 androgens雄激素 into estrogens雌激素,
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芳香酶將男性荷爾蒙轉變為雌激素,
05:14
and that estrogen雌激素 turns on or promotes促進
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雌激素助長了
05:16
the growth發展 of that cancer癌症
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癌細胞的成長
05:18
so that it turns into a tumor and spreads利差.
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最終變成腫瘤並擴散。
05:21
In fact事實, this aromatase芳香 is so important重要 in breast乳房 cancer癌症
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事實上,這種芳香酶對乳癌的形成很關鍵。
05:24
that the latest最新 treatment治療 for breast乳房 cancer癌症
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在最新的乳癌治療法中,
05:27
is a chemical化學 called letrozole來曲唑,
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有一種化學藥物-Letrozole,
05:29
which哪一個 blocks aromatase芳香, blocks estrogen雌激素,
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用來抑制芳香酶和雌激素,
05:31
so that if you developed發達 a mutated突變 cell細胞, it doesn't grow增長 into a tumor.
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讓人體突變的細胞,不會增長成腫瘤。
05:34
Now what's interesting有趣 is, of course課程,
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但是,值得注意的是,
05:36
that we're still using運用 80 million百萬 pounds英鎊 of atrazine阿特拉津,
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我們每年仍然使用高達八千萬磅的草脫淨農藥ATRAZINE,
05:39
the number one contaminant污染物 in drinking water, that does the opposite對面 --
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汙染了我們的飲用水,帶來很多問題,
05:42
turns on aromatase芳香, increases增加 estrogen雌激素
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干擾動物荷爾蒙分泌,
05:44
and promotes促進 tumors腫瘤 in rats大鼠
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刺激老鼠體內腫瘤形成,
05:46
and is associated相關 with tumors腫瘤, breast乳房 cancer癌症, in humans人類.
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也和人類乳癌的發生息息相關。
05:50
What's interesting有趣 is, in fact事實,
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而有趣的是,事實上,
05:52
the same相同 company公司 that sold出售 us 80 million百萬 pounds英鎊 of atrazine阿特拉津,
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銷售八千萬磅農藥ATRAZINE
05:54
the breast乳房 cancer癌症 promoter啟動,
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造成乳癌患者增加的公司,
05:56
now sells塞爾斯 us the blocker阻滯劑 -- the exact精確 same相同 company公司.
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同時也賣抑制腫瘤生長的藥物。
05:59
And so I find it interesting有趣
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這真的很矛盾,
06:01
that instead代替 of treating治療 this disease疾病
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我們對付疾病的方式,
06:03
by preventing防止 exposure曝光 to the chemicals化學製品 that promote促進 it,
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應該是減少暴露在致病的化學品中,
06:06
we simply只是 respond響應
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而不是糊塗的
06:08
by putting more chemicals化學製品 into the environment環境.
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讓更多的化學品污染環境。
06:11
PJCPJC: So speaking請講 of estrogen雌激素,
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說到雌激素,
06:13
one of the other compounds化合物 that Tyrone泰隆 talks會談 about in the film電影
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有另一種化學物質
06:16
is something called bisphenol雙酚 A, BPABPA,
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酚甲烷,簡稱BPA
06:19
which哪一個 has been in the news新聞 recently最近.
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也就是最近新聞媒體中提及的
06:22
It's a plasticizer增塑劑.
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塑化劑。
06:24
It's a compound複合 that's found發現 in polycarbonate聚碳酸酯 plastic塑料,
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它是聚碳酸酯塑膠中的某種化學物質,
06:27
which哪一個 is what baby寶寶 bottles瓶子 are made製作 out of.
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也是嬰兒奶瓶中含有的成分。
06:29
And what's interesting有趣 about BPABPA
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值得注意的是,
06:31
is that it's such這樣 a potent有力的 estrogen雌激素
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BPA具有雌激素的作用,
06:34
that it was actually其實 once一旦 considered考慮 for use
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因此曾經考慮用它
06:36
as a synthetic合成的 estrogen雌激素 in hormone激素 placement放置 therapy治療.
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作為合成雌激素以補充荷爾蒙。
06:39
And there have been many許多, many許多, many許多 studies學習 that have shown顯示
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很多很多的研究報告中證實,
06:42
that BPABPA leaches from babies'嬰兒 bottles瓶子
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嬰兒奶瓶中的BPA
06:45
into the formula, into the milk牛奶,
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會滲透到奶粉,牛奶中,
06:47
and therefore因此 into the babies嬰兒.
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接著進入嬰兒體內。
06:49
So we're dosing劑量 our babies嬰兒,
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這就像我們讓新生兒
06:51
our newborns新生兒, our infants嬰兒,
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服用
06:53
with a synthetic合成的 estrogen雌激素.
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合成雌激素。
06:55
Now two weeks ago or so,
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大約兩星期前,
06:57
the European歐洲的 Union聯盟 passed通過 a law
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歐盟通過法律,
06:59
banning取締 the use of BPABPA
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禁止在嬰兒奶瓶和幼兒學習杯
07:01
in babies'嬰兒 bottles瓶子 and sippy吮吸 cups.
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使用BPA。
07:03
And for those of you who are not parents父母,
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向不是父母親的人說明,
07:05
sippy吮吸 cups are those little plastic塑料 things
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所謂的幼兒學習杯是一種塑膠容器,
07:07
that your child兒童 graduates畢業生 to after using運用 bottles瓶子.
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嬰兒戒奶瓶之後的替代水壺。
07:10
But just two weeks before that,
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但是就在兩週前,
07:13
the U.S. Senate參議院 refused拒絕 to even debate辯論
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美國參議院甚至拒絕就
07:16
the banning取締 of BPABPA
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是否禁用BPA在嬰兒奶瓶和水壺中,
07:18
in babies'嬰兒 bottles瓶子 and sippy吮吸 cups.
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進行辯論。
07:21
So it really makes品牌 you realize實現
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所以大家必須了解,
07:23
the onus責任 on parents父母
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這個驚人的真相。
07:25
to have to look at this and regulate調節 this and police警察 this
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且身為父母親有責任
07:27
in their own擁有 lives生活
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在日常生活中去關注,去掌控,
07:29
and how astonishing驚人 that is.
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去監督這件事。
07:31
(Video視頻) PJCPJC: With many許多 plastic塑料 baby寶寶 bottles瓶子
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許許多多的嬰兒奶瓶,
07:34
now proven證明 to leak洩漏 the chemical化學 bisphenol雙酚 A,
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已經證實會滲透出BPA,
07:37
it really shows節目 how sometimes有時
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有時真的只能靠
07:39
it is only a parent's父母 awareness意識
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父母親的自覺,
07:41
that stands站立 between之間 chemicals化學製品 and our children孩子.
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保護我們的寶寶免於接觸有害化學物質。
07:45
The baby寶寶 bottle瓶子 scenario腳本 proves證明
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從嬰兒奶瓶的例子可證明,
07:47
that we can prevent避免 unnecessary不必要 exposure曝光.
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我們可以防止寶寶暴露於不必要的風險中。
07:50
However然而, if we parents父母 are unaware不知道,
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然而,如果父母親過於疏忽,
07:52
we are leaving離開 our children孩子
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就是放任我們的孩子
07:54
to fend擋開 for themselves他們自己.
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獨力對抗化學物質。
08:03
THTH: And what Penelope佩內​​洛普 says here
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潘尼洛普所說的
08:05
is even more true真正.
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非常正確。
08:07
For those of you who don't know, we're in the middle中間 of the sixth第六 mass extinction滅絕.
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大部分人可能不知道,科學家認為
08:10
Scientists科學家們 agree同意 now.
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人類正處於第六次物種毀滅期。
08:12
We are losing失去 species種類 from the Earth地球
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地球上現在物種消失的速度
08:14
faster更快 than the dinosaurs恐龍 disappeared消失,
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比恐龍滅亡還快。
08:16
and leading領導 that loss失利 are amphibians兩棲動物.
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而其中最主要的就是兩棲類,
08:18
80 percent百分 of all amphibians兩棲動物
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80%的兩棲動物
08:20
are threatened受威脅 and in come decline下降.
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生存受到威脅,數量大幅下降。
08:22
And I believe, many許多 scientists科學家們 believe
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科學家們相信,
08:24
that pesticides農藥 are an important重要 part部分 of that decline下降.
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農藥的濫用是主要禍首之一。
08:27
In part部分, amphibians兩棲動物 are good indicators指標 and more sensitive敏感
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某種程度而言,兩棲類對環境很敏感,是很好的指標性生物
08:30
because they don't have protection保護 from contaminants污染物 in the water --
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因為兩棲類的卵沒有蛋殼和膜
08:32
no eggshells蛋殼, no membranes
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可以保護它在水中免受汙染物影響。
08:34
and no placenta胎盤.
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當然也沒有胎盤。
08:36
In fact事實, our invention發明 -- by "our" I mean we mammals哺乳動物 --
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事實上,哺乳動物最重要的
08:39
one of our big inventions發明 was the placenta胎盤.
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演化構造之一,就是胎盤。
08:42
But we also start開始 out as aquatic organisms生物.
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我們的生命同樣開始於液態,
08:44
But it turns out that this ancient structure結構體
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不過胎盤提供了我們不同於其他動物的安全環境。
08:46
that separates中隔離 us from other animals動物, the placenta胎盤,
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但是這個古老的構造,
08:49
cannot不能 evolve發展 or adapt適應 fast快速 enough足夠
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現在卻無法提供足夠的防護。
08:51
because of the rate that we're generating發電 new chemicals化學製品
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因為我們製造了太多新的化學產品,
08:53
that it's never seen看到 before.
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是以前從未出現過。
08:55
The evidence證據 of that is that studies學習 in rats大鼠, again with atrazine阿特拉津,
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再一次用老鼠和農藥的實驗來說明,
08:58
show顯示 that the hormone激素 imbalance失調 atrazine阿特拉津 generates生成 causes原因 abortion流產.
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農藥引發的荷爾蒙不平衡會導致流產。
09:01
Because maintaining維持 a pregnancy懷孕 is dependent依賴的 on hormones激素.
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因為懷孕就是靠荷爾蒙維持妊娠。
09:04
Of those rats大鼠 that don't abort退出,
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未流產生下的公鼠,
09:06
atrazine阿特拉津 causes原因 prostate前列腺 disease疾病
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也會受到農藥影響,
09:08
in the pups幼崽 so the sons兒子
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幼獸一出生就患有前列腺疾病,
09:10
are born天生 with an old man's男人的 disease疾病.
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這種病一般是出現在較年長的公獸。
09:12
Of those that don't abort退出,
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未流產生下的母鼠,
09:14
atrazine阿特拉津 causes原因 impaired受損 mammary乳腺, or breast乳房, development發展
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胚胎時期,
09:16
in the exposed裸露 daughters女兒 in utero子宮,
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在子宮內受到農藥的影響,
09:18
so that their breast乳房 don't develop發展 properly正確.
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導致乳房或乳腺發育不完全。
09:20
And as a result結果, when those rats大鼠 grow增長 up,
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這些老鼠長大之後,
09:22
their pups幼崽 experience經驗 retarded智障 growth發展 and development發展
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因為無法提供幼鼠足夠的母乳和營養,
09:25
because they can't make enough足夠 milk牛奶 to nourish滋養 their pups幼崽.
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導致他們的幼鼠智力發展受損。
09:28
So the pup小狗 you see on the bottom底部 is affected受影響 by atrazine阿特拉津
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這些下層幼鼠因為他們的祖父母輩接觸了農藥ATRAZINE,
09:31
that its grandmother祖母 was exposed裸露 to.
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他們間接成為受害者。
09:33
And given特定 the life of many許多 of these chemicals化學製品,
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這些有害的化學成分
09:36
generations, years年份, dozens許多 of years年份,
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就這樣年復一年,代代相傳。
09:39
that means手段 that we right now
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這意味著,
09:41
are affecting影響 the health健康
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我們現在加諸於環境的
09:43
of our grandchildren's孫子的 grandchildren孫子
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各種汙染
09:45
by things that we're putting into the environment環境 today今天.
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會影響到我們的孫子、孫子的孫子。
09:48
And this is not just philosophical哲學上, it's already已經 known已知,
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這不是哲學概念,這是我們已經知道的事實。
09:50
that chemicals化學製品 like diethylstilbestrol己烯雌酚 and estrogen雌激素,
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某些化學成分像是二乙烯二苯乙烯雌酚、雌激素
09:52
PCBs多氯聯苯, DDTDDT
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多氯聯苯(PCBs)、雙對氯苯基三氯乙烷(DDT)
09:54
cross交叉 the placenta胎盤
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透過胎盤
09:56
and effectively有效 determine確定
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讓寶寶還在子宮內時,
09:58
the likelihood可能性 of developing發展 breast乳房 cancer癌症
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就被影響,
10:00
and obesity肥胖 and diabetes糖尿病
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有可能羅患乳癌、
10:02
already已經 when the baby's寶寶 in the womb子宮.
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肥胖或是糖尿病。
10:04
In addition加成 to that, after the baby's寶寶 born天生,
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除此之外,當嬰兒出生後,
10:06
our other unique獨特 invention發明 as mammals哺乳動物
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我們哺乳類得天獨的演化,
10:08
is that we nourish滋養 our offspring子孫 after they're born天生.
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在於我們能哺育下一代。
10:10
We already已經 know that chemicals化學製品
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而這些已知的有害化學物質,
10:12
like DDTDDT and DESDES and atrazine阿特拉津
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像是DDT、DES和 ATRAZINE
10:14
can also pass通過 over into milk牛奶,
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在寶寶出生之後
10:16
again, affecting影響 our babies嬰兒
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可以經由乳汁
10:18
even after their born天生.
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再一次傷害他們。
10:21
PJCPJC: So when Tyrone泰隆 tells告訴 me
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當Tyrone博士告訴我,
10:23
that the placenta胎盤 is an ancient organ器官,
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胎盤是一個古老的器官
10:26
I'm thinking思維, how do I demonstrate演示 that?
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我就在想我該如何說明?
10:28
How do you show顯示 that?
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如何呈現這個概念?
10:30
And it's interesting有趣 when you make a film電影 like this,
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製作電影有意思的地方在於
10:32
because you're stuck卡住 trying to visualize想像 science科學
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你要試圖將抽像的科學概念
10:35
that there's no visualization可視化 for.
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影像化。
10:37
And I have to take a little bit of artistic藝術的 license執照.
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因此我必須搭配一些藝術手法。
10:45
(Video視頻) (Ringing鈴聲)
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(電話聲)
10:50
Old man: Placenta胎盤 control控制.
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胎盤控制中心
10:52
What is it?
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什麼?
10:54
Oh what?
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什麼?
10:57
(Snoring打鼾)
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(鼾聲)
11:00
(Honk按喇叭)
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(喇叭)
11:05
PuffuffuffPuffuffuff, what?
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氟...氟...什麼?
11:11
PerflourooctanoicPerflourooctanoic acid.
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全.....氟...辛酸銨。
11:18
Blimey啊呀.
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哎呀,
11:20
Never heard聽說 of it.
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沒有聽過。
11:23
PJCPJC: And neither也不 had I actually其實
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我也沒有聽過。
11:27
before I started開始 making製造 this film電影.
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直到拍電影才知道那是甚麼。
11:29
And so when you realize實現 that chemicals化學製品 can pass通過 the placenta胎盤
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所以當了解化學物質可以穿過胎盤,
11:32
and go into your unborn腹中 child兒童,
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接觸到我們未出生的胎兒
11:35
it made製作 me start開始 to think,
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我開始思索
11:37
what would my fetus胎兒 say to me?
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我的胎兒會對我說些甚麼?
11:40
What would our unborn腹中 children孩子 say to us
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當胎兒們日復一日
11:43
when they have an exposure曝光
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暴露在化學物質中
11:46
that's happening事件 everyday每天, day after day?
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他們想對外面的世界說甚麼?
11:49
(Music音樂)
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(音樂)
12:07
(Video視頻) Child兒童: Today今天,
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今天
12:09
I had some octyphenolsoctyphenols,
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我吃了一些辛基酚,
12:13
some artificial人造 musks麝香
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一些人造麝香,
12:16
and some bisphenol雙酚 A.
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還有一些雙酚A。
12:21
Help me.
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救救我!
12:26
PJCPJC: It's a very profound深刻 notion概念
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身為女人
12:29
to know that we as women婦女
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知道自己處於這個議題的前線,
12:31
are at the vanguard前鋒 of this.
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這具有深刻的意義。
12:33
This is our issue問題,
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這是我們的問題,
12:35
because we collect蒐集 these compounds化合物 our entire整個 life
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因為我們一輩子收集累積的化學物質
12:38
and then we end結束 up dumping傾銷 it and dumping傾銷 them
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最後傾倒在
12:41
into our unborn腹中 children孩子.
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我們未出生的胎兒身上。
12:44
We are in effect影響
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我們實際上
12:46
polluting污染 our children孩子.
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在污染我們的孩子。
12:48
And this was something that was really brought home to me a year ago
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一年前發生在我身上的事,讓我更加如此確信。
12:52
when I found發現 out I was pregnant
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當時我懷孕了,
12:54
and the first scan掃描 revealed透露
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第一次的掃描檢查就發現,
12:56
that my baby寶寶 had a birth分娩 defect缺陷
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我的寶寶有先天性缺陷。
12:59
associated相關 with exposure曝光
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這和我子宮中
13:01
to estrogenic雌激素 chemicals化學製品 in the womb子宮
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含有雌激素化學物質有關。
13:03
and the second第二 scan掃描
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第二次掃描時,
13:05
revealed透露 no heartbeat心跳.
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胎兒已經沒有心跳,
13:07
So my child's孩子的 death死亡, my baby's寶寶 death死亡,
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我的孩子死了,我的寶寶死了。
13:10
really brought home the resonance諧振 of what I was trying to make in this film電影.
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就像呼應了我當時正在拍攝的影片。
13:13
And it's sometimes有時 a weird奇怪的 place地點
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事情有時候很弔詭,
13:15
when the communicator傳播者 becomes part部分 of the story故事,
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說故事的人變成了故事的一部份,
13:18
which哪一個 is not what you originally本來 intend打算.
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只能說世事難料。
13:20
And so when Tyrone泰隆 talks會談 about
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所以當Tyrone博士談到
13:23
the fetus胎兒 being存在 trapped被困 in a contaminated污染 environment環境,
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胎兒被困在受汙染的環境中,
13:26
this is my contaminated污染 environment環境.
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這就是我受汙染的子宮,
13:30
This is my toxic有毒的 baby寶寶.
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這就是我中毒的寶寶。
13:33
And that's something
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發生這種事情
13:36
that's just profound深刻 and sad傷心,
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當然既深刻又悲痛,
13:39
but astonishing驚人
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但令人驚訝的是,
13:41
because so many許多 of us don't actually其實 know this.
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大多數人並不瞭解我們面對的問題。
13:46
THTH: One of this things that's exciting扣人心弦 and appropriate適當
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對我而言,來到TEDWomen理由,
13:48
for me to be here at TEDWomenTEDWomen
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我用一句振奮且適合的話來描述,
13:50
is that, well, I think it was summed總結 up best最好 last night at dinner晚餐
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就是昨天晚餐,
13:54
when someone有人 said, "Turn to the man at your table and tell them,
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有人說到:「告訴和你同桌的人,
13:56
'When the revolution革命 starts啟動, we've我們已經 got your back.'"
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當革命開始時,我們會保護你們。」
13:59
The truth真相 is, women婦女,
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事實上,女人們,
14:01
you've had our back on this issue問題 for a very long time,
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我們已經長時間在這個議題上支持你們,
14:04
starting開始 with Rachel雷切爾 Carson's卡森的 "Silent無聲 Spring彈簧"
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從瑞秋.卡森Rachel Carson《寂靜的春天》開始,
14:06
to Theo西奧 Colborn's科爾伯恩的 "Our Stolen被盜 Future未來"
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到柯爾朋Theo Colborn《失竊的未來》,
14:08
to Sandra桑德拉 Steingraber'sSteingraber的 books圖書
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史坦葛蘿柏Sandra Steingrabe的著作
14:10
"Living活的 Downstream下游" and "Having Faith信仰."
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《住在河下游》和《信仰》
14:13
And perhaps也許 it's the connection連接 to our next下一個 generation --
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這也許持續到我們的下一代,
14:16
like my wife妻子 and my beautiful美麗 daughter女兒 here about 13 years年份 ago --
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就像我的妻子和美麗的女兒,這是13年前的照片。
14:19
perhaps也許 it's that connection連接
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也許這些連結,
14:21
that makes品牌 women婦女 activists活動家
330
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可以讓更多關注這議題的女性,
14:23
in this particular特定 area.
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投身到這個特殊的領域。
14:25
But for the men男人 here, I want to say
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但是我想要提醒男人,
14:27
it's not just women婦女 and children孩子 that are at risk風險.
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並不是只有女人和孩子承受風險。
14:29
And the frogs青蛙 that are exposed裸露 to atrazine阿特拉津,
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受到草脫劑農藥ATRAZINE汙染的青蛙,
14:32
the testes睾丸 are full充分 of holes and spaces空間,
335
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因為荷爾蒙失調,
14:34
because the hormone激素 imbalance失調,
336
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睪丸上布滿了破洞和空隙
14:36
instead代替 of allowing允許 sperm精子 to be generated產生,
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因此無法產生精子。
14:38
such這樣 as in the testis睾丸 here,
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就像這個睪丸,
14:40
the testicular睾丸 tubules小管 end結束 up empty
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輸精管的末端是空的。
14:42
and fertility生育能力 goes down by as much as 50 percent百分.
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生殖能力只剩下百分之五十。
14:44
It's not just my work in amphibians兩棲動物,
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這樣的結果不單出現在兩棲類研究中,
14:47
but similar類似 work has been shown顯示 in fish in Europe歐洲,
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歐洲魚類的實驗也有類似結果,
14:50
holes in the testes睾丸 and absence缺席 of sperm精子 in reptiles爬行動物 in a group from South America美國
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南非爬蟲類,也出現了睪丸上有破洞和缺少精子的現象,
14:53
and in rats大鼠, an absence缺席 of sperm精子
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老鼠的研究上,
14:55
in the testicular睾丸 tubules小管 as well.
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也有輸精管缺乏精子情形。
14:58
And of course課程, we don't do these experiments實驗 in humans人類,
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當然,我們沒有在人體上做實驗,
15:00
but just by coincidence巧合,
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但是很湊巧的
15:02
my colleague同事 has shown顯示
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有報告指出,
15:04
that men男人 who have low sperm精子 count計數, low semen精液 quality質量
349
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尿液中農藥含量較高的男人,
15:06
have significantly顯著 more atrazine阿特拉津 in their urine尿.
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精液中精子的數目相對較少。
15:09
These are just men男人 who live生活
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而這些男人,
15:11
in an agricultural農業的 community社區.
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剛好住在農村社區。
15:13
Men男人 who actually其實 work in agriculture農業
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2000
從事農耕的男人,
15:15
have much higher更高 levels水平 of atrazine阿特拉津.
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尿液中有比較高的農藥殘餘。
15:18
And the men男人 who actually其實 apply應用 atrazine阿特拉津
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而實際噴灑草脫劑ATRAZINE的人,
15:20
have even more atrazine阿特拉津 in their urine尿,
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3000
尿液中農藥的濃度,
15:23
up to levels水平 that are 24,000 times what we know to be active活性
357
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比起一般人,
15:26
are present當下 in the urine尿 of these men男人.
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更高達24,000倍。
15:29
Of course課程, most of them, 90 percent百分 are Mexican墨西哥人, Mexican-American墨西哥裔美國人.
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當然,他們百分之九十是墨西哥人或是墨裔美國人。
15:32
And it's not just atrazine阿特拉津 they're exposed裸露 to.
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除了草脫劑農藥之外,
15:34
They're exposed裸露 to chemicals化學製品 like chloropicrin氯化苦,
361
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3000
他們還接觸到其他化學物質,
15:37
which哪一個 was originally本來 used as a nerve神經 gas加油站.
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2000
像是原本作為神經毒氣的三氯硝基甲烷。
15:39
And many許多 of these workers工人
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大多數這些工人
15:41
have life expectancies的預期 of only 50.
364
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2000
只能活到50歲。
15:43
It shouldn't不能 come to any surprise that the things that happen發生 in wildlife野生動物
365
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3000
所以發生在野生動物身上的事,
15:46
are also a warning警告 to us,
366
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對人類也同樣是警訊,
15:48
just like Rachel雷切爾 Carson卡森 and others其他 have warned警告.
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就像瑞秋.卡森以及其他環保先驅所告誡的一樣。
15:50
As evident明顯 in this slide滑動 from Lake NabugaboNabugabo in Uganda烏干達,
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這張投影片是烏干達納布甘布湖
15:53
the agricultural農業的 runoff徑流 from this crop作物,
369
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2000
灌溉農作物的水
15:55
which哪一個 goes into these buckets水桶,
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流經土壤進入湖中,
15:57
is the sole唯一 source資源 of drinking, cooking烹飪 and bathing洗澡 water for this village.
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而這個湖泊是村落居民飲用、烹飪和洗澡的唯一水源。
16:00
Now if I told the men男人 in this village
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如果我告訴當地居民
16:02
that the frogs青蛙 have pour immune免疫的 function功能
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青蛙免疫系統被破壞,
16:04
and eggs developing發展 in their testes睾丸,
374
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2000
睪丸中形成卵細胞,
16:06
the connection連接 between之間 environmental環境的 health健康 and public上市 health健康
375
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環境和大眾健康之間的關係,
16:08
would be clear明確.
376
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2000
就非常清楚。
16:10
You would not drink water that you knew知道 was having this kind of impact碰撞
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當你知道生活在其中的野生動物受到影響
16:13
on the wildlife野生動物 that lived生活 in it.
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你就不會喝受汙染的水。
16:15
The problem問題 is, in my village, Oakland奧克蘭,
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但問題是,在我居住的村子,奧克蘭
16:17
in most of our villages村莊,
380
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2000
或是其他大部分的地區,
16:19
we don't see that connection連接.
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人們不知道環境和健康的關係。
16:21
We turn on the faucet龍頭, the water comes out, we assume承擔 it's safe安全,
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我們打開水龍頭,水流出來,我們以為這是安全的,
16:23
and we assume承擔 that we are masters主人 of our environment環境,
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我們理所當然的認為人類是生態環境的主人,
16:26
rather than being存在 part部分 of it.
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沒有察覺我們其實是其中一份子。
16:29
PJCPJC: So it doesn't take much to realize實現
385
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不難理解,
16:31
that actually其實 this is an environmental環境的 issue問題.
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這實際上是與環境息息相關的問題。
16:34
And I kept不停 thinking思維 over and over again
387
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我不斷在思考
16:37
this question.
388
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這件事情。
16:39
We know so much about global全球 warming變暖 and climate氣候 change更改,
389
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我們已經知道地球暖化和氣候變遷,
16:42
and yet然而, we have no concept概念
390
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但是我們仍然
16:44
of what I've been calling調用 internal內部 environmentalism環境保護論.
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對自己身體內的變化沒有概念。
16:46
We know what we're putting out there,
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我們知道人類對環境的破壞,
16:48
we have a sense of those repercussions反響,
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也查覺到大自然的反撲,
16:50
but we are so ignorant愚昧 of this sense
394
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但是仍然忽略了,
16:52
of what happens發生 when we put things, or things are put
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我們加諸環境的污染物,最終
16:55
into our bodies身體.
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還是回到自己體內。
16:57
And it's my feeling感覺
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這是我的深刻體會,
16:59
and it's my urging being存在 here
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也是我的積極呼籲,
17:01
to know that, as we women婦女 move移動 forward前鋒
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當女人進一步
17:03
as the communicators傳播者 of this,
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開始傳遞這樣的訊息,
17:05
but also as the ones那些 who carry攜帶 that burden負擔
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我們也同時負擔了
17:08
of carrying攜帶 the children孩子, bearing軸承 the children孩子,
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養育孩子的責任,
17:11
we hold保持 most of the buying購買 power功率 in the household家庭,
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我們擁有選購家庭用品的決定權,
17:14
is that it's going to be us moving移動 forward前鋒
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這也是我們為什們要更進一步,
17:17
to carry攜帶 the work of Tyrone泰隆 and other scientists科學家們 around the world世界.
405
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去分擔Tyrone博士和世界上其他科學家的擔子。
17:20
And my urging is
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我迫切的希望,
17:22
that when we think about environmental環境的 issues問題
407
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當我們思索環保議題,
17:24
that we remember記得 that it's not just about melting融化 glaciers冰川 and ice caps帽子,
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必須記得這不僅是冰河或冰帽融化的問題,
17:28
but it's also about our children孩子 as well.
409
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這也和我們的孩子息息相關。
17:30
Thank you.
410
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謝謝大家。
17:32
(Applause掌聲)
411
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(掌聲)
Translated by YUTING HUANG
Reviewed by Joan Liu

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ABOUT THE SPEAKERS
Tyrone Hayes - Biologist
Tyrone Hayes studies frogs and amphibians -- and the effects on their bodies of common farming chemicals.

Why you should listen

At the University of California, Berkeley, and in ponds around the world, professor Tyrone Hayes studies frogs and other amphibians. He's become an active critic of the farm chemical atrazine, which he's found to interfere with the development of amphibians' endocrine systems.

Hayes is the subject of the chidren's book The Frog Scientist, and lectures frequently. His work was recently covered in Mother Jones.

More profile about the speaker
Tyrone Hayes | Speaker | TED.com
Penelope Jagessar Chaffer - Filmmaker
Penelope Jagessar Chaffer made the film "Toxic Baby," exploring environmental toxins through interviews and surreal imagery.

Why you should listen

Penelope Jagessar Chaffer is the director and producer of the documentary/surrealist film Toxic Baby. She works to bring to light the issue of environmental chemical pollution and its effect on babies and children.

Her first British Academy Award Nomination came for her BBC4 debut, Me and My Dad, which followed her on a trip to Trinidad as she confronted her father, a magistrate who was sent to prison for bribery and corruption. After working on 2005'sShakespeare's Stories for the BBC, for which she received a BAFTA nomination, Chaffer was inspired to begin her research on Toxic Baby.

More profile about the speaker
Penelope Jagessar Chaffer | Speaker | TED.com