TEDMED 2013
Gary Slutkin: Let's treat violence like a contagious disease
加里•斯拉金: 像治疗传染病那样处理暴力事件
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加里•斯拉金医生用了十年多的时间在非洲防治结核病、霍乱和艾滋病等传染病。回到美国后， 他以为自己已经从残酷的传染病死亡中脱身。当他开始认真研究枪支犯罪时，他发现暴力的蔓延模式和感染性疾病的扩散模式相似。这是一个对很多社区所无奈接受的暴力问题的全新视角。斯拉金医生说，我们已经成功地防止了很多疾病，我们对暴力事件也可以这样做。
Gary Slutkin - Epidemiologist
Could our culture have misdiagnosed violence? As the director of the initiative Cure Violence, Gary Slutkin approaches gunfire on neighborhood streets as a contagious disease, looking to science and public health for strategies to stop it. Full bio
Could our culture have misdiagnosed violence? As the director of the initiative Cure Violence, Gary Slutkin approaches gunfire on neighborhood streets as a contagious disease, looking to science and public health for strategies to stop it. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
I'm a physician trained in infectious diseases,
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我是一名治疗传染性疾病的医生。
00:17
and following my training,
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学业结束以后，
00:19
I moved to Somalia
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我从旧金山
00:22
from San Francisco.
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去了索马里。
00:24
And my goodbye greeting
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当时旧金山综合医院
00:26
from the chief of infectious diseases
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传染科主任
00:28
at San Francisco General was,
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送给我的离别致辞是
00:30
"Gary, this is the biggest mistake you'll ever make."
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”加里，这是你一生中最错误的决定。“
00:34
But I landed in a refugee situation
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我在难民营落脚，
00:38
that had a million refugees in 40 camps,
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那里有40个难民营收容了100万难民。
00:42
and there were six of us doctors.
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却只有我们6个医生。
00:44
There were many epidemics there.
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流行病随处可见。
00:47
My responsibilities were largely related to
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我的职责主要是针对
00:49
tuberculosis,
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肺结核
00:51
and then we got struck by an epidemic of cholera.
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和令人震惊的流行性霍乱。
00:55
So it was the spread of tuberculosis
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我负责阻止肺结核
00:57
and the spread of cholera
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和霍乱的
00:59
that I was responsible for inhibiting.
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大幅扩散。
01:04
And in order to do this work, we, of course,
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为了让工作得以顺利进行，
01:07
because of the limitation in health workers,
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我们数量有限的医护人员
01:09
had to recruit refugees to be a specialized
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不得不从难民中招人来
01:13
new category of health worker.
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特训成医护人员。
01:16
Following three years of work in Somalia,
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在索马里工作了三年以后，
01:19
I got picked up by the World Health Organization,
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我被世界卫生组织选中
01:22
and got assigned to the epidemics of AIDS.
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从事防治艾滋病流行的工作。
01:25
My primary responsibility was Uganda,
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我的主要工作是在乌干达。
01:28
but also I worked in Rwanda and Burundi
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我也在卢旺达、布隆迪、
01:31
and Zaire, now Congo,
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扎伊尔、刚果、
01:34
Tanzania, Malawi, and several other countries.
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坦桑尼亚、马拉维和其他几个国家工作过。
01:37
And my last assignment there was to run a unit
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我最后一个任务是负责一个
01:40
called intervention development,
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叫干预发展的机构。
01:42
which was responsible for designing interventions.
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这个机构主要负责干预治疗的设计工作。
01:45
After 10 years of working overseas,
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10年的海外工作
01:48
I was exhausted.
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令我身心疲惫。
01:50
I really had very little left.
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我几乎身无分文。
01:52
I had been traveling to one country after another.
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常年的四处奔波，
01:57
I was emotionally feeling very isolated.
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令我倍感孤独无助。
02:00
I wanted to come home.
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我想回家歇歇。
02:02
I'd seen a lot of death,
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我看过太多的死亡，
02:04
in particular epidemic death,
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尤其是流行病造成的死亡。
02:07
and epidemic death has a different feel to it.
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流行病死亡给人的感受是不一样的，
02:10
It's full of panic and fear,
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它令人触目惊心。
02:14
and I'd heard the women wailing and crying
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我听多了沙漠里女人的
02:18
in the desert.
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恸哭和哀吟。
02:20
And I wanted to come home and take a break
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我很想回家歇歇
02:22
and maybe start over.
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也许重新开始。
02:25
I was not aware of any epidemic problems
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在美国，我没发现任何流行病的
02:28
in America.
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问题。
02:30
In fact, I wasn't aware of any problems in America.
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实际上，我没觉得美国有任何问题。
02:33
In fact -- seriously.
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真的。
02:35
And in fact I would visit friends of mine,
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我去看望我的一些朋友时
02:38
and I noticed that they had water
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我看到他们有水
02:41
that came right into their homes.
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水直接在家里就可以喝到。
02:43
How many of you have such a situation?
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你们中多少人家里是这种情况？
02:45
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
02:46
And some of them, many of them actually,
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有些朋友，其实是很多朋友，
02:49
had water that came into more than one room.
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可以在家里的不同房间直接喝到水。
02:51
And I noticed that they would move
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我还发现他们在家里安装了
02:54
this little thermoregulatory device
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小巧的调温装置，
02:56
to change the temperature in their home
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可以一度一度地或者两度两度地调解
02:59
by one degree or two degrees.
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家里的室内温度。
03:01
And now I do that.
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我家现在也是这样。
03:03
And I really didn't know what I would do,
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所以我不知道我该做什么好。
03:07
but friends of mine began telling me
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我的一个朋友告诉关于
03:10
about children shooting other children with guns.
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青少年之间的枪击事件。
03:14
And I asked the question,
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我就想
03:16
what are you doing about it?
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你该做什么来阻止这样的事件？
03:18
What are you in America doing about it?
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你在美国该做什么来阻止这样的事件？
03:20
And there were two essential explanations
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大家都知道主要有两种方案
03:22
or ideas that were prevalent.
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或者说办法。
03:24
And one was punishment.
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一个是惩罚。
03:26
And this I had heard about before.
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我以前就听说过的方法。
03:29
We who had worked in behavior
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我们以前研究行为学的
03:31
knew that punishment was something that was discussed
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知道惩罚是经常被探讨的方法。
03:35
but also that it was highly overvalued.
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但它也是个被高估的方法。
03:38
It was not a main driver of behavior,
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它不是行为的主要驱动力，
03:40
nor was it a main driver of behavior change.
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也不是行为改变的主要驱动力。
03:44
And besides that, it reminded me
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而且，它让我意识到
03:46
of ancient epidemics
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过去的流行病
03:48
that were previously completely misunderstood
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就曾经被完全曲解。
03:51
because the science hadn't been there before,
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当时的科学没有普及到
03:54
epidemics of plague
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瘟疫、
03:56
or typhus or leprosy,
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斑疹伤寒和麻风病（疫区）。
03:59
where the prevalent ideas were that there were
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所以当时大家普遍认为
04:02
bad people or bad humors or bad air,
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疫区的人差、环境差、空气差。
04:06
and widows were dragged around the moat,
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寡妇们被拖到护城河。
04:08
and dungeons were part of the solution.
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（拖进）地牢甚至是解决（流行病）的方法之一。
04:12
The other explanation or, in a way,
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另一种方案，或者说，
04:14
the solution suggested,
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解决方法是
04:16
is please fix all of these things:
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请改善所有的设施：
04:19
the schools, the community, the homes, the families,
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学校、公共场所、私人住处、各个家庭，以及
04:22
everything.
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所有的东西。
04:23
And I'd heard this before as well.
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我也同样知道这个方法。
04:25
I'd called this the "everything" theory,
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我把这叫做“凡事”理论。
04:28
or EOE: Everything On Earth.
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或者说EOE:世上万物。
04:31
But we'd also realized
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但是我们也认识到
04:32
in treating other processes and problems
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在治疗流行病的过程中
04:36
that sometimes you don't need to treat everything.
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有时候你并不需要改变所有的东西。
04:39
And so the sense that I had
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所以我的感觉是
04:41
was there was a giant gap here.
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人们的认识上有一个鸿沟。
04:44
The problem of violence was stuck,
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暴力问题（的解决）陷入僵局。
04:46
and this has historically been the case
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这历来都是
04:49
in many other issues.
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其他重大问题的特点。
04:50
Diarrheal diseases had been stuck.
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腹泻病（的治疗）曾陷入僵局。
04:51
Malaria had been stuck.
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疟疾（的治疗）也曾陷入僵局。
04:53
Frequently, a strategy has to be rethought.
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通常情况下，一个治疗方案必需进行反思。
04:55
It's not as if I had any idea what it would look like,
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不是说我知道应该怎么做，
04:59
but there was a sense that we would have to do
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我是觉得我们需要
05:02
something with new categories of workers
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和一种全新类别的工作者一起来解决这个问题。
05:04
and something having to do with behavior change
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这样的新方案应该可以改变人们的行为，
05:06
and something having to do with public education.
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这样的新方案应该用公共教育的方式来实行。
05:11
But I began to ask questions
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我开始提出问题，
05:13
and search out the usual things
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研究我以前探讨过的
05:15
that I had been exploring before,
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一些常见指标。
05:17
like, what do the maps look like?
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比如说，分布图是什么样的？
05:19
What do the graphs look like?
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图表是什么样的？
05:20
What does the data look like?
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数据又是什么样的？
05:22
And the maps of violence
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那么在美国大部分的城市，
05:25
in most U.S. cities
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暴力事件的分布图
05:26
looked like this.
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就象这个。
05:28
There was clustering.
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是丛集分布的。
05:30
This reminded me of clustering that we'd seen also
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这让我意识到我们以前见过的
05:33
in infectious epidemics,
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流行传染病就是丛集分布的。
05:35
for example cholera.
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比如说霍乱。
05:37
And then we looked at the maps,
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我们观察曲线图发现
05:40
and the maps showed this typical wave
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曲线图里有这样的典型曲线。
05:42
upon wave upon wave,
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一个波形叠着一个波形的分布。
05:44
because all epidemics
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因为所有的流行病
05:45
are combinations of many epidemics.
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都合并着其他流行病而生。
05:48
And it also looked like infectious epidemics.
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而暴力事件的曲线图和流行病的曲线图也很相似。
05:51
And then we asked the question,
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然后我们就问了，
05:53
well what really predicts a case of violence?
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怎样预警暴力案件呢？
05:56
And it turns out that the greatest predictor
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结果我们发现对一个暴力事件的
05:59
of a case of violence is a preceding case of violence.
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最好预警就是上一次的暴力事件。
06:02
Which also sounds like, if there is a case of flu,
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这就跟流感疫情相似，
06:05
someone gave someone a case of flu, or a cold,
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就象某人把流感，或者感冒传给别人，
06:08
or the greatest risk factor of tuberculosis
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最大的罹患因素就是
06:10
is having been exposed to tuberculosis.
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结核病的接触史。
06:13
And so we see that violence is, in a way,
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我们发现暴力事件，在某种程度上，
06:16
behaving like a contagious disease.
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很象传染病的爆发。
06:19
We're aware of this anyway
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其实，我们
06:21
even in our common experiences
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在日常生活中
06:23
or our newspaper stories
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或者媒体的报道中都可以了解到
06:25
of the spread of violence from fights
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争吵中的暴力会蔓延成
06:28
or in gang wars or in civil wars
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帮派斗争，内战，
06:31
or even in genocides.
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甚至蔓延成为种族屠杀。
06:33
And so there's good news about this, though,
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有个好消息，就是，
06:36
because there's a way to reverse epidemics,
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我们知道治疗传染病的方式。
06:39
and there's really only three things that are done
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只要做好三件事就可以
06:41
to reverse epidemics,
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阻止传染病的发生。
06:43
and the first of it is interrupting transmission.
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第一点就是切断传播途径。
06:45
In order to interrupt transmission,
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为了切断传播途径，
06:47
you need to detect and find first cases.
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我们需要找到第一个案例。
06:51
In other words, for T.B. you have to find somebody
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就是说，如果是结核病，你必须要找到
06:54
who has active T.B. who is infecting other people.
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谁有活动性结核病菌，谁会把结核病传染给别人。
06:57
Make sense?
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对吧？
06:59
And there's special workers for doing that.
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我们有专业人员来做这个工作。
07:01
For this particular problem,
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对这样特定的问题，
07:03
we designed a new category of worker
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我们设计出新类别的工作者。
07:05
who, like a SARS worker
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就象（寻找）非典（传染源）的工作者，
07:06
or someone looking for bird flu,
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（寻找）禽流感（传染源）的工作者，
07:08
might find first cases.
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去找到首例患病者。
07:10
In this case, it's someone who's very angry
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在这个（暴力事件的）案例里，起因是有人
07:12
because someone looked at his girlfriend
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因为别人偷看了他的女朋友
07:14
or owes him money,
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或者别人欠了他的钱而动怒。
07:16
and you can find workers and train them
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你可以找到一些人，训练他们成为
07:18
into these specialized categories.
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特殊类型的工作者。
07:21
And the second thing to do, of course,
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第二点呢，当然就是
07:23
is to prevent further spread,
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防止扩散。
07:24
that means to find who else has been exposed,
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就是说，要找到谁有可能被牵涉进去。
07:28
but may not be spreading so much right now
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虽然他可能不会很快被牵涉，
07:30
like someone with a smaller case of T.B.,
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就像在结核病传染的小型案例里一样。
07:33
or someone who is just hanging out in the neighborhoods,
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哪怕那个人不过是到那个地区转了一圈
07:36
but in the same group,
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但是在一个圈子里（活动）。
07:37
and then they need to be, in a way,
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那么这些人就需要，以某种方式，
07:40
managed as well,
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被好好管理。
07:41
particular to the specific disease process.
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就象处理某些特殊疾病的过程一样。
07:44
And then the third part, the shifting the norms,
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那么第三点就是，恢复到正常。
07:47
and that means a whole bunch of community activities,
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就是说整个社区活动的
07:51
remodeling, public education,
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重组和公共教育。
07:53
and then you've got what you might call
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然后你可以做到所谓的
07:55
group immunity.
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“群体免疫”。
07:56
And that combination of factors
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这几个因素的结合
07:58
is how the AIDS epidemic in Uganda
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使我们当初成功地阻止了
08:01
was very successfully reversed.
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艾滋病在乌干达的扩散。
08:03
And so what we decided to do in the year 2000
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在2000年我们决定尝试
08:06
is kind of put this together in a way
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把这些因素结合起来。
08:08
by hiring in new categories of workers,
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首先我们采用了一些新类型的工作者，
08:10
the first being violence interruptors.
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作为第一批暴力阻止者。
08:13
And then we would put all of this into place
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然后我们把（我上面提到的）三个因素全部运用到
08:16
in one neighborhood
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某个社区，
08:17
in what was the worst police district
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美国国内的
08:19
in the United States at the time.
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某个治安差的地区。
08:21
So violence interruptors hired from the same group,
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暴力阻止者是从（动怒者）同一个圈子里选出来的，
08:24
credibility, trust, access,
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有信誉、值得信任、能接近（动怒者），
08:27
just like the health workers in Somalia,
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就象在索马里的那些（在难民营受训的）医护工作者一样。
08:30
but designed for a different category,
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只不过他们为不同的目的而工作。
08:32
and trained in persuasion,
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他们受训学习如何劝说别人，
08:34
cooling people down, buying time, reframing.
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让（动怒者）息怒，和他们一起消磨时间，转变他的态度。
08:38
And then another category of worker,
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还有其他类别的员工，
08:40
the outreach workers, to keep people
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外展员工，是在某种程度上
08:42
in a way on therapy for six to 24 months.
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让动怒者接受6到24个月的心理辅导。
08:46
Just like T.B., but the object is behavior change.
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就象结核病的治疗，只不过这次是行为上的改变。
08:49
And then a bunch of community activities
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然后呢，一些社区活动就会
08:51
for changing norms.
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恢复正常。
08:53
Now our first experiment of this
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我们首次实验结果
08:55
resulted in a 67-percent drop
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显示在芝加哥西加费尔德地区，
08:58
in shootings and killings
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枪击案和枪杀案
08:59
in the West Garfield neighborhood of Chicago.
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减少了67％。
09:02
(Applause)
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（掌声）
09:04
And this was a beautiful thing
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这对一个社区来说，
09:05
for the neighborhood itself,
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是一件非常好的事。
09:07
first 50 or 60 days, then 90 days,
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刚开始坚持了50天，或60天，然后是90天，
09:10
and then there was unfortunately another shooting
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在接下来的90天里，
09:11
in another 90 days,
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那里仅发生了一件不幸的枪击事件。
09:13
and the moms were hanging out in the afternoon.
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那些社区里的妈妈们开始在下午一起出来散步，
09:15
They were using parks they weren't using before.
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他们开始利用他们以前不曾利用的公园。
09:18
The sun was out. Everybody was happy.
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太阳出来了。每个人都很高兴。
09:20
But of course, the funders said, "Wait a second,
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但当然了，有些捐款人说，“等等，
09:23
do it again."
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你再做一次。”
09:25
And so we had to then, fortunately,
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所以呢，我们幸运地
09:28
get the funds to repeat this experience,
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拿到了资金来重复这个实验。
09:31
and this is one of the next four neighborhoods
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在其他四个实验社区中的一个社区
09:33
that had a 45-percent drop in shootings and killings.
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枪杀案和凶杀案减少了45％。
09:36
And since that time, this has been replicated
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从那时开始，这个实验已经被重复了
09:38
20 times.
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20次。
09:40
There have been independent evaluations
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我们的实验被独立评估过。
09:42
supported by the Justice Department
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这个评估是由司法部门和
09:44
and by the CDC and performed by Johns Hopkins
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疾病预防控制中心支持，由约翰霍普金斯大学来实行的。
09:47
that have shown 30-to-50-percent and 40-to-70-percent
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评估结果显示我们的实验把枪击案和杀人案
09:51
reductions in shootings and killings
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减少到了30－50％ 和40－60％。
09:53
using this new method.
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这是采用（我上面提到的）新方法做到的。
09:55
In fact, there have been three independent
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实际上，我们的工作目前为止已经通过了三次独立
09:56
evaluations of this now.
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评估。
09:58
Now we've gotten a lot of attention as a result of this,
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也因此受到了很多人的瞩目。
10:00
including being featured on
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其中包括
10:03
The New York Times' Sunday magazine cover story.
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《纽约时报》周日杂志的封面特别推荐。
10:07
The Economist in 2009
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2009年的《经济学家》杂志
10:09
said this is "the approach that will come to prominence."
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报道说，我们的工作是“卓越的尝试“。
10:12
And even a movie was made around our work.
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甚至有一部电影是围绕我们的工作来拍摄的。
10:14
[The Interrupters]
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［中断］
10:15
However, not so fast,
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但是，先不要急，
10:18
because a lot of people did not agree
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因为很多人还不同意
10:19
with this way of going about it.
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我们的做法。
10:21
We got a lot of criticism,
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我们受到了很多的批评，
10:23
a lot of opposition,
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很多的反对意见，
10:25
and a lot of opponents.
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很多的敌对态度。
10:27
In other words, what do you mean, health problem?
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（他们问），（你说这是）健康问题，是什么意思？
10:30
What do you mean, epidemic?
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（你说这是）流行病，是什么意思？
10:32
What do you mean, no bad guys?
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（你说)他们不是很坏的人，是什么意思？
10:35
And there's whole industries designed
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社会上已经有了
10:37
for managing bad people.
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管理坏人的方案。
10:40
What do you mean, hiring people
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你说的雇用有（不良）背景的人，
10:43
who have backgrounds?
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是什么意思？
10:45
My business friends said,
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我的商业界朋友说，
10:50
"Gary, you're being criticized tremendously.
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”格里，你的工作受到了严厉地批评，
10:53
You must be doing something right."
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你一定是做了正确的事！“
10:55
(Laughter)
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2009
（笑声）
10:57
My musician friends added the word "dude."
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我的音乐家朋友还加了一个词儿”伙计“。
11:00
So anyway, additionally,
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事实上，
11:04
there was still this problem,
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暴力问题确实还是存在。
11:06
and we were getting highly criticized as well
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我们的工作受到了另一种严厉批评
11:09
for not dealing with all of these other problems.
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因为我们的工作无法处理所有的其他问题。
11:12
Yet we were able to manage malaria
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目前为止，我们能控制疟疾，
11:15
and reduce HIV and reduce diarrheal diseases
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减少艾滋病和腹泻的发病，
11:18
in places with awful economies
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在那些贫困的
11:20
without healing the economy.
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没有经济复苏的地区。
11:22
So what's actually happened is,
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所以实际上，
11:24
although there is still some opposition,
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尽管有一些反对意见，
11:27
the movement is clearly growing.
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很明显大家都行动起来了。
11:29
Many of the major cities in the U.S.,
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美国的很多大城市，
11:31
including New York City and Baltimore
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包括纽约和巴的摩尔
11:33
and Kansas City,
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和堪萨斯城。
11:34
their health departments are running this now.
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1933
他们的卫生部门在开展着类似的工作。
11:36
Chicago and New Orleans, the health departments
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芝加哥和新奥尔良的卫生部门
11:39
are having a very large role in this.
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在这样的工作中发挥着巨大的作用。
11:41
This is being embraced more by law enforcement
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执法部门比几年前更加
11:44
than it had been years ago.
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1979
接受我们的工作。
11:46
Trauma centers and hospitals
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创伤中心和医院
11:48
are doing their part in stepping up.
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也在不断跟进。
11:50
And the U.S. Conference of Mayors
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美国市长联席会议
11:52
has endorsed not only the approach
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已经核准不仅要开展类似的工作
11:55
but the specific model.
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而且要作为特别模式来做。
11:57
Where there's really been uptake even faster
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也有一些行动更加迅速的
12:00
is in the international environment,
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1997
国际组织。
12:02
where there's a 55-percent drop
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1756
在波多黎各的第一个试点区域，
12:04
in the first neighborhood in Puerto Rico,
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犯罪率减少了55％。
12:07
where interruptions are just beginning in Honduras,
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在洪都拉斯切断（犯罪）工作正在着手进行。
12:09
where the strategy has been applied in Kenya
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2914
在肯亚最近的选举活动中，我们的工作模式
12:12
for the recent elections,
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已经被列入计划。
12:15
and where there have been 500 interruptions in Iraq.
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伊拉克已经完成了500次切断犯罪的工作。
12:18
So violence is responding as a disease
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暴力事件可以当作疾病来对待，
12:21
even as it behaves as a disease.
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它的表现形式就象一个疾病的表现形式。
12:24
So the theory, in a way,
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我们的理论，某种意义上说，
12:26
is kind of being validated by the treatment.
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是在处理过程中得到了验证的。
12:30
And recently, the Institute of Medicine
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最近，医学研究中心
12:33
came out with a workshop report
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提出了一个研究报告
12:35
which went through some of the data,
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提供了包括了神经科学方面的
12:37
including the neuroscience,
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一些数据
12:39
on how this problem is really transmitted.
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来解释暴力是如何传播的。
12:43
So I think this is good news,
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我认为这个是好消息，
12:46
because it allows us an opportunity
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因为这些研究让我们有机会
12:48
to come out of the Middle Ages,
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走出以往的
12:49
which is where I feel this field has been.
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中世纪般的陈旧思维。
12:52
It gives us an opportunity to consider the possibility
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这些研究给我们重新考虑
12:55
of replacing some of these prisons
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把一些监狱变成
12:58
with playgrounds or parks,
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儿童游乐场和公园的可能性。
13:01
and to consider the possibility
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重新考虑
13:04
of converting our neighborhoods into neighborhoods,
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把我们的社区变成
13:08
and to allow there to be a new strategy,
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采用新模式
13:11
a new set of methods, a new set of workers:
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新方法，新类型的工作者的社区。
13:15
science, in a way, replacing morality.
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用科学的方法来替代道德的方法。
13:19
And moving away from emotions
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控制住情绪
13:21
is the most important part of the solution
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3187
是解决问题中最重要的一部分。
13:24
to science as a more important part of the solution.
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用科学的方法来解决是更加重要的。
13:28
So I didn't mean to come up with this at all.
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4723
我不是说所有的问题最终都能用我们的方法来解决。
13:33
It was a matter of,
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重要的是，
13:36
I wanted actually a break,
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我想要有个突破，
13:37
and we looked at maps, we looked at graphs,
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让我们能够看着分布图，看着图表，
13:42
we asked some questions
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提出一些问题，
13:43
and tried some tools
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然后尽量采用
13:46
that actually have been used many times before
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以前在其他方面运用过很多次的
13:49
for other things.
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1918
方法。
13:51
For myself, I tried to get away from
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对我自己来说，我曾试图从
13:54
infectious diseases,
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1743
感染性疾病中脱身。
13:56
and I didn't.
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1955
可是我没有。
13:58
Thank you.
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谢谢大家！
13:59
(Applause)
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3290
（掌声）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Gary Slutkin - EpidemiologistCould our culture have misdiagnosed violence? As the director of the initiative Cure Violence, Gary Slutkin approaches gunfire on neighborhood streets as a contagious disease, looking to science and public health for strategies to stop it.
Why you should listen
Gary Slutkin is an epidemiologist, an innovator in violence reduction, and the Founder/Executive Director of Cure Violence, formerly known as CeaseFire. As a physician, he began his career working in Somalian refugee camps, where tuberculosis and cholera epidemics flared up regularly. He went on to work for the World Health Organization on reversing epidemics, supporting Uganda’s AIDS program which helped the country reversed the course of the disease. Upon returning to the United States, it occurred to him: could gun violence function like an epidemic? And could it be fought, and even stopped, using the principles of public health?
Slutkin has applied the lessons learned over a decade of fighting epidemics to the creation of Cure Violence, a public health approach that has been statistically validated by two independent evaluations by the Department of Justice and Centers for Disease Control. Cure Violence has been called a "pioneering violence reduction model" and its methods have received nods from the Institute of Medicine and the U.S. Conference of Mayors. The program is being replicated at more than 50 sites in 15 U.S. cities, as well as in many countries abroad.
Dr. Sultkin is an Ashoka Fellow, a Professor of Epidemiology and International Health at the University of Illinois at Chicago, and a senior advisor to the World Health Organization.
Gary Slutkin | Speaker | TED.com