ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Gary Slutkin - Epidemiologist
Could our culture have misdiagnosed violence? As the director of the initiative Cure Violence, Gary Slutkin approaches gunfire on neighborhood streets as a contagious disease, looking to science and public health for strategies to stop it.

Why you should listen

Gary Slutkin is an epidemiologist, an innovator in violence reduction, and the Founder/Executive Director of Cure Violence, formerly known as CeaseFire. As a physician, he began his career working in Somalian refugee camps, where tuberculosis and cholera epidemics flared up regularly. He went on to work for the World Health Organization on reversing epidemics, supporting Uganda’s AIDS program which helped the country reversed the course of the disease. Upon returning to the United States, it occurred to him: could gun violence function like an epidemic? And could it be fought, and even stopped, using the principles of public health?

Slutkin has applied the lessons learned over a decade of fighting epidemics to the creation of Cure Violence, a public health approach that has been statistically validated by two independent evaluations by the Department of Justice and Centers for Disease Control. Cure Violence has been called a "pioneering violence reduction model" and its methods have received nods from the Institute of Medicine and the U.S. Conference of Mayors. The program is being replicated at more than 50 sites in 15 U.S. cities, as well as in many countries abroad.

Dr. Sultkin is an Ashoka Fellow, a Professor of Epidemiology and International Health at the University of Illinois at Chicago, and a senior advisor to the World Health Organization.

More profile about the speaker
Gary Slutkin | Speaker | TED.com
TEDMED 2013

Gary Slutkin: Let's treat violence like a contagious disease

加里•斯拉金: 像治疗传染病那样处理暴力事件

Filmed:
817,401 views

加里•斯拉金医生用了十年多的时间在非洲防治结核病、霍乱和艾滋病等传染病。回到美国后, 他以为自己已经从残酷的传染病死亡中脱身。当他开始认真研究枪支犯罪时,他发现暴力的蔓延模式和感染性疾病的扩散模式相似。这是一个对很多社区所无奈接受的暴力问题的全新视角。斯拉金医生说,我们已经成功地防止了很多疾病,我们对暴力事件也可以这样做。
- Epidemiologist
Could our culture have misdiagnosed violence? As the director of the initiative Cure Violence, Gary Slutkin approaches gunfire on neighborhood streets as a contagious disease, looking to science and public health for strategies to stop it. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:12
I'm a physician医师 trained熟练 in infectious传染病 diseases疾病,
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我是一名治疗传染性疾病的医生。
00:17
and following以下 my training训练,
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学业结束以后,
00:19
I moved移动 to Somalia索马里
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我从旧金山
00:22
from San Francisco弗朗西斯科.
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去了索马里。
00:24
And my goodbye再见 greeting欢迎
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当时旧金山综合医院
00:26
from the chief首席 of infectious传染病 diseases疾病
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传染科主任
00:28
at San Francisco弗朗西斯科 General一般 was,
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送给我的离别致辞是
00:30
"Gary加里, this is the biggest最大 mistake错误 you'll你会 ever make."
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”加里,这是你一生中最错误的决定。“
00:34
But I landed登陆 in a refugee难民 situation情况
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我在难民营落脚,
00:38
that had a million百万 refugees难民 in 40 camps营地,
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那里有40个难民营收容了100万难民。
00:42
and there were six of us doctors医生.
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却只有我们6个医生。
00:44
There were many许多 epidemics流行病 there.
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流行病随处可见。
00:47
My responsibilities责任 were largely大部分 related有关 to
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我的职责主要是针对
00:49
tuberculosis结核,
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肺结核
00:51
and then we got struck来袭 by an epidemic疫情 of cholera霍乱.
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和令人震惊的流行性霍乱。
00:55
So it was the spread传播 of tuberculosis结核
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我负责阻止肺结核
00:57
and the spread传播 of cholera霍乱
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和霍乱的
00:59
that I was responsible主管 for inhibiting抑制.
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大幅扩散。
01:04
And in order订购 to do this work, we, of course课程,
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为了让工作得以顺利进行,
01:07
because of the limitation局限性 in health健康 workers工人,
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我们数量有限的医护人员
01:09
had to recruit refugees难民 to be a specialized专门
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不得不从难民中招人来
01:13
new category类别 of health健康 worker工人.
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特训成医护人员。
01:16
Following以下 three years年份 of work in Somalia索马里,
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在索马里工作了三年以后,
01:19
I got picked采摘的 up by the World世界 Health健康 Organization组织,
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我被世界卫生组织选中
01:22
and got assigned分配 to the epidemics流行病 of AIDS艾滋病.
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从事防治艾滋病流行的工作。
01:25
My primary responsibility责任 was Uganda乌干达,
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我的主要工作是在乌干达。
01:28
but also I worked工作 in Rwanda卢旺达 and Burundi布隆迪
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我也在卢旺达、布隆迪、
01:31
and Zaire扎伊尔, now Congo刚果,
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扎伊尔、刚果、
01:34
Tanzania坦桑尼亚, Malawi马拉维, and several一些 other countries国家.
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坦桑尼亚、马拉维和其他几个国家工作过。
01:37
And my last assignment分配 there was to run a unit单元
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我最后一个任务是负责一个
01:40
called intervention介入 development发展,
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叫干预发展的机构。
01:42
which哪一个 was responsible主管 for designing设计 interventions干预措施.
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这个机构主要负责干预治疗的设计工作。
01:45
After 10 years年份 of working加工 overseas海外,
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10年的海外工作
01:48
I was exhausted.
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令我身心疲惫。
01:50
I really had very little left.
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我几乎身无分文。
01:52
I had been traveling旅行 to one country国家 after another另一个.
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常年的四处奔波,
01:57
I was emotionally感情上 feeling感觉 very isolated孤立.
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令我倍感孤独无助。
02:00
I wanted to come home.
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我想回家歇歇。
02:02
I'd seen看到 a lot of death死亡,
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我看过太多的死亡,
02:04
in particular特定 epidemic疫情 death死亡,
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尤其是流行病造成的死亡。
02:07
and epidemic疫情 death死亡 has a different不同 feel to it.
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流行病死亡给人的感受是不一样的,
02:10
It's full充分 of panic恐慌 and fear恐惧,
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它令人触目惊心。
02:14
and I'd heard听说 the women妇女 wailing and crying哭了
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我听多了沙漠里女人的
02:18
in the desert沙漠.
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恸哭和哀吟。
02:20
And I wanted to come home and take a break打破
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我很想回家歇歇
02:22
and maybe start开始 over.
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也许重新开始。
02:25
I was not aware知道的 of any epidemic疫情 problems问题
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在美国,我没发现任何流行病的
02:28
in America美国.
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问题。
02:30
In fact事实, I wasn't aware知道的 of any problems问题 in America美国.
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实际上,我没觉得美国有任何问题。
02:33
In fact事实 -- seriously认真地.
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真的。
02:35
And in fact事实 I would visit访问 friends朋友 of mine,
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我去看望我的一些朋友时
02:38
and I noticed注意到 that they had water
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我看到他们有水
02:41
that came来了 right into their homes家园.
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水直接在家里就可以喝到。
02:43
How many许多 of you have such这样 a situation情况?
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你们中多少人家里是这种情况?
02:45
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
02:46
And some of them, many许多 of them actually其实,
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有些朋友,其实是很多朋友,
02:49
had water that came来了 into more than one room房间.
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可以在家里的不同房间直接喝到水。
02:51
And I noticed注意到 that they would move移动
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我还发现他们在家里安装了
02:54
this little thermoregulatory体温调节 device设备
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小巧的调温装置,
02:56
to change更改 the temperature温度 in their home
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可以一度一度地或者两度两度地调解
02:59
by one degree or two degrees.
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家里的室内温度。
03:01
And now I do that.
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我家现在也是这样。
03:03
And I really didn't know what I would do,
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所以我不知道我该做什么好。
03:07
but friends朋友 of mine began开始 telling告诉 me
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我的一个朋友告诉关于
03:10
about children孩子 shooting射击 other children孩子 with guns枪炮.
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青少年之间的枪击事件。
03:14
And I asked the question,
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我就想
03:16
what are you doing about it?
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你该做什么来阻止这样的事件?
03:18
What are you in America美国 doing about it?
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你在美国该做什么来阻止这样的事件?
03:20
And there were two essential必要 explanations说明
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大家都知道主要有两种方案
03:22
or ideas思路 that were prevalent流行.
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或者说办法。
03:24
And one was punishment惩罚.
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一个是惩罚。
03:26
And this I had heard听说 about before.
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我以前就听说过的方法。
03:29
We who had worked工作 in behavior行为
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我们以前研究行为学的
03:31
knew知道 that punishment惩罚 was something that was discussed讨论
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知道惩罚是经常被探讨的方法。
03:35
but also that it was highly高度 overvalued高估.
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但它也是个被高估的方法。
03:38
It was not a main主要 driver司机 of behavior行为,
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它不是行为的主要驱动力,
03:40
nor也不 was it a main主要 driver司机 of behavior行为 change更改.
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也不是行为改变的主要驱动力。
03:44
And besides除了 that, it reminded提醒 me
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而且,它让我意识到
03:46
of ancient epidemics流行病
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过去的流行病
03:48
that were previously先前 completely全然 misunderstood误解
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就曾经被完全曲解。
03:51
because the science科学 hadn't有没有 been there before,
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当时的科学没有普及到
03:54
epidemics流行病 of plague鼠疫
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瘟疫、
03:56
or typhus斑疹伤寒 or leprosy麻风,
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斑疹伤寒和麻风病(疫区)。
03:59
where the prevalent流行 ideas思路 were that there were
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所以当时大家普遍认为
04:02
bad people or bad humors幽默 or bad air空气,
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疫区的人差、环境差、空气差。
04:06
and widows寡妇 were dragged around the moat护城河,
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寡妇们被拖到护城河。
04:08
and dungeons地牢 were part部分 of the solution.
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(拖进)地牢甚至是解决(流行病)的方法之一。
04:12
The other explanation说明 or, in a way,
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另一种方案,或者说,
04:14
the solution suggested建议,
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解决方法是
04:16
is please fix固定 all of these things:
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请改善所有的设施:
04:19
the schools学校, the community社区, the homes家园, the families家庭,
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学校、公共场所、私人住处、各个家庭,以及
04:22
everything.
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所有的东西。
04:23
And I'd heard听说 this before as well.
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我也同样知道这个方法。
04:25
I'd called this the "everything" theory理论,
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我把这叫做“凡事”理论。
04:28
or EOEEOE: Everything On Earth地球.
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或者说EOE:世上万物。
04:31
But we'd星期三 also realized实现
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但是我们也认识到
04:32
in treating治疗 other processes流程 and problems问题
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在治疗流行病的过程中
04:36
that sometimes有时 you don't need to treat对待 everything.
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有时候你并不需要改变所有的东西。
04:39
And so the sense that I had
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所以我的感觉是
04:41
was there was a giant巨人 gap间隙 here.
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人们的认识上有一个鸿沟。
04:44
The problem问题 of violence暴力 was stuck卡住,
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暴力问题(的解决)陷入僵局。
04:46
and this has historically历史 been the case案件
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这历来都是
04:49
in many许多 other issues问题.
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其他重大问题的特点。
04:50
Diarrheal腹泻 diseases疾病 had been stuck卡住.
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腹泻病(的治疗)曾陷入僵局。
04:51
Malaria疟疾 had been stuck卡住.
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疟疾(的治疗)也曾陷入僵局。
04:53
Frequently经常, a strategy战略 has to be rethought再思考.
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通常情况下,一个治疗方案必需进行反思。
04:55
It's not as if I had any idea理念 what it would look like,
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不是说我知道应该怎么做,
04:59
but there was a sense that we would have to do
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我是觉得我们需要
05:02
something with new categories类别 of workers工人
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和一种全新类别的工作者一起来解决这个问题。
05:04
and something having to do with behavior行为 change更改
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这样的新方案应该可以改变人们的行为,
05:06
and something having to do with public上市 education教育.
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这样的新方案应该用公共教育的方式来实行。
05:11
But I began开始 to ask questions问题
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我开始提出问题,
05:13
and search搜索 out the usual通常 things
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研究我以前探讨过的
05:15
that I had been exploring探索 before,
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一些常见指标。
05:17
like, what do the maps地图 look like?
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比如说,分布图是什么样的?
05:19
What do the graphs look like?
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图表是什么样的?
05:20
What does the data数据 look like?
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数据又是什么样的?
05:22
And the maps地图 of violence暴力
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那么在美国大部分的城市,
05:25
in most U.S. cities城市
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暴力事件的分布图
05:26
looked看着 like this.
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就象这个。
05:28
There was clustering集群.
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是丛集分布的。
05:30
This reminded提醒 me of clustering集群 that we'd星期三 seen看到 also
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这让我意识到我们以前见过的
05:33
in infectious传染病 epidemics流行病,
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流行传染病就是丛集分布的。
05:35
for example cholera霍乱.
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比如说霍乱。
05:37
And then we looked看着 at the maps地图,
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我们观察曲线图发现
05:40
and the maps地图 showed显示 this typical典型 wave
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曲线图里有这样的典型曲线。
05:42
upon wave upon wave,
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一个波形叠着一个波形的分布。
05:44
because all epidemics流行病
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因为所有的流行病
05:45
are combinations组合 of many许多 epidemics流行病.
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都合并着其他流行病而生。
05:48
And it also looked看着 like infectious传染病 epidemics流行病.
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而暴力事件的曲线图和流行病的曲线图也很相似。
05:51
And then we asked the question,
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然后我们就问了,
05:53
well what really predicts预测 a case案件 of violence暴力?
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怎样预警暴力案件呢?
05:56
And it turns out that the greatest最大 predictor预报器
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结果我们发现对一个暴力事件的
05:59
of a case案件 of violence暴力 is a preceding case案件 of violence暴力.
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最好预警就是上一次的暴力事件。
06:02
Which哪一个 also sounds声音 like, if there is a case案件 of flu流感,
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这就跟流感疫情相似,
06:05
someone有人 gave someone有人 a case案件 of flu流感, or a cold,
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就象某人把流感,或者感冒传给别人,
06:08
or the greatest最大 risk风险 factor因子 of tuberculosis结核
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最大的罹患因素就是
06:10
is having been exposed裸露 to tuberculosis结核.
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结核病的接触史。
06:13
And so we see that violence暴力 is, in a way,
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我们发现暴力事件,在某种程度上,
06:16
behaving行为 like a contagious传染性的 disease疾病.
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很象传染病的爆发。
06:19
We're aware知道的 of this anyway无论如何
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其实,我们
06:21
even in our common共同 experiences经验
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在日常生活中
06:23
or our newspaper报纸 stories故事
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或者媒体的报道中都可以了解到
06:25
of the spread传播 of violence暴力 from fights打架
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争吵中的暴力会蔓延成
06:28
or in gang结伙 wars战争 or in civil国内 wars战争
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帮派斗争,内战,
06:31
or even in genocides种族灭绝.
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甚至蔓延成为种族屠杀。
06:33
And so there's good news新闻 about this, though虽然,
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有个好消息,就是,
06:36
because there's a way to reverse相反 epidemics流行病,
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我们知道治疗传染病的方式。
06:39
and there's really only three things that are doneDONE
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只要做好三件事就可以
06:41
to reverse相反 epidemics流行病,
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阻止传染病的发生。
06:43
and the first of it is interrupting中断 transmission传输.
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第一点就是切断传播途径。
06:45
In order订购 to interrupt打断 transmission传输,
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为了切断传播途径,
06:47
you need to detect检测 and find first cases.
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我们需要找到第一个案例。
06:51
In other words, for T.B. you have to find somebody
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就是说,如果是结核病,你必须要找到
06:54
who has active活性 T.B. who is infecting感染 other people.
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谁有活动性结核病菌,谁会把结核病传染给别人。
06:57
Make sense?
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对吧?
06:59
And there's special特别 workers工人 for doing that.
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我们有专业人员来做这个工作。
07:01
For this particular特定 problem问题,
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对这样特定的问题,
07:03
we designed设计 a new category类别 of worker工人
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我们设计出新类别的工作者。
07:05
who, like a SARSSARS worker工人
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就象(寻找)非典(传染源)的工作者,
07:06
or someone有人 looking for bird flu流感,
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(寻找)禽流感(传染源)的工作者,
07:08
might威力 find first cases.
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去找到首例患病者。
07:10
In this case案件, it's someone有人 who's谁是 very angry愤怒
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在这个(暴力事件的)案例里,起因是有人
07:12
because someone有人 looked看着 at his girlfriend女朋友
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因为别人偷看了他的女朋友
07:14
or owes him money,
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或者别人欠了他的钱而动怒。
07:16
and you can find workers工人 and train培养 them
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你可以找到一些人,训练他们成为
07:18
into these specialized专门 categories类别.
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特殊类型的工作者。
07:21
And the second第二 thing to do, of course课程,
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第二点呢,当然就是
07:23
is to prevent避免 further进一步 spread传播,
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防止扩散。
07:24
that means手段 to find who else其他 has been exposed裸露,
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就是说,要找到谁有可能被牵涉进去。
07:28
but may可能 not be spreading传播 so much right now
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虽然他可能不会很快被牵涉,
07:30
like someone有人 with a smaller case案件 of T.B.,
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就像在结核病传染的小型案例里一样。
07:33
or someone有人 who is just hanging out in the neighborhoods社区,
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哪怕那个人不过是到那个地区转了一圈
07:36
but in the same相同 group,
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但是在一个圈子里(活动)。
07:37
and then they need to be, in a way,
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那么这些人就需要,以某种方式,
07:40
managed管理 as well,
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被好好管理。
07:41
particular特定 to the specific具体 disease疾病 process处理.
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就象处理某些特殊疾病的过程一样。
07:44
And then the third第三 part部分, the shifting the norms规范,
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那么第三点就是,恢复到正常。
07:47
and that means手段 a whole整个 bunch of community社区 activities活动,
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就是说整个社区活动的
07:51
remodeling重塑, public上市 education教育,
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重组和公共教育。
07:53
and then you've got what you might威力 call
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然后你可以做到所谓的
07:55
group immunity免疫.
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“群体免疫”。
07:56
And that combination组合 of factors因素
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这几个因素的结合
07:58
is how the AIDS艾滋病 epidemic疫情 in Uganda乌干达
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使我们当初成功地阻止了
08:01
was very successfully顺利 reversed反向的.
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艾滋病在乌干达的扩散。
08:03
And so what we decided决定 to do in the year 2000
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在2000年我们决定尝试
08:06
is kind of put this together一起 in a way
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把这些因素结合起来。
08:08
by hiring招聘 in new categories类别 of workers工人,
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首先我们采用了一些新类型的工作者,
08:10
the first being存在 violence暴力 interruptors遮断.
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作为第一批暴力阻止者。
08:13
And then we would put all of this into place地点
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然后我们把(我上面提到的)三个因素全部运用到
08:16
in one neighborhood邻里
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某个社区,
08:17
in what was the worst最差 police警察 district
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美国国内的
08:19
in the United联合的 States状态 at the time.
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某个治安差的地区。
08:21
So violence暴力 interruptors遮断 hired雇用 from the same相同 group,
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暴力阻止者是从(动怒者)同一个圈子里选出来的,
08:24
credibility可信性, trust相信, access访问,
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有信誉、值得信任、能接近(动怒者),
08:27
just like the health健康 workers工人 in Somalia索马里,
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就象在索马里的那些(在难民营受训的)医护工作者一样。
08:30
but designed设计 for a different不同 category类别,
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只不过他们为不同的目的而工作。
08:32
and trained熟练 in persuasion劝说,
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他们受训学习如何劝说别人,
08:34
cooling冷却 people down, buying购买 time, reframing重新定义.
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让(动怒者)息怒,和他们一起消磨时间,转变他的态度。
08:38
And then another另一个 category类别 of worker工人,
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还有其他类别的员工,
08:40
the outreach推广 workers工人, to keep people
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外展员工,是在某种程度上
08:42
in a way on therapy治疗 for six to 24 months个月.
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让动怒者接受6到24个月的心理辅导。
08:46
Just like T.B., but the object目的 is behavior行为 change更改.
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就象结核病的治疗,只不过这次是行为上的改变。
08:49
And then a bunch of community社区 activities活动
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然后呢,一些社区活动就会
08:51
for changing改变 norms规范.
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恢复正常。
08:53
Now our first experiment实验 of this
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我们首次实验结果
08:55
resulted导致 in a 67-percent-百分 drop下降
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显示在芝加哥西加费尔德地区,
08:58
in shootings枪击事件 and killings杀人
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枪击案和枪杀案
08:59
in the West西 Garfield加菲猫 neighborhood邻里 of Chicago芝加哥.
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减少了67%。
09:02
(Applause掌声)
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2150
(掌声)
09:04
And this was a beautiful美丽 thing
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这对一个社区来说,
09:05
for the neighborhood邻里 itself本身,
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是一件非常好的事。
09:07
first 50 or 60 days, then 90 days,
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刚开始坚持了50天,或60天,然后是90天,
09:10
and then there was unfortunately不幸 another另一个 shooting射击
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在接下来的90天里,
09:11
in another另一个 90 days,
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那里仅发生了一件不幸的枪击事件。
09:13
and the moms妈妈 were hanging out in the afternoon下午.
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2440
那些社区里的妈妈们开始在下午一起出来散步,
09:15
They were using运用 parks公园 they weren't using运用 before.
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他们开始利用他们以前不曾利用的公园。
09:18
The sun太阳 was out. Everybody每个人 was happy快乐.
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太阳出来了。每个人都很高兴。
09:20
But of course课程, the funders资助者 said, "Wait a second第二,
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但当然了,有些捐款人说,“等等,
09:23
do it again."
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你再做一次。”
09:25
And so we had to then, fortunately幸好,
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3317
所以呢,我们幸运地
09:28
get the funds资金 to repeat重复 this experience经验,
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拿到了资金来重复这个实验。
09:31
and this is one of the next下一个 four neighborhoods社区
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在其他四个实验社区中的一个社区
09:33
that had a 45-percent-百分 drop下降 in shootings枪击事件 and killings杀人.
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枪杀案和凶杀案减少了45%。
09:36
And since以来 that time, this has been replicated复制
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从那时开始,这个实验已经被重复了
09:38
20 times.
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20次。
09:40
There have been independent独立 evaluations评估
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我们的实验被独立评估过。
09:42
supported支持的 by the Justice正义 Department
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这个评估是由司法部门和
09:44
and by the CDCCDC and performed执行 by Johns约翰斯 Hopkins霍普金斯
228
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2777
疾病预防控制中心支持,由约翰霍普金斯大学来实行的。
09:47
that have shown显示 30-to--至-50-percent-百分 and 40-to--至-70-percent-百分
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评估结果显示我们的实验把枪击案和杀人案
09:51
reductions减少 in shootings枪击事件 and killings杀人
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2109
减少到了30-50% 和40-60%。
09:53
using运用 this new method方法.
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这是采用(我上面提到的)新方法做到的。
09:55
In fact事实, there have been three independent独立
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实际上,我们的工作目前为止已经通过了三次独立
09:56
evaluations评估 of this now.
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评估。
09:58
Now we've我们已经 gotten得到 a lot of attention注意 as a result结果 of this,
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2257
也因此受到了很多人的瞩目。
10:00
including包含 being存在 featured精选 on
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其中包括
10:03
The New York纽约 Times'时报 Sunday星期日 magazine杂志 cover story故事.
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《纽约时报》周日杂志的封面特别推荐。
10:07
The Economist经济学家 in 2009
237
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2009年的《经济学家》杂志
10:09
said this is "the approach途径 that will come to prominence突出物."
238
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2214
报道说,我们的工作是“卓越的尝试“。
10:12
And even a movie电影 was made制作 around our work.
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甚至有一部电影是围绕我们的工作来拍摄的。
10:14
[The Interrupters灭弧]
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[中断]
10:15
However然而, not so fast快速,
241
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2504
但是,先不要急,
10:18
because a lot of people did not agree同意
242
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1862
因为很多人还不同意
10:19
with this way of going about it.
243
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1981
我们的做法。
10:21
We got a lot of criticism批评,
244
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1963
我们受到了很多的批评,
10:23
a lot of opposition反对,
245
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1739
很多的反对意见,
10:25
and a lot of opponents对手.
246
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1735
很多的敌对态度。
10:27
In other words, what do you mean, health健康 problem问题?
247
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2851
(他们问),(你说这是)健康问题,是什么意思?
10:30
What do you mean, epidemic疫情?
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(你说这是)流行病,是什么意思?
10:32
What do you mean, no bad guys?
249
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(你说)他们不是很坏的人,是什么意思?
10:35
And there's whole整个 industries行业 designed设计
250
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2153
社会上已经有了
10:37
for managing管理的 bad people.
251
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2958
管理坏人的方案。
10:40
What do you mean, hiring招聘 people
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3043
你说的雇用有(不良)背景的人,
10:43
who have backgrounds背景?
253
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1949
是什么意思?
10:45
My business商业 friends朋友 said,
254
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4499
我的商业界朋友说,
10:50
"Gary加里, you're being存在 criticized批评 tremendously异常.
255
638244
3347
”格里,你的工作受到了严厉地批评,
10:53
You must必须 be doing something right."
256
641591
1998
你一定是做了正确的事!“
10:55
(Laughter笑声)
257
643589
2009
(笑声)
10:57
My musician音乐家 friends朋友 added添加 the word "dude花花公子."
258
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3255
我的音乐家朋友还加了一个词儿”伙计“。
11:00
So anyway无论如何, additionally另外,
259
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3771
事实上,
11:04
there was still this problem问题,
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1825
暴力问题确实还是存在。
11:06
and we were getting得到 highly高度 criticized批评 as well
261
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2905
我们的工作受到了另一种严厉批评
11:09
for not dealing交易 with all of these other problems问题.
262
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因为我们的工作无法处理所有的其他问题。
11:12
Yet然而 we were able能够 to manage管理 malaria疟疾
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3130
目前为止,我们能控制疟疾,
11:15
and reduce减少 HIVHIV and reduce减少 diarrheal腹泻 diseases疾病
264
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2752
减少艾滋病和腹泻的发病,
11:18
in places地方 with awful可怕 economies经济
265
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1938
在那些贫困的
11:20
without healing复原 the economy经济.
266
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1820
没有经济复苏的地区。
11:22
So what's actually其实 happened发生 is,
267
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2535
所以实际上,
11:24
although虽然 there is still some opposition反对,
268
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2445
尽管有一些反对意见,
11:27
the movement运动 is clearly明确地 growing生长.
269
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很明显大家都行动起来了。
11:29
Many许多 of the major重大的 cities城市 in the U.S.,
270
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2084
美国的很多大城市,
11:31
including包含 New York纽约 City and Baltimore巴尔的摩
271
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2238
包括纽约和巴的摩尔
11:33
and Kansas堪萨斯 City,
272
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1265
和堪萨斯城。
11:34
their health健康 departments部门 are running赛跑 this now.
273
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1933
他们的卫生部门在开展着类似的工作。
11:36
Chicago芝加哥 and New Orleans奥尔良, the health健康 departments部门
274
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2621
芝加哥和新奥尔良的卫生部门
11:39
are having a very large role角色 in this.
275
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2531
在这样的工作中发挥着巨大的作用。
11:41
This is being存在 embraced拥抱 more by law enforcement强制
276
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2855
执法部门比几年前更加
11:44
than it had been years年份 ago.
277
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1979
接受我们的工作。
11:46
Trauma外伤 centers中心 and hospitals医院
278
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2054
创伤中心和医院
11:48
are doing their part部分 in stepping步进 up.
279
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2294
也在不断跟进。
11:50
And the U.S. Conference会议 of Mayors市长
280
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1893
美国市长联席会议
11:52
has endorsed赞同 not only the approach途径
281
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2593
已经核准不仅要开展类似的工作
11:55
but the specific具体 model模型.
282
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2293
而且要作为特别模式来做。
11:57
Where there's really been uptake摄取 even faster更快
283
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3249
也有一些行动更加迅速的
12:00
is in the international国际 environment环境,
284
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1997
国际组织。
12:02
where there's a 55-percent-百分 drop下降
285
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1756
在波多黎各的第一个试点区域,
12:04
in the first neighborhood邻里 in Puerto波多黎各 Rico波多黎各,
286
712725
2424
犯罪率减少了55%。
12:07
where interruptions中断 are just beginning开始 in Honduras洪都拉斯,
287
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2806
在洪都拉斯切断(犯罪)工作正在着手进行。
12:09
where the strategy战略 has been applied应用的 in Kenya肯尼亚
288
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2914
在肯亚最近的选举活动中,我们的工作模式
12:12
for the recent最近 elections选举,
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2646
已经被列入计划。
12:15
and where there have been 500 interruptions中断 in Iraq伊拉克.
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3173
伊拉克已经完成了500次切断犯罪的工作。
12:18
So violence暴力 is responding响应 as a disease疾病
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3275
暴力事件可以当作疾病来对待,
12:21
even as it behaves的行为 as a disease疾病.
292
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2265
它的表现形式就象一个疾病的表现形式。
12:24
So the theory理论, in a way,
293
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2203
我们的理论,某种意义上说,
12:26
is kind of being存在 validated验证 by the treatment治疗.
294
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4165
是在处理过程中得到了验证的。
12:30
And recently最近, the Institute研究所 of Medicine医学
295
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2934
最近,医学研究中心
12:33
came来了 out with a workshop作坊 report报告
296
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2137
提出了一个研究报告
12:35
which哪一个 went through通过 some of the data数据,
297
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1864
提供了包括了神经科学方面的
12:37
including包含 the neuroscience神经科学,
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1545
一些数据
12:39
on how this problem问题 is really transmitted发送.
299
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4323
来解释暴力是如何传播的。
12:43
So I think this is good news新闻,
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2911
我认为这个是好消息,
12:46
because it allows允许 us an opportunity机会
301
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1864
因为这些研究让我们有机会
12:48
to come out of the Middle中间 Ages时代,
302
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1555
走出以往的
12:49
which哪一个 is where I feel this field领域 has been.
303
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3042
中世纪般的陈旧思维。
12:52
It gives us an opportunity机会 to consider考虑 the possibility可能性
304
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3106
这些研究给我们重新考虑
12:55
of replacing更换 some of these prisons监狱
305
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2796
把一些监狱变成
12:58
with playgrounds游乐场 or parks公园,
306
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3282
儿童游乐场和公园的可能性。
13:01
and to consider考虑 the possibility可能性
307
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2668
重新考虑
13:04
of converting转换 our neighborhoods社区 into neighborhoods社区,
308
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3687
把我们的社区变成
13:08
and to allow允许 there to be a new strategy战略,
309
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3454
采用新模式
13:11
a new set of methods方法, a new set of workers工人:
310
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3861
新方法,新类型的工作者的社区。
13:15
science科学, in a way, replacing更换 morality道德.
311
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3415
用科学的方法来替代道德的方法。
13:19
And moving移动 away from emotions情绪
312
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2384
控制住情绪
13:21
is the most important重要 part部分 of the solution
313
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3187
是解决问题中最重要的一部分。
13:24
to science科学 as a more important重要 part部分 of the solution.
314
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4318
用科学的方法来解决是更加重要的。
13:28
So I didn't mean to come up with this at all.
315
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我不是说所有的问题最终都能用我们的方法来解决。
13:33
It was a matter of,
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重要的是,
13:36
I wanted actually其实 a break打破,
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我想要有个突破,
13:37
and we looked看着 at maps地图, we looked看着 at graphs,
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让我们能够看着分布图,看着图表,
13:42
we asked some questions问题
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提出一些问题,
13:43
and tried试着 some tools工具
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然后尽量采用
13:46
that actually其实 have been used many许多 times before
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以前在其他方面运用过很多次的
13:49
for other things.
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方法。
13:51
For myself, I tried试着 to get away from
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对我自己来说,我曾试图从
13:54
infectious传染病 diseases疾病,
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感染性疾病中脱身。
13:56
and I didn't.
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可是我没有。
13:58
Thank you.
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谢谢大家!
13:59
(Applause掌声)
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(掌声)
Translated by Lin Piao
Reviewed by Tina Zhao

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Gary Slutkin - Epidemiologist
Could our culture have misdiagnosed violence? As the director of the initiative Cure Violence, Gary Slutkin approaches gunfire on neighborhood streets as a contagious disease, looking to science and public health for strategies to stop it.

Why you should listen

Gary Slutkin is an epidemiologist, an innovator in violence reduction, and the Founder/Executive Director of Cure Violence, formerly known as CeaseFire. As a physician, he began his career working in Somalian refugee camps, where tuberculosis and cholera epidemics flared up regularly. He went on to work for the World Health Organization on reversing epidemics, supporting Uganda’s AIDS program which helped the country reversed the course of the disease. Upon returning to the United States, it occurred to him: could gun violence function like an epidemic? And could it be fought, and even stopped, using the principles of public health?

Slutkin has applied the lessons learned over a decade of fighting epidemics to the creation of Cure Violence, a public health approach that has been statistically validated by two independent evaluations by the Department of Justice and Centers for Disease Control. Cure Violence has been called a "pioneering violence reduction model" and its methods have received nods from the Institute of Medicine and the U.S. Conference of Mayors. The program is being replicated at more than 50 sites in 15 U.S. cities, as well as in many countries abroad.

Dr. Sultkin is an Ashoka Fellow, a Professor of Epidemiology and International Health at the University of Illinois at Chicago, and a senior advisor to the World Health Organization.

More profile about the speaker
Gary Slutkin | Speaker | TED.com