TED2016
Shivani Siroya: A smart loan for people with no credit history (yet)
Shivani Siroya: 向没有信用历史的人提供的智能贷款
Filmed:
Readability: 4.1
1,669,346 views
你是怎样获得信用的？银行使用信用评分去决定你是不是值得信任，但世界上有25亿人没有信用评分，他们不能获得一笔贷款去发展他们的生意，买房或者提高他们的生活水准。听 Shivani Siroya 是怎样通过 InVenture 获得手机数据进而核实贷款者身份，刺激发展中世界的购买力。“通过像信用评分一样简单的东西”，Siroya说，“我们正在给人们能力去构建自己的未来。”
Shivani Siroya - Mobile finance entrepreneur
Shivani Siroya created a tool that allows anyone with a cell phone to build a financial track record. Full bio
Shivani Siroya created a tool that allows anyone with a cell phone to build a financial track record. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
How much do you need
to know about a person
to know about a person
0
837
2001
你需要多了解一个人
00:14
before you'd feel comfortable
making a loan?
making a loan?
1
2862
2534
才能放心地借钱给他？
00:18
Suppose you wanted to lend 1,000 dollars
2
6044
2455
假设你想借出1000美金
00:20
to the person sitting two rows behind you.
3
8523
2314
给那个和你坐着隔着两行的人
00:23
What would you need to know
about that person
about that person
4
11190
2132
你需要知道这个人的哪些信息
00:25
before you'd feel comfortable?
5
13346
1921
你才能感到放心呢？
00:27
My mom came to the US from India
in her late thirties.
in her late thirties.
6
15291
3924
我妈妈在她三十多岁
的时候从印度来到美国
的时候从印度来到美国
00:31
She's a doctor in Brooklyn,
7
19614
1432
她是布鲁克林的一名医生
00:33
and she often lets friends and neighbors
come to see her for health services,
come to see her for health services,
8
21070
4223
她也经常为她的朋友
和邻居提供健康服务
和邻居提供健康服务
00:37
whether they can pay right away or not.
9
25317
2229
不管他们能不能立刻付款
00:39
I remember running into her patients
with her at the grocery store
with her at the grocery store
10
27955
3207
我记得有一次
和她在食品杂货店或者是在人行道上
和她在食品杂货店或者是在人行道上
00:43
or on the sidewalk,
11
31186
1151
遇到她的病人
00:44
and sometimes they would come
and pay her right on the spot
and pay her right on the spot
12
32361
2840
有时他们会立刻向她付款
00:47
for previous appointments.
13
35225
1358
而且预约
00:48
She would thank them,
14
36607
1239
她会向他们表示感谢
00:49
and ask them about their families
and their health.
and their health.
15
37870
2721
还问他们家庭和健康的情况
00:53
She gave them credit
because she trusted them.
because she trusted them.
16
41466
3252
她借钱给他们是因为她相信他们
00:57
Most of us are like my mom.
17
45122
2367
我们中的大多数就像我的妈妈
00:59
We would give credit to someone we know
18
47899
2863
我们会借钱给我们认识的人
01:02
or that we live next to.
19
50786
1396
或是住在我们附近的人
01:04
But most of us are probably not
going to lend to a stranger
going to lend to a stranger
20
52206
3704
但是我们中的多数人
不会借钱给陌生人
不会借钱给陌生人
01:07
unless we know a little
something about them.
something about them.
21
55934
3066
除非我们对他们有一定的了解
01:11
Banks, credit card companies
and other financial institutions
and other financial institutions
22
59634
3703
银行、信用卡公司和其它金融机构
01:15
don't know us on a personal level,
23
63361
2260
不是在个人的层面了解我们
01:17
but they do have a way of trusting us,
24
65645
2879
但他们有信任我们的一套方法
01:20
and that's through our credit scores.
25
68548
2461
就是通过我们的信用评分
01:23
Our credit scores have been created
26
71033
1995
我们的信用评分
01:25
through an aggregation and analysis
of our public consumer credit data.
of our public consumer credit data.
27
73052
4520
从对我们的消费者信贷资料
的整合和分析中产生
的整合和分析中产生
01:29
And because of them, we have
pretty much easy access
pretty much easy access
28
77596
3241
而且因为它，我们能更容易
01:32
to all of the goods
and services that we need,
and services that we need,
29
80861
2444
获得我们需要的商品和服务
01:35
from getting electricity to buying a home,
30
83329
2844
从用电到买房
01:38
or taking a risk and starting a business.
31
86197
2457
到承担风险去开办公司
01:41
But ...
32
89561
1161
但是
01:42
there are 2.5 billion people
around the world
around the world
33
90746
4367
世界上有25亿的人
01:47
that don't have a credit score.
34
95137
2086
没有信用评分
01:49
That's a third of the world's population.
35
97247
3024
这就相当于世界人口的1/3
01:52
They don't have a score
36
100930
1255
他们没有评分
01:54
because there are no formal
public records on them --
public records on them --
37
102209
3261
是因为他们没有正式的公共记录
01:57
no bank accounts,
38
105494
1364
——没有银行账号
01:58
no credit histories
39
106882
1494
没有信用记录
02:00
and no social security numbers.
40
108400
2058
没有社保账号
02:02
And because they don't have a score,
41
110482
1719
而且因为他们没有信用评分
02:04
they don't have access
to the credit or financial products
to the credit or financial products
42
112225
4651
他们不能获得
02:08
that can improve their lives.
43
116900
1846
可以提高他们生活品质
的贷款和金融产品
的贷款和金融产品
02:11
They are not trusted.
44
119509
2062
他们不被信任
02:14
So we wanted to find a way to build trust
45
122968
3170
所以我们想要探索方法去建立信用
02:18
and to open up financial access
for these 2.5 billion.
for these 2.5 billion.
46
126162
4051
让这25亿人获得各种金融产品
02:22
So we created a mobile application
47
130772
2466
所以我们创造了一个手机应用
02:25
that builds credit scores for them
using mobile data.
using mobile data.
48
133262
4290
可以帮他们通过移动数据
建立信用评分
建立信用评分
02:30
There are currently over one billion
smartphones in emerging markets.
smartphones in emerging markets.
49
138345
4456
目前在新兴市场上有
超过10亿的智能手机
超过10亿的智能手机
02:34
And people are using them
the same way that we do.
the same way that we do.
50
142825
2988
人们和我们一样在使用他们
02:38
They're texting their friends,
they're looking up directions,
they're looking up directions,
51
146235
2969
他们也给朋友发短信
也看地图查方向
也看地图查方向
02:41
they're browsing the Internet
52
149228
1412
他们也浏览互联网
02:42
and they're even making
financial transactions.
financial transactions.
53
150664
2479
他们甚至进行金融转账
02:45
Over time, this data is getting
captured on our phones,
captured on our phones,
54
153167
3186
长久以来，
这些数据都存在我们的手机里
这些数据都存在我们的手机里
02:48
and it provides a really rich picture
of a person's life.
of a person's life.
55
156377
3795
它能提供关于一个人生活的全面的图景
02:53
Our customers give us access to this data
56
161132
2176
我们的顾客允许我们获得这些信息
02:55
and we capture it
through our mobile application.
through our mobile application.
57
163332
3110
我们通过手机应用获得它
02:58
It helps us understand
the creditworthiness
the creditworthiness
58
166466
2644
它帮助我们了解
03:01
of people like Jenipher,
a small-business owner in Nairobi, Kenya.
a small-business owner in Nairobi, Kenya.
59
169134
4701
像肯尼亚内罗毕的小生意人—
詹妮弗的信誉度
詹妮弗的信誉度
03:06
Jenipher is 65 years old, and for decades
has been running a food stall
has been running a food stall
60
174290
4883
詹妮弗现在65岁
03:11
in the central business district.
61
179197
2058
经营一个
在中心商业区的食品摊位数十年
在中心商业区的食品摊位数十年
03:13
She has three sons who she put
through vocational school,
through vocational school,
62
181897
3199
她把她的三个儿子都送到了职业学校
03:17
and she's also the leader
of her local chama,
of her local chama,
63
185120
2524
她也是当地协会和节能团队
03:19
or savings group.
64
187668
1463
的负责人
03:21
Jenipher's food stall does well.
65
189609
1923
詹妮弗的食品摊位生意红火
03:23
She makes just enough every day
to cover her expenses.
to cover her expenses.
66
191556
3444
她每天能赚足够一天开销的钱
03:27
But she's not financially secure.
67
195024
2368
但是她没有经济的保障
03:29
Any emergency could force her into debt.
68
197842
2740
任何紧急情况的发生
都会让她陷入债务
都会让她陷入债务
03:32
And she has no discretionary income
69
200887
1847
而且她没有可以自由支配的收入
03:34
to improve her family's way of living,
70
202758
2238
去提高她的家庭的生活水平
03:37
for emergencies,
71
205020
1239
应对紧急状况
03:38
or for investing
into growing her business.
into growing her business.
72
206283
2673
或者投资去扩展她的生意
03:42
If Jenipher wants credit,
her options are limited.
her options are limited.
73
210065
3226
假如詹妮弗想要贷款
她的选择也很有限
她的选择也很有限
03:45
She could get a microloan,
74
213733
1378
她可以申请微贷款
03:47
but she'd have to form a group
that could help vouch for her credibility.
that could help vouch for her credibility.
75
215135
3844
但是她一定要组织一个团队
来帮助保证她的可信度
来帮助保证她的可信度
03:51
And even then, the loan sizes
would be way too small
would be way too small
76
219003
2972
而且即使如此，
她能贷款的额度也非常小
她能贷款的额度也非常小
03:53
to really have an impact on her business,
77
221999
2257
以至于不能真正改善她的生意
03:56
averaging around 150 dollars.
78
224280
2288
——只有平均150美元
03:59
Loan sharks are always an option,
79
227525
2518
高利贷总是一个选择
04:02
but with interest rates
that are well above 300 percent,
that are well above 300 percent,
80
230067
3950
但是他们的利息率在300%以上
04:06
they're financially risky.
81
234041
1554
这是经济上的冒险
04:08
And because Jenipher doesn't have
collateral or a credit history,
collateral or a credit history,
82
236079
3985
而且因为詹妮弗
没有抵押或者信用记录
没有抵押或者信用记录
04:12
she can't walk into a bank
and ask for a business loan.
and ask for a business loan.
83
240088
3787
她不能到银行去申请商业贷款
04:16
But one day,
84
244331
1323
但是一天
04:17
Jenipher's son convinced her
to download our application
to download our application
85
245678
3978
詹妮弗的儿子说服她
下载了我们的应用
下载了我们的应用
04:21
and apply for a loan.
86
249680
1251
并申请了一笔贷款
04:23
Jenipher answered a few
questions on her phone
questions on her phone
87
251407
2539
詹妮弗用她的手机回答了几个问题
04:25
and she gave us access to a few
key data points on her device.
key data points on her device.
88
253970
3994
并给了我们使用她手机上
几个关键数据的权限
几个关键数据的权限
04:30
And here's what we saw.
89
258561
1338
这就是我们看到的
04:32
So, bad news first.
90
260392
1499
那么，先说坏消息
04:34
Jenipher had a low savings balance
and no previous loan history.
and no previous loan history.
91
262996
4766
詹妮弗储蓄余额低
之前也没有贷款历史
之前也没有贷款历史
04:40
These are factors
92
268395
1151
他们是
04:41
that would have thrown up
a red flag to a traditional bank.
a red flag to a traditional bank.
93
269570
3026
传统银行拒绝贷款的原因
04:44
But there were other points
in her history that showed us
in her history that showed us
94
272620
2731
但是她的历史中有几点
04:47
a much richer picture of her potential.
95
275375
3331
向我们更全面地展示了她的潜能
04:51
So for one,
96
279342
1151
第一点
04:52
we saw that she made regular
phone calls to her family in Uganda.
phone calls to her family in Uganda.
97
280517
3855
我们看到她定期
给乌干达的家人打电话
给乌干达的家人打电话
04:57
Well, it turns out that the data shows
98
285629
2457
数据显示
05:00
a four percent increase in repayment
99
288110
2734
那些经常和亲密的联系人联系的人
05:02
among people who consistently
communicate with a few close contacts.
communicate with a few close contacts.
100
290868
4736
偿还贷款的可能性要高4%
05:08
We could also see
101
296657
1159
我们同时也能看到
05:09
that though she traveled
around a lot throughout the day,
around a lot throughout the day,
102
297840
2808
虽然她一天会去到很多地方
05:12
she actually had pretty
regular travel patterns,
regular travel patterns,
103
300672
2731
她实际上有相对固定的路线
05:15
and she was either at home
or at her food stall.
or at her food stall.
104
303427
3135
不是在家里就是在食品摊位
05:19
And the data shows
a six percent increase in repayment
a six percent increase in repayment
105
307315
3987
数据显示
05:23
among customers who are consistent
106
311326
2387
生活路线规律的人
05:25
with where they spend most of their time.
107
313737
2609
偿还贷款的可能性要高6%
05:29
We could also see
that she communicated a lot
that she communicated a lot
108
317349
2581
我们也能看到
05:31
with many different people
throughout the day
throughout the day
109
319954
2348
她一天和很多不同的人交流
05:34
and that she had a strong support network.
110
322326
2342
也就是她有很强的支持网络
05:37
Our data shows
111
325287
1393
我们的数据显示
05:38
that people who communicate
with more than 58 different contacts
with more than 58 different contacts
112
326704
4680
和超过58个不同的人联系的人
05:43
tend to be more likely
to be good borrowers.
to be good borrowers.
113
331408
2901
更容易是及时还款的贷款者
05:46
In Jenipher's case,
114
334333
1269
在詹妮弗的情况中
05:47
she communicated
with 89 different individuals,
with 89 different individuals,
115
335626
4043
她和89个不同的联系人交流
05:51
which showed a nine percent
increase in her repayment.
increase in her repayment.
116
339693
3251
她的偿还可能性又提高了9%
05:55
These are just some of the thousands
of different data points
of different data points
117
343888
3767
这只是上千个我们用来
05:59
that we look at to understand
a person's creditworthiness.
a person's creditworthiness.
118
347679
3233
了解一个人的信誉度的
不同数据中的一部分
不同数据中的一部分
06:03
And after analyzing all
of these different data points,
of these different data points,
119
351397
3073
在分析所有的数据之后
06:06
we took the first risk
120
354494
1972
我们走出了第一步
06:08
and gave Jenipher a loan.
121
356490
2043
向詹妮弗提供了贷款
06:11
This is data that would not
be found on a paper trail
be found on a paper trail
122
359370
3326
这些数据不会体现在书面记录
06:14
or in any formal financial record.
123
362720
2568
或者其他形式的经济记录中
06:17
But it proves trust.
124
365720
1788
但它证明了信任
06:20
By looking beyond income,
125
368193
1977
通过看收入以外的方面
06:22
we can see that people in emerging markets
126
370194
2157
我们发现在新兴市场中的人们
06:24
that may seem risky
and unpredictable on the surface
and unpredictable on the surface
127
372375
3669
表面上看来有风险、不可预测
06:28
are actually willing and have
the capacity to repay.
the capacity to repay.
128
376068
4226
但实际上愿意而且有能力去偿还贷款
06:33
Our credit scores have helped us deliver
over 200,000 loans in Kenya
over 200,000 loans in Kenya
129
381334
5185
我们的信用评分帮助我们
仅仅在去年一年
仅仅在去年一年
06:38
in just the past year.
130
386543
1597
在肯尼亚借出超过二十万笔贷款
06:40
And our repayment rates
are above 90 percent --
are above 90 percent --
131
388164
3302
我们的偿还贷款的比率在90%以上
06:43
which, by the way, is in line
with traditional bank repayment rates.
with traditional bank repayment rates.
132
391490
5295
——也就是传统银行的偿还率
06:49
With something as simple
as a credit score,
as a credit score,
133
397564
2909
通过一些像信用评分一样简单的东西
06:52
we're giving people the power
to build their own futures.
to build their own futures.
134
400497
3515
我们给人们建设自己未来的能力
06:56
Our customers have used
their loans for family expenses,
their loans for family expenses,
135
404647
3307
我们的顾客用贷款支付家庭开支、
06:59
emergencies, travel
136
407978
1857
紧急情况、旅游、
07:01
and for investing back
into growing their businesses.
into growing their businesses.
137
409859
2972
投资扩展自己的生意
07:05
They're now building better
economies and communities
economies and communities
138
413792
3472
他们正在建设更加繁荣的经济和社会
07:09
where more people can succeed.
139
417288
2324
在这个社会中更多的人能取得成功
07:12
Over the past two years
of using our product,
of using our product,
140
420664
2728
通过过去两年使用我们的产品
07:15
Jenipher has increased
her savings by 60 percent.
her savings by 60 percent.
141
423416
4184
詹妮弗的存款增加了60%
07:19
She's also started
two additional food stalls
two additional food stalls
142
427624
2652
她也开始了两个额外的食品摊位
07:22
and is now making plans
for her own restaurant.
for her own restaurant.
143
430300
3077
而且正在计划开自己的餐馆
07:25
She's applying for a small-business loan
from a commercial bank,
from a commercial bank,
144
433401
3404
她正在从商业银行申请小企业贷款
07:28
because she now has the credit history
to prove she deserves it.
to prove she deserves it.
145
436829
4725
因为她现在有了
能够证明自己的资格的信用历史
能够证明自己的资格的信用历史
07:34
I saw Jenipher in Nairobi just last week,
146
442038
2915
我上星期在内罗毕见到了詹妮弗
07:36
and she told me how excited
she was to get started.
she was to get started.
147
444977
3251
她告诉我她能着手准备有多激动
07:40
She said,
148
448252
1288
她说：
07:42
"Only my son believed I could do this.
I didn't think this was for me."
I didn't think this was for me."
149
450178
5479
“只有我儿子相信我能做到这些，
我都不相信这些都是为我准备的。”
我都不相信这些都是为我准备的。”
07:48
She's lived her whole life
150
456250
2286
她曾经以为一部分世界的大门
07:50
believing that there was a part
of the world that was closed off to her.
of the world that was closed off to her.
151
458560
4293
已经向她关闭了
07:55
Our job now is to open
the world to Jenipher
the world to Jenipher
152
463536
4356
我们的工作就是
向詹妮弗以及像她一样的
向詹妮弗以及像她一样的
07:59
and the billions like her
that deserve to be trusted.
that deserve to be trusted.
153
467916
4195
值得被信任的几十亿人口
打开世界的大门
打开世界的大门
08:04
Thank you.
154
472135
1159
谢谢
08:05
(Applause)
155
473318
4332
（掌声）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Shivani Siroya - Mobile finance entrepreneurShivani Siroya created a tool that allows anyone with a cell phone to build a financial track record.
Why you should listen
Shivani Siroya is the CEO & Founder of Tala, a company that facilitates financial access to small businesses owners around the world by providing mobile financial tracking tools and direct flexible financing in order to help these businesses and their communities lift themselves out of poverty. She was selected as a TED Fellow in 2013.
Siroya has a wide array of professional experiences in global health, micro-finance and investment banking. Prior to Tala, she worked health costing at UNFPA and Mergers & Acquisitions at Health Net and Citigroup.
Siroya is a 2011 Echoing Green Fellow and 2011Unreasonable Institute Fellow. She is also a blogger for the Huffington Post and has written on Microfinance 2.0 as well as small business growth in the U.S. She is also on the board of ReWork and Young Women Social Entrepreneurs.
Siroya holds a M.P.H in Health Economics and International Policy from Columbia University and a B.A. in International Relations from Wesleyan University.
Shivani Siroya | Speaker | TED.com