TED2016
Shivani Siroya: A smart loan for people with no credit history (yet)
席瓦妮．斯洛亞: 為尚未擁有信用記錄的人而生的智慧貸款
Filmed:
Readability: 4.1
1,669,346 views
你怎麼建立別人對你的信任？銀行以信用積分來衡量你的信譽，但世界上約有 25 億人沒有信用記錄──他們拿不到貸款來做生意、買房子或是改善生活。聽 TED 大會會士席瓦妮．斯洛亞說明新創公司 InVenture 如何利用手機資料建構出人們在金融世界的身份，從而釋放出開發中地區的潛在消費力。「信用積分看似微不足道，卻能夠賦予人們建構自己未來的力量。」席瓦妮說。
Shivani Siroya - Mobile finance entrepreneur
Shivani Siroya created a tool that allows anyone with a cell phone to build a financial track record. Full bio
Shivani Siroya created a tool that allows anyone with a cell phone to build a financial track record. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
How much do you need
to know about a person
to know about a person
0
837
2001
你要多瞭解一個人，
00:14
before you'd feel comfortable
making a loan?
making a loan?
1
2862
2534
才能夠放心地借他錢？
00:18
Suppose you wanted to lend 1,000 dollars
2
6044
2455
假如要你出借 1,000 美金
00:20
to the person sitting two rows behind you.
3
8523
2314
給坐你後兩排的人。
00:23
What would you need to know
about that person
about that person
4
11190
2132
你需要先知道哪些資訊，
00:25
before you'd feel comfortable?
5
13346
1921
才能夠放心呢？
00:27
My mom came to the US from India
in her late thirties.
in her late thirties.
6
15291
3924
我的母親在快四十歲時
從印度來到美國。
從印度來到美國。
00:31
She's a doctor in Brooklyn,
7
19614
1432
她是布魯克林的醫生。
00:33
and she often lets friends and neighbors
come to see her for health services,
come to see her for health services,
8
21070
4223
她經常為朋友、
街坊鄰居提供健康服務，
街坊鄰居提供健康服務，
00:37
whether they can pay right away or not.
9
25317
2229
無論他們是否有能力當場付錢。
00:39
I remember running into her patients
with her at the grocery store
with her at the grocery store
10
27955
3207
記得曾和她在路上
遇到病人──在雜貨店
遇到病人──在雜貨店
00:43
or on the sidewalk,
11
31186
1151
或人行道上──
00:44
and sometimes they would come
and pay her right on the spot
and pay her right on the spot
12
32361
2840
有時候他們會當場掏錢，
00:47
for previous appointments.
13
35225
1358
付上次看病的費用。
00:48
She would thank them,
14
36607
1239
她會說謝謝，
00:49
and ask them about their families
and their health.
and their health.
15
37870
2721
然後聊聊對方的家庭和健康。
00:53
She gave them credit
because she trusted them.
because she trusted them.
16
41466
3252
她讓他們賒帳，因為她信任他們。
00:57
Most of us are like my mom.
17
45122
2367
多數人就跟我母親一樣。
00:59
We would give credit to someone we know
18
47899
2863
我們會借錢給熟識的人，
01:02
or that we live next to.
19
50786
1396
或身邊的人。
01:04
But most of us are probably not
going to lend to a stranger
going to lend to a stranger
20
52206
3704
但大部分的人大概
不會借錢給陌生人，
不會借錢給陌生人，
01:07
unless we know a little
something about them.
something about them.
21
55934
3066
除非我們某種程度地瞭解對方。
01:11
Banks, credit card companies
and other financial institutions
and other financial institutions
22
59634
3703
銀行、信用卡公司和其他金融機構
01:15
don't know us on a personal level,
23
63361
2260
並不認識我們個人，
01:17
but they do have a way of trusting us,
24
65645
2879
但他們有種信任機制，
01:20
and that's through our credit scores.
25
68548
2461
便是透過我們的信用積分。
01:23
Our credit scores have been created
26
71033
1995
信用積分的建立，
01:25
through an aggregation and analysis
of our public consumer credit data.
of our public consumer credit data.
27
73052
4520
是透過彙整與分析公開消費資訊所得到的結果。
01:29
And because of them, we have
pretty much easy access
pretty much easy access
28
77596
3241
因為有它，我們有了方便的管道
01:32
to all of the goods
and services that we need,
and services that we need,
29
80861
2444
獲得各式各樣的商品和服務，
01:35
from getting electricity to buying a home,
30
83329
2844
從獲取電力到購買房子，
01:38
or taking a risk and starting a business.
31
86197
2457
或是冒點風險創立事業。
01:41
But ...
32
89561
1161
然而，
01:42
there are 2.5 billion people
around the world
around the world
33
90746
4367
全球約有 25 億人
01:47
that don't have a credit score.
34
95137
2086
沒有信用積分。
01:49
That's a third of the world's population.
35
97247
3024
這佔了世界三分之一的人口。
01:52
They don't have a score
36
100930
1255
他們沒有積分，
01:54
because there are no formal
public records on them --
public records on them --
37
102209
3261
因為缺乏正式的公開紀錄──
01:57
no bank accounts,
38
105494
1364
沒有銀行帳戶、
01:58
no credit histories
39
106882
1494
沒有信用記錄、
02:00
and no social security numbers.
40
108400
2058
沒有社會保險號碼。
02:02
And because they don't have a score,
41
110482
1719
因為他們沒有積分，
02:04
they don't have access
to the credit or financial products
to the credit or financial products
42
112225
4651
他們沒機會接觸信用或金融商品，
02:08
that can improve their lives.
43
116900
1846
也無從以此改善生活。
02:11
They are not trusted.
44
119509
2062
他們不被信任。
02:14
So we wanted to find a way to build trust
45
122968
3170
所以我們想要找到建立信任的方法，
02:18
and to open up financial access
for these 2.5 billion.
for these 2.5 billion.
46
126162
4051
對這25億人打開金融的大門。
02:22
So we created a mobile application
47
130772
2466
我們做了一個手機應用程式，
02:25
that builds credit scores for them
using mobile data.
using mobile data.
48
133262
4290
利用手機資料
來創造他們的信用積分。
來創造他們的信用積分。
02:30
There are currently over one billion
smartphones in emerging markets.
smartphones in emerging markets.
49
138345
4456
目前在新興市場，
有超過 10 億支智慧型手機。
有超過 10 億支智慧型手機。
02:34
And people are using them
the same way that we do.
the same way that we do.
50
142825
2988
使用方式和我們沒什麼不同。
02:38
They're texting their friends,
they're looking up directions,
they're looking up directions,
51
146235
2969
他們傳訊給朋友、查地圖、
02:41
they're browsing the Internet
52
149228
1412
瀏覽網頁，
02:42
and they're even making
financial transactions.
financial transactions.
53
150664
2479
甚至用手機進行交易。
02:45
Over time, this data is getting
captured on our phones,
captured on our phones,
54
153167
3186
這些資料會不斷地
被擷取、紀錄下來，
被擷取、紀錄下來，
02:48
and it provides a really rich picture
of a person's life.
of a person's life.
55
156377
3795
並活靈活現地描繪出
一個人生活的樣貌。
一個人生活的樣貌。
02:53
Our customers give us access to this data
56
161132
2176
客戶授權我們取用這些資料，
02:55
and we capture it
through our mobile application.
through our mobile application.
57
163332
3110
讓我們用手機程式記錄下來。
02:58
It helps us understand
the creditworthiness
the creditworthiness
58
166466
2644
它幫助我們瞭解一個人的信譽。
03:01
of people like Jenipher,
a small-business owner in Nairobi, Kenya.
a small-business owner in Nairobi, Kenya.
59
169134
4701
例如：珍妮佛──
一位在肯亞奈洛比的小企業主。
一位在肯亞奈洛比的小企業主。
03:06
Jenipher is 65 years old, and for decades
has been running a food stall
has been running a food stall
60
174290
4883
珍妮佛 65 歲，幾十年來
都經營著一家食物攤，
都經營著一家食物攤，
03:11
in the central business district.
61
179197
2058
就位於中心商業區。
03:13
She has three sons who she put
through vocational school,
through vocational school,
62
181897
3199
她有三個讀了職校的兒子，
03:17
and she's also the leader
of her local chama,
of her local chama,
63
185120
2524
她同時也領導著當地的
03:19
or savings group.
64
187668
1463
地區性儲蓄團體。
03:21
Jenipher's food stall does well.
65
189609
1923
珍妮佛的食物攤經營得不錯。
03:23
She makes just enough every day
to cover her expenses.
to cover her expenses.
66
191556
3444
她每天的收入恰好能應付支出。
03:27
But she's not financially secure.
67
195024
2368
但她經濟上並不安全。
03:29
Any emergency could force her into debt.
68
197842
2740
突發事件可能把她打入負債。
03:32
And she has no discretionary income
69
200887
1847
而她沒有多餘的收入，
03:34
to improve her family's way of living,
70
202758
2238
來改善家裡的生活、
03:37
for emergencies,
71
205020
1239
應付突發狀況，
03:38
or for investing
into growing her business.
into growing her business.
72
206283
2673
或是投資、擴展自己的事業。
03:42
If Jenipher wants credit,
her options are limited.
her options are limited.
73
210065
3226
若珍妮佛想要積分，她沒什麼選擇。
03:45
She could get a microloan,
74
213733
1378
她可以申請小額貸款，
03:47
but she'd have to form a group
that could help vouch for her credibility.
that could help vouch for her credibility.
75
215135
3844
但她必須先找一群人
來做她的保證人。
來做她的保證人。
03:51
And even then, the loan sizes
would be way too small
would be way too small
76
219003
2972
即便成功，貸款金額還是太低，
03:53
to really have an impact on her business,
77
221999
2257
無法對事業有實質上的幫助──
03:56
averaging around 150 dollars.
78
224280
2288
放款金額平均 150 美金。
03:59
Loan sharks are always an option,
79
227525
2518
地下錢莊當然是個選擇，
04:02
but with interest rates
that are well above 300 percent,
that are well above 300 percent,
80
230067
3950
但遠超過 300% 的利率，
04:06
they're financially risky.
81
234041
1554
風險實在太高了。
04:08
And because Jenipher doesn't have
collateral or a credit history,
collateral or a credit history,
82
236079
3985
且因為珍妮佛沒有
抵押品或信用記錄，
抵押品或信用記錄，
04:12
she can't walk into a bank
and ask for a business loan.
and ask for a business loan.
83
240088
3787
她無法向銀行申請企業貸款。
04:16
But one day,
84
244331
1323
但某天，
04:17
Jenipher's son convinced her
to download our application
to download our application
85
245678
3978
珍妮佛的兒子說服她
下載了我們的應用程式
下載了我們的應用程式
04:21
and apply for a loan.
86
249680
1251
並申請貸款。
04:23
Jenipher answered a few
questions on her phone
questions on her phone
87
251407
2539
珍妮佛在手機上回答了幾個問題，
04:25
and she gave us access to a few
key data points on her device.
key data points on her device.
88
253970
3994
然後授權我們取用
一些手機上的關鍵資料。
一些手機上的關鍵資料。
04:30
And here's what we saw.
89
258561
1338
這是我們看到的。
04:32
So, bad news first.
90
260392
1499
先說壞消息。
04:34
Jenipher had a low savings balance
and no previous loan history.
and no previous loan history.
91
262996
4766
珍妮佛存款偏低，
沒有過往的借貸紀錄。
沒有過往的借貸紀錄。
04:40
These are factors
92
268395
1151
這些因素
04:41
that would have thrown up
a red flag to a traditional bank.
a red flag to a traditional bank.
93
269570
3026
在傳統銀行就很不樂觀。
04:44
But there were other points
in her history that showed us
in her history that showed us
94
272620
2731
但她紀錄中的其他部分，
04:47
a much richer picture of her potential.
95
275375
3331
顯現出了她的潛力。
04:51
So for one,
96
279342
1151
首先，
04:52
we saw that she made regular
phone calls to her family in Uganda.
phone calls to her family in Uganda.
97
280517
3855
她很有規律地打電話
給在烏干達的家人。
給在烏干達的家人。
04:57
Well, it turns out that the data shows
98
285629
2457
而統計資料顯示，
05:00
a four percent increase in repayment
99
288110
2734
還款機率將有 4% 的提升──
05:02
among people who consistently
communicate with a few close contacts.
communicate with a few close contacts.
100
290868
4736
如果這個人跟親近的人
有持續性的聯絡。
有持續性的聯絡。
05:08
We could also see
101
296657
1159
我們還發現，
05:09
that though she traveled
around a lot throughout the day,
around a lot throughout the day,
102
297840
2808
儘管她整天會在各處奔走，
05:12
she actually had pretty
regular travel patterns,
regular travel patterns,
103
300672
2731
她的行動模式其實蠻固定的，
05:15
and she was either at home
or at her food stall.
or at her food stall.
104
303427
3135
不是在家就是在她的攤位。
05:19
And the data shows
a six percent increase in repayment
a six percent increase in repayment
105
307315
3987
資料顯示，
還款機率將有 6% 的提升──
還款機率將有 6% 的提升──
05:23
among customers who are consistent
106
311326
2387
如果這個人
05:25
with where they spend most of their time.
107
313737
2609
把大部分時間花在固定地方。
05:29
We could also see
that she communicated a lot
that she communicated a lot
108
317349
2581
我們也能看到她的互動很多，
05:31
with many different people
throughout the day
throughout the day
109
319954
2348
在生活中和不同的人接觸，
05:34
and that she had a strong support network.
110
322326
2342
擁有強健的社群支持。
05:37
Our data shows
111
325287
1393
資料顯示，
05:38
that people who communicate
with more than 58 different contacts
with more than 58 different contacts
112
326704
4680
和超過 58 人有互動的人，
05:43
tend to be more likely
to be good borrowers.
to be good borrowers.
113
331408
2901
較有可能是好的借款人。
05:46
In Jenipher's case,
114
334333
1269
珍妮佛的案例中，
05:47
she communicated
with 89 different individuals,
with 89 different individuals,
115
335626
4043
她和 89 人有過互動，
05:51
which showed a nine percent
increase in her repayment.
increase in her repayment.
116
339693
3251
還款機率因此有 9% 的提升。
05:55
These are just some of the thousands
of different data points
of different data points
117
343888
3767
這只是資料滄海中之一粟。
05:59
that we look at to understand
a person's creditworthiness.
a person's creditworthiness.
118
347679
3233
我們用大量的資料
深入瞭解一個人的信譽。
深入瞭解一個人的信譽。
06:03
And after analyzing all
of these different data points,
of these different data points,
119
351397
3073
分析完所有的資料後，
06:06
we took the first risk
120
354494
1972
我們跨出冒險的第一步，
06:08
and gave Jenipher a loan.
121
356490
2043
給了珍妮佛一筆貸款。
06:11
This is data that would not
be found on a paper trail
be found on a paper trail
122
359370
3326
這樣的資訊無法在書面上，
06:14
or in any formal financial record.
123
362720
2568
或是金融紀錄裡面找到。
06:17
But it proves trust.
124
365720
1788
但它構築出信任。
06:20
By looking beyond income,
125
368193
1977
將目光放遠不侷限於收入，
06:22
we can see that people in emerging markets
126
370194
2157
我們看見新興市場中的人們，
06:24
that may seem risky
and unpredictable on the surface
and unpredictable on the surface
127
372375
3669
他們表面上看起來
放款風險高、難以預測，
放款風險高、難以預測，
06:28
are actually willing and have
the capacity to repay.
the capacity to repay.
128
376068
4226
但事實上具有還款意願及能力。
06:33
Our credit scores have helped us deliver
over 200,000 loans in Kenya
over 200,000 loans in Kenya
129
381334
5185
我們的信用積分，已幫我們
在肯亞釋放出 200,000 份貸款──
在肯亞釋放出 200,000 份貸款──
06:38
in just the past year.
130
386543
1597
僅僅在去年。
06:40
And our repayment rates
are above 90 percent --
are above 90 percent --
131
388164
3302
我們的還款率超過了 90%──
06:43
which, by the way, is in line
with traditional bank repayment rates.
with traditional bank repayment rates.
132
391490
5295
和傳統銀行的還款率並駕齊驅。
06:49
With something as simple
as a credit score,
as a credit score,
133
397564
2909
信用積分看似微不足道，
06:52
we're giving people the power
to build their own futures.
to build their own futures.
134
400497
3515
卻賦予人們建構自己未來的力量。
06:56
Our customers have used
their loans for family expenses,
their loans for family expenses,
135
404647
3307
我們的客戶把這些貸款
拿來支付家庭開銷、
拿來支付家庭開銷、
06:59
emergencies, travel
136
407978
1857
突發狀況、旅遊，
07:01
and for investing back
into growing their businesses.
into growing their businesses.
137
409859
2972
以及投資發展他們的事業。
07:05
They're now building better
economies and communities
economies and communities
138
413792
3472
他們正打造更好的經濟及社區，
07:09
where more people can succeed.
139
417288
2324
讓更多的人能夠成功。
07:12
Over the past two years
of using our product,
of using our product,
140
420664
2728
採用我們產品的過去兩年，
07:15
Jenipher has increased
her savings by 60 percent.
her savings by 60 percent.
141
423416
4184
珍妮佛的存款增加了 60%。
07:19
She's also started
two additional food stalls
two additional food stalls
142
427624
2652
她還開了另外兩個食物攤，
07:22
and is now making plans
for her own restaurant.
for her own restaurant.
143
430300
3077
並打算開自己的餐廳。
07:25
She's applying for a small-business loan
from a commercial bank,
from a commercial bank,
144
433401
3404
她正向商業銀行申請小型企業貸款，
07:28
because she now has the credit history
to prove she deserves it.
to prove she deserves it.
145
436829
4725
因為如今她已經有
信用記錄證明她具備資格。
信用記錄證明她具備資格。
07:34
I saw Jenipher in Nairobi just last week,
146
442038
2915
上週我在奈洛比見到了珍妮佛，
07:36
and she told me how excited
she was to get started.
she was to get started.
147
444977
3251
她向我表達她當初的興奮之情。
07:40
She said,
148
448252
1288
她說：
07:42
"Only my son believed I could do this.
I didn't think this was for me."
I didn't think this was for me."
149
450178
5479
「只有我兒子相信我能做到。
我不敢相信這一切屬於我。」
我不敢相信這一切屬於我。」
07:48
She's lived her whole life
150
456250
2286
她活著的大半生，
07:50
believing that there was a part
of the world that was closed off to her.
of the world that was closed off to her.
151
458560
4293
都認為某部分的世界並不屬於她。
07:55
Our job now is to open
the world to Jenipher
the world to Jenipher
152
463536
4356
我們的使命便是向珍妮佛，
07:59
and the billions like her
that deserve to be trusted.
that deserve to be trusted.
153
467916
4195
還有許許多多值得相信的人，
敞開世界的大門。
敞開世界的大門。
08:04
Thank you.
154
472135
1159
謝謝。
08:05
(Applause)
155
473318
4332
（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Shivani Siroya - Mobile finance entrepreneurShivani Siroya created a tool that allows anyone with a cell phone to build a financial track record.
Why you should listen
Shivani Siroya is the CEO & Founder of Tala, a company that facilitates financial access to small businesses owners around the world by providing mobile financial tracking tools and direct flexible financing in order to help these businesses and their communities lift themselves out of poverty. She was selected as a TED Fellow in 2013.
Siroya has a wide array of professional experiences in global health, micro-finance and investment banking. Prior to Tala, she worked health costing at UNFPA and Mergers & Acquisitions at Health Net and Citigroup.
Siroya is a 2011 Echoing Green Fellow and 2011Unreasonable Institute Fellow. She is also a blogger for the Huffington Post and has written on Microfinance 2.0 as well as small business growth in the U.S. She is also on the board of ReWork and Young Women Social Entrepreneurs.
Siroya holds a M.P.H in Health Economics and International Policy from Columbia University and a B.A. in International Relations from Wesleyan University.
Shivani Siroya | Speaker | TED.com