TED2018
César Hidalgo: A bold idea to replace politicians
凯撒 · 希达戈: 一个取代政客的大胆想法
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凯撒 · 希达戈有个很激进的建议来解决我们破烂不堪的政治制度：自动化！在这个颇具启发性的谈话里，他描绘了一个大胆的想法跳过政客，给公民授权创建个性化的人工智能代表直接参与民主决定。探索产生集体决定的新方式，扩展你对民主的理解。
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
Is it just me,
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这就我一个，
00:15
or are there other people here
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还是在座的还有其他人
00:17
that are a little bit
disappointed with democracy?
disappointed with democracy?
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对我们的民主有些小失望？
00:20
(Applause)
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（掌声）
00:24
So let's look at a few numbers.
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我们来看一组数据。
00:26
If we look across the world,
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如果我们看整个世界，
00:29
the median turnout
in presidential elections
in presidential elections
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在过去三十年里
00:33
over the last 30 years
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参加总统选举投票的中位数
00:34
has been just 67 percent.
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只有百分之六十七。
00:38
Now, if we go to Europe
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我们如果转向欧洲
00:40
and we look at people that participated
in EU parliamentary elections,
in EU parliamentary elections,
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看看参与欧盟议会选举的人数，
00:44
the median turnout in those elections
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投票的中位数
00:46
is just 42 percent.
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只有百分之四十二。
00:50
Now let's go to New York,
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我们如果转向纽约，
00:51
and let's see how many people voted
in the last election for mayor.
in the last election for mayor.
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看看多少人参加了上次市长选举投票
00:56
We will find that only
24 percent of people showed up to vote.
24 percent of people showed up to vote.
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我们发现只有百分之二十四的人出去投了票。
01:01
What that means is that,
if "Friends" was still running,
if "Friends" was still running,
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这就意味着，如果“老友记”还在放的话，
01:04
Joey and maybe Phoebe
would have shown up to vote.
would have shown up to vote.
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只有乔伊和或许菲比会去投。
01:07
(Laughter)
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（掌声）
01:09
And you cannot blame them
because people are tired of politicians.
because people are tired of politicians.
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你没法怪他们因为人们
已经对政客厌倦了。
已经对政客厌倦了。
01:13
And people are tired of other people
using the data that they have generated
using the data that they have generated
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而且人们也很厌倦其他人用
01:17
to communicate with
their friends and family,
their friends and family,
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他们和他们的朋友和家人
沟通时产生的数据
沟通时产生的数据
01:20
to target political propaganda at them.
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针对他们做政治宣传。
01:22
But the thing about this
is that this is not new.
is that this is not new.
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但这也不是什么新做法。
01:25
Nowadays, people use likes
to target propaganda at you
to target propaganda at you
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现在，人们用你的点赞对你聚焦宣传
01:28
before they use your zip code
or your gender or your age,
or your gender or your age,
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以前他们是用你的邮编或者
你的性别或者你的年龄，
你的性别或者你的年龄，
01:31
because the idea of targeting people
with propaganda for political purposes
with propaganda for political purposes
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因为针对性政治宣传
01:35
is as old as politics.
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和政治本身一样历史悠久。
01:37
And the reason why that idea is there
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这些做法之所以存在
01:39
is because democracy
has a basic vulnerability.
has a basic vulnerability.
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是因为民主有一个很基本的弱点。
01:43
This is the idea of a representative.
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这就是代表这个概念。
01:46
In principle, democracy is the ability
of people to exert power.
of people to exert power.
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原则上，民主是人民行使权力的能力。
01:50
But in practice, we have to delegate
that power to a representative
that power to a representative
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但事实上，我们不得不把这个权力
交给一个代表
交给一个代表
01:53
that can exert that power for us.
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来替我们行使那个权力。
01:56
That representative is a bottleneck,
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那个代表就是一个瓶颈，
01:58
or a weak spot.
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一个短板。
01:59
It is the place that you want to target
if you want to attack democracy
if you want to attack democracy
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如果你想攻击民主的话
你就从那儿开始
你就从那儿开始
02:03
because you can capture democracy
by either capturing that representative
by either capturing that representative
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如果你能俘获那个代表，
02:07
or capturing the way
that people choose it.
that people choose it.
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或是俘获人们选出代表的方式，
你就可以俘获民主本身。
你就可以俘获民主本身。
02:10
So the big question is:
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所以关键问题是：
02:11
Is this the end of history?
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这是历史的终点吗？
02:13
Is this the best that we can do
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我们已经没法做的更好
02:17
or, actually, are there alternatives?
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或者，实际上还有别的方法？
02:22
Some people have been thinking
about alternatives,
about alternatives,
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很多人都在探索别的方法，
02:24
and one of the ideas that is out there
is the idea of direct democracy.
is the idea of direct democracy.
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现在有一个想法叫直接民主。
02:28
This is the idea of bypassing
politicians completely
politicians completely
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这个想法主张完全跳过政客
02:31
and having people vote directly on issues,
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让人们直接对议题投票，
02:33
having people vote directly on bills.
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对法案直接投票。
02:36
But this idea is naive
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但这个想法还是很天真
02:37
because there's too many things
that we would need to choose.
that we would need to choose.
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因为那样的话我们就有太多的东西
要选择。
要选择。
02:40
If you look at the 114th US Congress,
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如果你看美国114届议会，
02:43
you will have seen that
the House of Representatives
the House of Representatives
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你就会发现众议院
02:46
considered more than 6,000 bills,
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审议过6000多个法案，
02:49
the Senate considered
more than 3,000 bills
more than 3,000 bills
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参议院审议过3000多个法案，
02:51
and they approved more than 300 laws.
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他们通过了300个立法。
02:54
Those would be many decisions
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这就意味着
02:56
that each person would have to make a week
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每个人一个星期里
02:58
on topics that they know little about.
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要对很多他们不了解的话题做决定。
03:01
So there's a big cognitive
bandwidth problem
bandwidth problem
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这就有个知识范围的问题
03:03
if we're going to try to think about
direct democracy as a viable alternative.
direct democracy as a viable alternative.
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如果我们要把直接民主
做为一种可能性的话。
做为一种可能性的话。
03:08
So some people think about the idea
of liquid democracy, or fluid democracy,
of liquid democracy, or fluid democracy,
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所以有些人在考虑液体民主，
或流体民主，
或流体民主，
03:12
which is the idea that you endorse
your political power to someone,
your political power to someone,
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这就是你把你的政治权利交给别人，
03:16
who can endorse it to someone else,
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那个人再转交给另外一个人，
03:18
and, eventually, you create
a large follower network
a large follower network
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这样最后你就建立了一个很大的跟随网络
03:20
in which, at the end, there's a few people
that are making decisions
that are making decisions
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再到最后，一小群人开始代表
03:24
on behalf of all of their followers
and their followers.
and their followers.
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他们的跟随者以及
跟随者的跟随者做决定。
跟随者的跟随者做决定。
03:28
But this idea also doesn't solve
the problem of the cognitive bandwidth
the problem of the cognitive bandwidth
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但这个想法也没法解决知识范围的问题
03:32
and, to be honest, it's also quite similar
to the idea of having a representative.
to the idea of having a representative.
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而且实话说，这跟有个代表也差不多。
03:36
So what I'm going to do today is
I'm going to be a little bit provocative,
I'm going to be a little bit provocative,
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所以，我今天想大胆些，
03:40
and I'm going to ask you, well:
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让我来问你：
03:42
What if, instead of trying
to bypass politicians,
to bypass politicians,
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如果我们不试图跨越政客，
03:49
we tried to automate them?
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而是试图把他们自动化会怎么样？
03:57
The idea of automation is not new.
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这个自动化的想法也不是刚出来的了。
04:00
It was started more than 300 years ago,
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300年前就开始了，
04:02
when French weavers decided
to automate the loom.
to automate the loom.
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那时候法国织布工想要把织机自动化。
04:06
The winner of that industrial war
was Joseph-Marie Jacquard.
was Joseph-Marie Jacquard.
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那个工业战争的胜者叫
约瑟夫·玛丽·雅卡尔。
约瑟夫·玛丽·雅卡尔。
04:11
He was a French weaver and merchant
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他是个法国织布工和商人
04:12
that married the loom
with the steam engine
with the steam engine
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他把织布机和蒸汽发动机联在一起
04:15
to create autonomous looms.
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来取得自动织机。
04:17
And in those autonomous looms,
he gained control.
he gained control.
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在那些自动织机里他取得了控制。
04:20
He could now make fabrics that were
more complex and more sophisticated
more complex and more sophisticated
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他可以做出比其他手工编织
04:24
than the ones they
were able to do by hand.
were able to do by hand.
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更复杂的布料。
04:27
But also, by winning that industrial war,
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同时，通过赢得了那场工业战争，
04:29
he laid out what has become
the blueprint of automation.
the blueprint of automation.
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他也规划出了自动化的蓝图。
04:34
The way that we automate things
for the last 300 years
for the last 300 years
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我们自动化的方式
过去300年里都是一样的：
04:37
has always been the same:
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04:39
we first identify a need,
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我们首先找到一个需求，
然后我们制造一个工具满足那个需求，
04:41
then we create a tool
to satisfy that need,
to satisfy that need,
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就象织布机，在这个例子里，
04:44
like the loom, in this case,
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然后我们研究人们是怎么用那个工具的
04:46
and then we study how people use that tool
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然后把那个人的工作自动化。
04:49
to automate that user.
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04:51
That's how we came
from the mechanical loom
from the mechanical loom
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这就是我们从机械织机
演化到了自动织机，
04:54
to the autonomous loom,
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这足足花了我们一千年时间。
04:56
and that took us a thousand years.
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后来，我们只花了一百年时间
04:58
Now, it's taken us only a hundred years
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用同一个套路自动化了汽车。
05:00
to use the same script
to automate the car.
to automate the car.
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05:05
But the thing is that, this time around,
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不过这一回，
05:07
automation is kind of for real.
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自动化是动真格的了。
05:09
This is a video that a colleague of mine
from Toshiba shared with me
from Toshiba shared with me
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这个录像是我在东芝的一个同事发给我们的
05:13
that shows the factory
that manufactures solid state drives.
that manufactures solid state drives.
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是制造固态硬盘的工厂。
05:16
The entire factory is a robot.
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整个工厂就是一个机器人。
05:18
There are no humans in that factory.
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工厂里没有工人。
05:21
And the robots are soon
to leave the factories
to leave the factories
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很快机器人就会走出工厂
05:23
and become part of our world,
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成为我们世界的一部分，
05:25
become part of our workforce.
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成为劳动大军的一部分。
05:27
So what I do in my day job
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我的本职工作
05:28
is actually create tools that integrate
data for entire countries
data for entire countries
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实际上是创造为整个国家整合数据的工具
05:32
so that we can ultimately have
the foundations that we need
the foundations that we need
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最终建立起我们需要的基础
05:36
for a future in which we need
to also manage those machines.
to also manage those machines.
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在未来的日子里也可以管理这些机器。
05:41
But today, I'm not here
to talk to you about these tools
to talk to you about these tools
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不过今天，我不是在这里跟你们谈这些
05:44
that integrate data for countries.
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为国家整合数据的工具的。
05:46
But I'm here to talk to you
about another idea
about another idea
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我在这里是想跟大家谈另外一个想法
05:49
that might help us think about how to use
artificial intelligence in democracy.
artificial intelligence in democracy.
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或许能帮助我们考虑在民主上
如何利用人工智能。
如何利用人工智能。
因为我的工具是为行政决策设计的。
05:53
Because the tools that I build
are designed for executive decisions.
are designed for executive decisions.
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这些决策是基于一定程度的客观性的－
05:58
These are decisions that can be cast
in some sort of term of objectivity --
in some sort of term of objectivity --
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06:02
public investment decisions.
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公共投资决定。
06:04
But there are decisions
that are legislative,
that are legislative,
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但也有决定是立法有关的，
06:07
and these decisions that are legislative
require communication among people
require communication among people
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这些和立法有关的决定就需要
有各持己见的人们之间的沟通，
06:11
that have different points of view,
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需要参与，需要探讨，
06:13
require participation, require debate,
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需要三思。
06:15
require deliberation.
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06:18
And for a long time,
we have thought that, well,
we have thought that, well,
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很久以来我们一直认为
06:21
what we need to improve democracy
is actually more communication.
is actually more communication.
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我们要改善民主的话就要加强沟通。
06:24
So all of the technologies that we have
advanced in the context of democracy,
advanced in the context of democracy,
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所以所有我们以民主为名开发的科技，
06:28
whether they are newspapers
or whether it is social media,
or whether it is social media,
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无论是报纸还是社交媒体，
都试图给我们提供更多的沟通。
06:31
have tried to provide us
with more communication.
with more communication.
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06:34
But we've been down that rabbit hole,
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但我们以前陷进过这种无底洞，
06:35
and we know that's not
what's going to solve the problem.
what's going to solve the problem.
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我们知道这是解决不了问题的。
06:38
Because it's not a communication problem,
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因为这不是一个沟通的问题，
06:40
it's a cognitive bandwidth problem.
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而是一个知识范围的问题。
06:42
So if the problem is one
of cognitive bandwidth,
of cognitive bandwidth,
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所以如果问题是知识范围，
06:44
well, adding more communication to people
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那，给人们加上更多的沟通
06:47
is not going to be
what's going to solve it.
what's going to solve it.
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是解决不了问题的。
06:50
What we are going to need instead
is to have other technologies
is to have other technologies
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我们需要的是不同的科技
来帮助分摊一些
06:53
that help us deal with
some of the communication
some of the communication
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06:56
that we are overloaded with.
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我们已经超负荷的沟通。
想象一下，比如，一个网络虚拟人，
06:58
Think of, like, a little avatar,
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一个软件代理，
07:00
a software agent,
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一个电子杰明尼蟋蟀－
07:01
a digital Jiminy Cricket --
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07:03
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
07:05
that basically is able
to answer things on your behalf.
to answer things on your behalf.
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基本上可以替你回答问题。
07:09
And if we had that technology,
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如果我们有了那种科技，
07:11
we would be able to offload
some of the communication
some of the communication
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我们就可以卸下一些沟通的负担
07:14
and help, maybe, make better decisions
or decisions at a larger scale.
or decisions at a larger scale.
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也许可以帮助我们做更好的决定
或是范围更广的决定。
或是范围更广的决定。
07:18
And the thing is that the idea
of software agents is also not new.
of software agents is also not new.
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而且软件代理的想法也不是新的。
07:22
We already use them all the time.
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我们已经一直在使用它们了。
07:25
We use software agents
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我们用软件代理
07:26
to choose the way that we're going
to drive to a certain location,
to drive to a certain location,
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来选择我们开车去某地该怎么走，
07:31
the music that we're going to listen to
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我们想听什么音乐
07:33
or to get suggestions
for the next books that we should read.
for the next books that we should read.
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或者建议我们接下来读什么书。
07:37
So there is an obvious idea
in the 21st century
in the 21st century
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所以在二十一世纪有个显而易见的想法
就跟雅卡尔时代把蒸汽发动机和
织布机结合在一起的想法
织布机结合在一起的想法
07:40
that was as obvious as the idea
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07:43
of putting together a steam engine
with a loom at the time of Jacquard.
with a loom at the time of Jacquard.
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一样显而易见。
07:49
And that idea is combining
direct democracy with software agents.
direct democracy with software agents.
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这个想法就是把直接民主和
软件代理结合在一起。
软件代理结合在一起。
07:54
Imagine, for a second, a world
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试想一下，在一个世界里
没有一个代表来代表你
07:56
in which, instead of having
a representative that represents you
a representative that represents you
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和一百多万其他人，
08:00
and millions of other people,
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你可以有一个代表只代表你自己，
08:01
you can have a representative
that represents only you,
that represents only you,
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08:05
with your nuanced political views --
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带着你的细微详尽的政治看法－
08:07
that weird combination
of libertarian and liberal
of libertarian and liberal
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那些自由意志派和自由派的奇特结合
08:11
and maybe a little bit
conservative on some issues
conservative on some issues
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或许对某些问题看法有点小保守
或许对其他问题看法又非常超前。
08:13
and maybe very progressive on others.
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现在的政客都是打包的，他们充满了妥协。
08:15
Politicians nowadays are packages,
and they're full of compromises.
and they're full of compromises.
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但你可以有人只代表你一个人，
08:18
But you might have someone
that can represent only you,
that can represent only you,
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08:22
if you are willing to give up the idea
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如果你不坚持那个代表
08:24
that that representative is a human.
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一定是个人的话。
08:27
If that representative
is a software agent,
is a software agent,
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如果那个代表是个软件代理，
我们的参议院里面的参议员
可以和我们的公民一样多。
可以和我们的公民一样多。
08:29
we could have a senate that has
as many senators as we have citizens.
as many senators as we have citizens.
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08:33
And those senators are going to be able
to read every bill
to read every bill
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那些参议员有能力读每个法案
他们可以对每个法案投票。
08:36
and they're going to be able
to vote on each one of them.
to vote on each one of them.
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08:39
So there's an obvious idea
that maybe we want to consider.
that maybe we want to consider.
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所以这是个很明显的想法我们可以考虑。
08:42
But I understand that in this day and age,
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但我明白在这个时代，
这个想法可能会显得很恐怖。
08:45
this idea might be quite scary.
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08:48
In fact, thinking of a robot
coming from the future
coming from the future
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实际上，想想一个来自未来的机器人
帮助我们管理政府
08:51
to help us run our governments
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听起来就很可怕。
08:53
sounds terrifying.
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08:56
But we've been there before.
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但其实我们已经领略过了。
08:57
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
08:59
And actually he was quite a nice guy.
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实际上他人还不错的。
09:03
So what would the Jacquard loom
version of this idea look like?
version of this idea look like?
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那雅卡尔织布机版本的
这个想法会是什么样呢？
这个想法会是什么样呢？
其实这个系统会很简单。
09:10
It would be a very simple system.
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想象一个系统里你登录进去
然后你建虚拟身份，
然后你建虚拟身份，
09:12
Imagine a system that you log in
and you create your avatar,
and you create your avatar,
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09:15
and then you're going
to start training your avatar.
to start training your avatar.
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然后你开始训练你的虚拟身份。
你可以给它 提供你的读书习惯，
09:18
So you can provide your avatar
with your reading habits,
with your reading habits,
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09:20
or connect it to your social media,
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或者把它连到你的社交媒体上，
09:22
or you can connect it to other data,
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或者把它连到其他数据上，
09:25
for example by taking
psychological tests.
psychological tests.
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比如说做心理测试题。
这样的好处在于一切都很真实。
09:27
And the nice thing about this
is that there's no deception.
is that there's no deception.
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09:30
You are not providing data to communicate
with your friends and family
with your friends and family
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你没有和你的朋友家人沟通时提供数据
然后被政治系统利用。
09:33
that then gets used in a political system.
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09:36
You are providing data to a system
that is designed to be used
that is designed to be used
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你在给一个系统提供数据
用来代表你自己做政治决定。
09:40
to make political decisions
on your behalf.
on your behalf.
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09:43
Then you take that data and you choose
a training algorithm,
a training algorithm,
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你然后拿着这数据再挑选一个培训程序，
因为这是个开放式市场
09:47
because it's an open marketplace
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不同的人可以提供不同的程序
09:48
in which different people
can submit different algorithms
can submit different algorithms
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根据你提供的数据来预测你如何投票。
09:51
to predict how you're going to vote,
based on the data you have provided.
based on the data you have provided.
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因为系统是开放式的，
所以没有人能控制程序；
所以没有人能控制程序；
09:56
And the system is open,
so nobody controls the algorithms;
so nobody controls the algorithms;
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有的程序会变得很流行
09:59
there are algorithms
that become more popular
that become more popular
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有些会渐被遗忘。
10:01
and others that become less popular.
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最后，你可以审计这个系统。
10:03
Eventually, you can audit the system.
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你可以看你虚拟身份做的如何。
10:05
You can see how your avatar is working.
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如果你喜欢，你可以留着它自动驾驶。
10:07
If you like it,
you can leave it on autopilot.
you can leave it on autopilot.
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如果你想多些控制权，
10:09
If you want to be
a little more controlling,
a little more controlling,
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你可以选择每次它们做决定前
10:11
you can actually choose that they ask you
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都来先问你，
10:13
every time they're going
to make a decision,
to make a decision,
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或者你可以选择两者之间任何一点。
10:15
or you can be anywhere in between.
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我们极少实施民主的原因之一
10:17
One of the reasons
why we use democracy so little
why we use democracy so little
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也许是因为民主有个很烂的用户界面。
10:19
may be because democracy
has a very bad user interface.
has a very bad user interface.
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如果我们能改善民主的用户界面，
10:23
And if we improve the user
interface of democracy,
interface of democracy,
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我们或许能用的多一些。
10:25
we might be able to use it more.
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10:28
Of course, there's a lot of questions
that you might have.
that you might have.
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当然，你可能会有很多问题。
10:32
Well, how do you train these avatars?
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嗯，你怎么培训这些虚拟身份？
10:34
How do you keep the data secure?
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你如何保护数据？
10:36
How do you keep the systems
distributed and auditable?
distributed and auditable?
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你如何让系统保持分散并且可以审计？
10:39
How about my grandmother,
who's 80 years old
who's 80 years old
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还有我的八十岁的外婆
10:41
and doesn't know how to use the internet?
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她不会上网怎么办？
10:44
Trust me, I've heard them all.
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相信我，这些问题我全听到过。
10:46
So when you think about an idea like this,
you have to beware of pessimists
you have to beware of pessimists
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所以当你考虑这样的想法，
你得小心那些悲观者
你得小心那些悲观者
10:51
because they are known to have
a problem for every solution.
a problem for every solution.
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因为他们出了名的没有问题创造问题。
10:55
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
10:57
So I want to invite you to think
about the bigger ideas.
about the bigger ideas.
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所以我鼓励你们思考更大的想法。
11:00
The questions I just showed you
are little ideas
are little ideas
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我刚刚提的那些问题都是小想法
11:03
because they are questions
about how this would not work.
about how this would not work.
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因为它们都是关于这个想法怎么会砸锅。
11:07
The big ideas are ideas of:
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真正的大想法是：
这个想法如果成功了的话
11:09
What else can you do with this
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还适合做别的什么？
11:11
if this would happen to work?
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11:13
And one of those ideas is,
well, who writes the laws?
well, who writes the laws?
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还有一个大想法是，
嗯，谁来负责立法？
嗯，谁来负责立法？
11:17
In the beginning, we could have
the avatars that we already have,
the avatars that we already have,
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一开始的时候，
我们可以用我们已经有了的虚拟身份，
我们可以用我们已经有了的虚拟身份，
11:22
voting on laws that are written
by the senators or politicians
by the senators or politicians
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来投选现有的由参议员或政客
11:25
that we already have.
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写的法案。
11:27
But if this were to work,
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但如果这个想法成功了的话，
11:29
you could write an algorithm
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你可以写个程序
11:32
that could try to write a law
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来撰写一个法案
11:34
that would get a certain
percentage of approval,
percentage of approval,
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然后得到一定百分比的批准，
11:36
and you could reverse the process.
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你可以翻转这个流程。
11:38
Now, you might think that this idea
is ludicrous and we should not do it,
is ludicrous and we should not do it,
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你可能在想这个主意太荒谬了，我们不该去做，
但你不能否认当直接民主和软件代理成为一个
11:42
but you cannot deny that it's an idea
that is only possible
that is only possible
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可行的参与方式的时候，
11:45
in a world in which direct democracy
and software agents
and software agents
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这个想法就变得可能。
11:48
are a viable form of participation.
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11:52
So how do we start the revolution?
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那我们怎样才能开始这场革命呢？
11:56
We don't start this revolution
with picket fences or protests
with picket fences or protests
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我们不能从篱栅桩和游行开始
11:59
or by demanding our current politicians
to be changed into robots.
to be changed into robots.
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或者强求用机器人替代现在的政客。
12:03
That's not going to work.
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那是没法成功的。
12:05
This is much more simple,
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这是更简单，
更缓慢
12:06
much slower
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也更加谦逊。
12:08
and much more humble.
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12:09
We start this revolution by creating
simple systems like this in grad schools,
simple systems like this in grad schools,
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我们通过在研究生院，在图书馆，
在非盈利组织建立象这样的简单的系统，
来开始这场革命。
来开始这场革命。
12:13
in libraries, in nonprofits.
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12:16
And we try to figure out
all of those little questions
all of those little questions
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然后我们想办法解决那些小问题，
和那些小挑战，
12:18
and those little problems
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我们需要克服它们，
好让这个想法成为现实，
好让这个想法成为现实，
12:20
that we're going to have to figure out
to make this idea something viable,
to make this idea something viable,
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12:23
to make this idea something
that we can trust.
that we can trust.
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好让这个想法变得可信。
12:26
And as we create those systems that have
a hundred people, a thousand people,
a hundred people, a thousand people,
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当我们建立起这些系统供几百人，
几千人，
几千人，
以及几十万人不以政治挂钩的形式
投票的时候，
投票的时候，
12:29
a hundred thousand people voting
in ways that are not politically binding,
in ways that are not politically binding,
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我们就会对这个想法产生信任，
12:33
we're going to develop trust in this idea,
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12:35
the world is going to change,
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这个世界会变化，
那些现在象我女儿一样小的
12:37
and those that are as little
as my daughter is right now
as my daughter is right now
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12:40
are going to grow up.
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会慢慢长大。
12:42
And by the time my daughter is my age,
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当我的女儿长到我现在的年纪时，
12:44
maybe this idea, that I know
today is very crazy,
today is very crazy,
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也许这个想法，
我知道今天听起来是很疯狂，
我知道今天听起来是很疯狂，
12:49
might not be crazy to her
and to her friends.
and to her friends.
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也许对她和她的朋友们就
不一定很疯狂。
不一定很疯狂。
12:53
And at that point,
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到了那个时候，
我们会到达我们历史的终点，
12:55
we will be at the end of our history,
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12:58
but they will be
at the beginning of theirs.
at the beginning of theirs.
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但她们才开始她们的。
13:01
Thank you.
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谢谢大家。
13:02
(Applause)
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（掌声）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
César Hidalgo - PhysicistCésar Hidalgo studies how teams, cities and nations learn.
Why you should listen
César A. Hidalgo leads the Collective Learning group at The MIT Media Lab and is an associate professor of media arts and sciences at MIT. Hidalgo's work focuses on understanding how teams, organizations, cities and nations learn. At the Collective Learning group, Hidalgo develops software tools to facilitate learning in organizations. His academic publications have been cited more than 10,000 times, and his online systems, including the Observatory of Economic Complexity and DataUSA, have received more than 100 million views and numerous awards.
Hidalgo's latest book, Why Information Grows (2015), has been translated into 10+ languages. He is also the co-author of The Atlas of Economic Complexity (2014) and a co-founder of Datawheel LLC, a company that has professionalized the creation of large data visualization engines.
César Hidalgo | Speaker | TED.com