EG 2007
Ann Cooper: What's wrong with school lunches
安.库珀谈学校午餐
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Readability: 3
1,527,423 views
这段讲话是安.库珀在2007年EG会议上的发言，被誉为“午餐革命者”的安.库珀谈论了学校午餐即将进行的一场变革，即为孩子们提供本土化的、具有可持续性的、季节性的、甚至带有教育意义的食品。
Ann Cooper - Lunch lady
Ann Cooper cares -- a lot -- what kids eat for lunch. As the head of nutrition for Berkeley, California, schools, she serves organic, regionally sourced and sustainable meals to lots of lucky children. Full bio
Ann Cooper cares -- a lot -- what kids eat for lunch. As the head of nutrition for Berkeley, California, schools, she serves organic, regionally sourced and sustainable meals to lots of lucky children. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:16
My thing with school lunch is, it's a social justice issue.
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在我看来，学校午餐是一件关乎社会公平的大事。
00:18
I'm the Director of Nutrition Services
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我是伯克利联合校区膳食营养部门的主管，
00:20
for the Berkeley Unified School District. I have 90 employees
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在我手下有90名员工
00:23
and 17 locations, 9,600 kids.
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和17和服务站，为9600名儿童提供服务。
00:25
I'm doing 7,100 meals a day
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平均每天我们要提供7100份午餐
00:27
and I've been doing it for two years,
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并且已经持续了两年。
00:29
trying to change how we feed kids in America.
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我们这样做的目的是为了改变在我们国家里给孩子提供膳食的方式，
00:32
And that's what I want to talk to you a little bit about today.
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这就是今天我想给大家讲述的内容。
00:35
These are some of my kids with a salad bar.
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现在大家看到是孩子们在沙拉吧台前的照片。
00:37
I put salad bars in all of our schools when I got there.
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我上任伊始，就在所有学校里设置了沙拉吧台。
00:39
Everyone says it couldn't be done.
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当时，所有的人都认为这行不通
00:41
Little kids couldn't eat off the salad bar,
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因为他们认为年幼的孩子够不着吧台，
00:43
big kids would spit in it -- neither happened.
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而大点的孩子又会往里面吐痰，但事实上这两种现象都从未出现过。
00:46
When I took over this, I tried to really figure out,
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当我接手这个职位的时候，我试图真正弄明白一些事情，
00:48
like, what my vision would be.
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比方说，我的理想究竟是什么；
00:50
How do we really change children's relationship to food?
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我们应该怎样做才能改变孩子和食物之间的关系？
00:52
And I'll tell you why we need to change it,
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我想说的并不仅仅是为什么我们需要去改变，
00:54
but we absolutely have to change it.
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而是我们必须要去改变。
00:56
And what I came to understand is,
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我逐渐意识到，
00:58
we needed to teach children
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我们有责任给孩子们灌输
01:00
the symbiotic relationship
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健康的地球，有益于健康的食物和健康的孩子
01:02
between a healthy planet, healthy food and healthy kids.
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这三者之间的共生关系。
01:05
And that if we don't do that, the antithesis,
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如果我们不那么做的话，对立面将会是，
01:08
although we've heard otherwise,
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不是危言耸听，
01:10
is we're really going to become extinct,
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人类将会灭绝，
01:12
because we're feeding our children to death.
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因为我们的喂养方式会使孩子们一步步走向死亡。
01:14
That's my premise.
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这就是我的前提。
01:16
We're seeing sick kids get sicker and sicker.
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我们看到，身体差的孩子变得越来越虚弱。
01:18
And the reason this is happening, by and large,
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造成这种现象的原因，总的来说是因为
01:21
is because of our food system
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我们的食品体系
01:23
and the way the government commodifies food,
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和食品商品化过程中政府采取的方式，
01:25
the way the government oversees our food,
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以及政府监管食品的手段，
01:27
the way the USDA puts food on kids' plates
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和美国农业部设定的食物进入孩子们餐盘的流通渠道
01:30
that's unhealthy, and allows unhealthy food into schools.
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种种这些，都是不健康的，并且直接导致了那些对身体有害的食物进入了校园。
01:34
And by -- tacitly, all of us send our kids,
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我们大家都心照不宣的把子女、
01:36
or grandchildren, or nieces, or nephews, to school
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孙子、侄女、侄子送去学校，
01:39
and tell them to learn, you know,
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并且告诉他们
01:41
learn what's in those schools.
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学校教什么就学什么。
01:43
And when you feed these kids bad food,
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而当你给孩子们提供劣质的食物时，
01:45
that's what they're learning. So that's really what this is all about.
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这也是孩子们在学校里学到的一部分。这才是关键问题之所在。
01:48
The way we got here is because of big agribusiness.
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我们走到这一步要拜那些农业综合企业巨头们所赐。
01:52
We now live in a country where most of us don't decide,
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总之，我们如今生活在一个我们大多数人没有权力决定我们吃什么的国度，
01:56
by and large, what we eat. We see big businesses, Monsanto and DuPont,
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那些生产落叶剂和耐污地毯的大财团，
01:59
who brought out Agent Orange and stain-resistant carpet.
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如Monsanto（孟山都）和DuPont（杜邦），
02:02
They control 90 percent of the commercially produced seeds in our country.
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他们掌控着全美国百分之九十的商业化种子。
02:06
These are -- 10 companies
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仅仅十家公司，
02:08
control much of what's in our grocery stores,
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就掌控着零售店里出售的大部分商品和食品，
02:10
much of what people eat. And that's really, really a problem.
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这不能不说是个问题。
02:14
So when I started thinking about these issues
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因此，当我开始思考这些问题
02:16
and how I was going to change what kids ate,
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以及思考怎样才能改变孩子们所摄入的食物时，
02:18
I really started focusing on what we would teach them.
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我开始把注意力集中在这样一个问题上，即我们应该给孩子们灌输些什么。
02:21
And the very first thing
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首当其冲我们要灌输给孩子们的是
02:23
was about regional food -- trying to eat food
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区域性食品，
02:26
from within our region.
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即尝试食用本地出产的食物。
02:28
And clearly, with what's going on with fossil fuel usage,
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毋庸置疑，
02:30
or when -- as the fossil fuel is going away,
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随着化石燃料的不断消耗
02:33
as oil hits its peak oil,
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和油价的持续飙升，
02:36
you know, we really have to start thinking about whether or not
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是时候开始思考
02:38
we should, or could, be moving food
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我们把食物从1500英里以外运送过来的这种做法
02:41
1,500 miles before we eat it.
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是否是可行的。
02:44
So we talked to kids about that,
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因此，我们和孩子们交流探讨这种现象，
02:46
and we really start to feed kids regional food.
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并且开始让孩子们食用本地出产的食物。
02:49
And then we talk about organic food.
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现在，我们来谈一谈有机食品。
02:51
Now, most school districts can't really afford organic food,
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目前，大部分校区负担不起有机食品，
02:53
but we, as a nation,
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但我们，作为一个国家，
02:55
have to start thinking about
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必须开始考虑
02:57
consuming, growing and feeding our children
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把消费、种植和给孩子们提供
02:59
food that's not chock-full of chemicals.
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不含有化学物质的食品摆在我们的议事日程上。
03:01
We can't keep feeding our kids pesticides
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我们不能让孩子们再继续摄入杀虫剂
03:03
and herbicides and antibiotics and hormones.
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除草剂、抗生素和激素了。
03:06
We can't keep doing that.
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我们不能再那样做。
03:08
You know, it doesn't work.
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这样做是行不通的。
03:10
And the results of that are kids getting sick.
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这样做的结果是孩子们的身体将会变得越来越糟糕。
03:13
One of my big soapboxes right now is antibiotics.
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现在我想着重谈一谈抗生素。
03:17
Seventy percent of all antibiotics consumed in America
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在美国，百分之七十的抗生素
03:21
is consumed in animal husbandry.
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用于畜牧业。
03:23
We are feeding our kids antibiotics
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孩子们每天都从
03:26
in beef and other animal protein every day.
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牛肉和其它动物蛋白中摄取抗生素。
03:29
Seventy percent -- it's unbelievable.
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百分之七十，不可思议的数字。
03:32
And the result of it is, we have diseases.
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结果将导致疾病。
03:35
We have things like E. coli that we can't fix,
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我们面临着像大肠杆菌这样无法攻克的难题，
03:38
that we can't make kids better when they get sick.
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当孩子们生病感染，我们却束手无策。
03:42
And, you know, certainly antibiotics have been over-prescribed,
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抗生素的滥用不仅仅是医学界的现象，
03:46
but it's an issue in the food supply.
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同时也是食品供应中出现的问题。
03:48
One of my favorite facts is that
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我可以举一个很好的例子，
03:50
U.S. agriculture uses 1.2 billion pounds of pesticides every year.
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美国农业每年要消耗12亿磅的杀虫剂。
03:54
That means every one of us, and our children,
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这就意味着我们每个人以及我们的孩子
03:57
consumes what would equal a five-pound bag --
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要消耗大约5磅重的袋装农药，
03:59
those bags you have at home. If I had one here
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就跟我们平时家里常用的袋子那么大，假设我现在手头有这样的一个袋子，
04:01
and ripped it open,
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并且把它撕开，
04:03
and that pile I would have on the floor
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把里面的东西摊在地上，
04:05
is what we consume and feed our children every year
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这就是我们自己和我们的孩子们每年摄入的农药量。
04:08
because of what goes into our food supply,
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导致这一切的原因是因为流入我们食品供应环节中的农产品，
04:11
because of the way we consume
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以及我们摄取
04:14
produce in America.
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农产品的方式。
04:16
The USDA allows these antibiotics,
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美国农业部为我们食品供应环节中流入的抗生素、
04:18
these hormones and these pesticides in our food supply,
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激素和杀虫剂开了绿灯，
04:20
and the USDA paid for this ad
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并且还为时代杂志上的这则广告
04:22
in Time magazine.
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买单。
04:24
Okay, we could talk about Rachel Carson and DDT,
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好，那我们现在来谈谈蕾切尔·卡逊和滴滴涕，
04:27
but we know it wasn't good for you and me.
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我们知道，滴滴涕对我们每个人都是有害的。
04:29
And that is what the USDA allows in our food supply.
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但这却是美国农业部在食品供应中允许的物质。
04:32
And that has to change, you know.
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这点必须要改变。
04:35
The USDA cannot be seen as
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我们再也不能把美国农业部的相关规定视为
04:37
the be-all and end-all of what we feed
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我们给孩子们吃什么
04:40
our kids and what's allowed.
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以及哪些物质被允许摄入的权威。
04:42
We cannot believe that they have our best interests at heart.
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我们不相信他们的心里存有我们的最大利益。
04:45
The antithesis of this whole thing is sustainable food.
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与之相反的是可持续性食物。
04:48
That's what I really try and get people to understand.
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这也是我试图让人们了解的。
04:51
I really try and teach it to kids. I think it's the most important.
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我想把它灌输给孩子们-我认为这是最重要的一点。
04:54
It's consuming food in a way
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在这种可持续性食物的作用下，
04:56
in which we'll still have a planet,
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我们的地球不会消亡，
04:58
in which kids will grow up to be healthy,
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孩子们将健康成长，
05:00
and which really tries to mitigate
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并且能够缓解
05:02
all the negative impacts we're seeing.
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我们所遭受的一切负面的影响。
05:05
It really is just a new idea.
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这完全是一个全新的理念。
05:07
I mean, people toss around sustainability,
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我的意思是人们总是谈论到可持续性，
05:09
but we have to figure out what sustainability is.
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但是我们必须搞清楚可持续性到底是什么。
05:12
In less than 200 years, you know, just in a few generations,
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在不到200年的时间里，仅仅几代人的时间，
05:14
we've gone from being 200 --
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我们农民的比例数从
05:16
being 100 percent, 95 percent farmers
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100%下降到95%，
05:19
to less than 2 percent of farmers.
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直到不足2%。
05:21
We now live in a country that has more prisoners than farmers --
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现在我们生活在一个囚徒比农民的数量还要多的国家，
05:24
2.1 million prisoners, 1.9 million farmers.
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210万囚徒，190万农民。
05:28
And we spend 35,000 dollars
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平均一年我们花在狱中一个囚徒身上的钱
05:30
on average a year keeping a prisoner in prison,
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达到35000美元
05:32
and school districts spend 500 dollars a year
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而校区每年却只花费500美元
05:36
feeding a child.
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给一个孩子提供膳食。
05:38
It's no wonder, you know, we have criminals.
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也难怪犯罪分子层出不穷了。
05:40
(Laughter)
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（笑）
05:42
And what's happening is, we're getting sick.
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随之出现的是，我们的身体越来越差
05:45
We're getting sick and our kids are getting sick.
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我们和我们的孩子都将被疾病所困扰。
05:49
It is about what we feed them.
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这和我们为孩子们提供的食物有关。
05:52
What goes in is what we are.
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我们摄入的食物是什么样我们就会变成什么样。
05:54
We really are what we eat.
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摄入的食物和我们休戚相关。
05:56
And if we continue down this path,
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如果我们继续沿着这条老路走下去，
05:58
if we continue to feed kids bad food,
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如果我们继续为我们的孩子提供劣质食物，
06:00
if we continue not to teach them what good food is,
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如果我们不教给他们什么是对健康有益的食物，
06:05
what's going to happen? You know, what is going to happen?
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将会发生什么呢？你们知道将会发生什么吗？
06:08
What's going to happen to our whole medical system?
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我们的整个医疗系统将会受到什么样的影响？
06:11
What's going to happen is,
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随之而来的是，
06:13
we're going to have kids
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我们的下一代的寿命
06:15
that have a life less long than our own.
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将会比我们这一代更短。
06:18
The CDC, the Center for Disease Control,
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据疾病防控中心（CDC）的统计数据显示，
06:21
has said, of the children born in the year 2000 --
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在2000年出生的新生儿人群中，
06:23
those seven- and eight-year-olds today --
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（这些孩子现在大多7-8岁左右）
06:25
one out of every three Caucasians,
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每三个白种人，
06:27
one out of every two African-Americans and Hispanics
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每两个非洲裔美国人和西班牙裔美国人中
06:30
are going to have diabetes in their lifetime.
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就会有一个孩子患上糖尿病。
06:34
And if that's not enough, they've gone on to say,
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如果这还不足以引起警惕的话，疾病防控中心进一步表明，
06:37
most before they graduate high school.
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糖尿病多出现在这些孩子们高中毕业之前。
06:39
This means that 40 or 45 percent
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这就意味着40%或45%的
06:43
of all school-aged children
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学龄儿童
06:45
could be insulin-dependent
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将会在未来的十年间
06:47
within a decade. Within a decade.
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对胰岛素产生依赖。
06:51
What's going to happen?
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将会发生些什么呢？
06:53
Well, the CDC has gone further to say
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好吧，疾病防控中心还说了，
06:55
that those children born in the year 2000
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那些2000年出生的孩子
06:57
could be the first generation
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可能会成为我们国家历史上首代
06:59
in our country's history to die at a younger age than their parents.
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寿命短于他们父辈的一代人。
07:02
And it's because of what we feed them.
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这都要归功于我们提供给他们的食物。
07:04
Because eight-year-olds don't get to decide --
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因为八岁大的孩子还没有决定权，
07:06
and if they do, you should be in therapy.
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如果他们有权决定的话，他们会送你去看心理医生。
07:09
You know, we are responsible
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我们有责任去决定
07:11
for what kids eat.
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孩子该吃些什么。
07:13
But oops, maybe they're responsible for what kids eat.
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但是，或许现在这成了这些大财团们的事，
07:17
Big companies spend 20 billion dollars a year
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大财团每年要花掉200亿美元
07:20
marketing non-nutrient foods to kids.
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投入在给孩子们吃的垃圾食品的广告费上。
07:23
20 billion dollars a year. 10,000 ads most kids see.
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200亿美元，能使大多数孩子们一年看到10000个垃圾食品广告。
07:27
They spend 500 dollars
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他们投入500美元
07:29
for every one dollar -- 500 dollars marketing foods
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去为那些价值1美元的垃圾食品做广告。
07:32
that kids shouldn't eat for every one dollar
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广告上那些垃圾食品被描述成有益健康，营养丰富的食物，
07:35
marketing healthy, nutritious food.
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但实际上，这些是对孩子们有害的。
07:37
The result of which is kids think they're going to die
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这样做的结果将会对孩子们产生误导，
07:39
if they don't have chicken nuggets.
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鸡块成了他们不可或缺的食物。
07:41
You know that everybody thinks they should be eating more, and more, and more.
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大家都觉得孩子们应该尽可能多的多吃。
07:44
This is the USDA portion size, that little, tiny thing.
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大家看到的这是美国农业部规定的份量，很小一份。
07:47
And the one over there, that's bigger than my head,
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图那边的是麦当劳和汉堡王里出售的份量，
07:49
is what McDonald's and Burger King
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甚至比人的脑袋还大。
07:52
and those big companies think we should eat.
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这些大财团认为我们就应该吃这么多。
07:53
And why can they serve that much?
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可是为什么他们提供的份量可以那么多呢？
07:55
Why can we have 29-cent Big Gulps
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为什么我们可以买到售价29美分的大杯饮料
07:58
and 99-cent double burgers?
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和99美分的双层汉堡呢？
08:00
It's because of the way the government commodifies food,
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原因是政府在食品商品化过程中所采取的手段，
08:03
and the cheap corn and cheap soy
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以及流入我们食品供应环节中的
08:05
that are pushed into our food supply
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廉价的玉米和大豆。
08:07
that makes these non-nutrient foods
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正是这些原因，使得这些垃圾食品的价格
08:09
really, really cheap.
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非常低廉。
08:11
Which is why I say it's a social justice issue.
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所以说为什么在一开始我把这称之为一件关乎社会公平的大事。
08:14
Now, I said I'm doing this in Berkeley, and you might think,
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现在当我跟你们说我在伯克利做的这件事，你们就会想，
08:16
"Oh, Berkeley. Of course you can do it in Berkeley."
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“噢，伯克利，那可是个好地方，在伯克利当然你可以这么做。”
08:18
Well, this is the food I found 24 months ago.
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好吧，这是我在两年前看到的食品。
08:21
This is not even food.
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这简直就不能被称之为食品。
08:23
This is the stuff we were feeding our kids: Extremo Burritos,
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这就是我们给我们的孩子们吃的玩意儿-Extremo墨西哥玉米煎饼、
08:25
corn dogs,
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炸热狗串、
08:27
pizza pockets, grilled cheese sandwiches.
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披萨馅饼和烤芝士三文治。
08:29
Everything came in plastic, in cardboard.
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这些东西都用塑料袋封好，装在纸箱子里。
08:32
The only kitchen tools my staff had was a box cutter.
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员工仅有的一件厨房用具是一个纸箱切割刀。
08:35
The only working piece of equipment in my kitchen
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厨房里唯一的一样设备是一个
08:37
was a can crusher, because if it didn't come in a can,
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易拉罐压扁机，因为他们要么是以罐装的形式运过来，
08:40
it came frozen in a box.
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要么就是以冷冻箱的形式运过来。
08:42
The USDA allows this.
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这就是美国农业部许可的。
08:44
The USDA allows all of this stuff.
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美国农业部对所有这些都开了绿灯。
08:46
In case you can't tell, that's, like,
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也许你不能完全分辨得出，例如
08:48
pink Danish and some kind of cupcakes.
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pink Danish 和某些杯形糕饼的区别。
08:52
Chicken nuggets, Tater Tots, chocolate milk with high fructose,
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鸡块、炸土豆泥、加了高浓度果糖的巧克力牛奶、
08:55
canned fruit cocktail -- a reimbursable meal.
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什锦水果罐头-共同组成了一顿廉价的午餐。
08:58
That's what the government says is okay to feed our kids.
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这就是政府为什么允许它们进入孩子们餐盘的原因。
09:02
It ain't okay. You know what? It is not okay.
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这样做是不行的。你们知道吗？这样做是不行的。
09:06
And we, all of us,
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我们，我们所有人，
09:08
have to understand
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必须了解，
09:10
that this is about us,
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这是和我们休戚相关的-
09:12
that we can make a difference here.
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我们可以让这一切发生改变。
09:14
Now I don't know if any of you out there invented chicken nuggets,
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此刻，我不知道在座的人中是否有人发明了鸡块，
09:16
but I'm sure you're rich if you did.
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但我可以肯定，如果你们发明了鸡块就一定会很有钱。
09:18
But whoever decided that a chicken should look like
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又是谁决定了鸡应该长什么样，
09:21
a heart, a giraffe, a star?
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心形，长颈鹿形，或是星形？
09:25
Well, Tyson did, because there's no chicken in the chicken.
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泰森公司做到了，因为鸡块里压根没有鸡。
09:28
And that they could figure it out,
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他们也许会断定
09:30
that we could sell this stuff to kids.
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我们会把这些玩意儿推销给孩子们。
09:32
You know, what's wrong with teaching kids
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其实，告诉孩子们鸡长得就是鸡样
09:34
that chicken looks like chicken?
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有什么错呢？
09:36
But this is what most schools serve.
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大多数学校都把这些食物提供给孩子们。
09:38
In fact, this may be what a lot of parents serve,
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事实上，有很多家长也是这么做的
09:41
as opposed to -- this is what we try and serve.
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我们尝试做的恰恰和这相反。
09:44
We really need to change
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我们的确需要改变
09:46
this whole paradigm with kids and food.
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孩子与食物的整个模式。
09:49
We really have to teach children
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我们必须教给孩子
09:51
that chicken is not a giraffe.
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鸡不是长颈鹿。
09:54
You know, that vegetables
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蔬菜是
09:56
are actually colorful, that they have flavor,
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富有色彩的，同时也是有味道的。
09:59
that carrots grow in the ground,
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胡萝卜生长在泥土里，
10:02
that strawberries grow in the ground.
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草莓生长在泥土里。
10:04
There's not a strawberry tree or a carrot bush.
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世界上不存在草莓树或者胡萝卜灌木。
10:07
You know, we have to change
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我们必须改变
10:10
the way we teach kids about these things.
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我们灌输给孩子们这些知识的方式。
10:12
There's a lot of stuff we can do. There's a lot of schools
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我们可以做的有很多。
10:15
doing farm-to-school programs. There's a lot of schools
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有许多学校开展了从农场到学校的活动。
10:18
actually getting fresh food into schools.
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有许多学校的的确确把让新鲜的食物进入了校园。
10:21
Now, in Berkeley, we've gone totally fresh.
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目前在伯克利，可以说我们的所有食物全部是新鲜的。
10:24
We have no high-fructose corn syrup,
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我们不供应含高浓度果糖的玉米糖浆、
10:26
no trans fats, no processed foods.
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不提供反式脂肪、不提供加工食品。
10:28
We're cooking from scratch every day.
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我们每天烹饪时不用现成酱料或半成品食物。
10:30
We have 25 percent of our --
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有25%......
10:33
(Applause)
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(鼓掌)
10:35
thank you -- 25 percent of our stuff
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谢谢大家。我们25%的原材料
10:37
is organic and local. We cook.
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都是当地有机的。我们是真正意义上的烹调。
10:39
Those are my hands. I get up at 4 a.m.
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这是我的双手。我每天清晨四点起床，
10:42
every day and go cook the food for the kids,
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为孩子们准备早餐，
10:45
because this is what we need to do.
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因为这是我有责任要做的。
10:47
We can't keep serving kids
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我们不能再继续给孩子们吃那些
10:49
processed crap,
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加工过的垃圾，
10:51
full of chemicals,
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化学物质充斥其中，
10:53
and expect these are going to be healthy citizens.
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还指望着我们的孩子会长大成为健康的公民。
10:55
You're not going to get the next generation,
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你也别再指望你的下一代
10:58
or the generation after, to be able to think like this
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或者下下代像我们一样进行思考了，
11:00
if they're not nourished.
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我是说如果他们继续食用这些垃圾食品的话。
11:02
If they're eating
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如果他们还继续
11:04
chemicals all the time,
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食用这些有害的化学物质，
11:06
they're not going to be able to think.
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那么他们将会丧失思考的能力。
11:08
They're not going to be smart.
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他们将会越来越笨。
11:10
You know what? They're just going to be sick.
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你知道吗？这样下去他们只会患上疾病。
11:13
Now one of the things that -- what happened when I went into Berkeley
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来到伯克利后，我发觉
11:15
is I realized that, you know, this was all pretty amazing to people,
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人们对我们所做的一切充满了惊奇，
11:18
very, very different, and I needed to market it.
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这和他们以往的做法有很大不同，我感到有责任去推广我们的做法。
11:21
I came up with these calendars that I sent home to every parent.
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我制作了这些日历，并且把它们发放到每家每户的家长手里。
11:24
And these calendars really started to lay out my program.
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从这个日历里可以了解到我们的整个活动计划。
11:27
Now I'm in charge of all the cooking classes
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现在我负责教授我们校区范围内所有的烹饪课程和
11:29
and all the gardening classes in our school district.
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园艺课程。
11:32
So this is a typical menu.
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这是一个颇具代表性的菜单
11:34
This is what we're serving this week at the schools.
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上面写有本周学校供应的食物。
11:36
And you see these recipes on the side?
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你们注意到旁边这些食谱了吗？
11:38
Those are the recipes that the kids learn in my cooking classes.
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在烹饪课堂上我会把这些食物的做法教给孩子们。
11:40
They do tastings of these ingredients in the gardening classes.
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在园艺课上，孩子们可以品尝各种各样新鲜的蔬果。
11:44
They also may be growing them. And we serve them in the cafeterias.
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孩子们还可以亲手种植蔬果。我们的食堂为孩子们提供这些新鲜的食物。
11:48
If we're going to change children's relationship to food,
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如果我们打算改变
11:50
it's delicious, nutritious food in the cafeterias,
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孩子们和食堂里提供的这些既美味又有营养的食物的关系的话，
11:53
hands-on experience -- you're looking in cooking and gardening classes --
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那么你们在烹饪和园艺课堂上所看见的实际动手操作
11:56
and academic curriculum to tie it all together.
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和课堂上的理论知识两者必须结合起来。
12:00
Now you've probably garnered that I don't love the USDA,
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听我讲了这么多，大家也可能知道我对美国农业部不怎么感冒了，
12:03
and I don't have any idea what to do with their pyramid,
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他们制定出的金字塔让我匪夷所思。
12:06
this upside-down pyramid with a rainbow over the top, I don't know.
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我搞不明白倒金字塔上为什么有一道彩虹。
12:08
You know, run up into the end of the rainbow,
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从底部一直到彩虹的末端，
12:10
I don't know what you do with it. So, I came up with my own.
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我不知道你们是怎么看的。我设计了一个我的金字塔。
12:13
This is available on my website in English and Spanish,
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你们在我的网站上也可以找到，使用了英语和西班牙语两种语言。
12:15
and it's a visual way to talk to kids about food.
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它借助了视觉手段来给孩子们讲述食物。
12:18
The really tiny hamburger, the really big vegetables.
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小份的汉堡和大颗的蔬菜。
12:21
We have to start changing this.
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我们必须让这一切发生改变。
12:23
We have to make kids understand
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我们必须要让孩子们知道，
12:26
that their food choices make a big difference.
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选择什么样的食物是非常重要的事情。
12:30
We have cooking classes -- we have cooking classrooms in our schools.
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我们开设了烹饪课，在学校里我们还设置了专门的烹饪教室。
12:33
And why this is so important is
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这些对我们而言意义重大的原因是
12:35
that we now have grown a generation,
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我们清楚的知道我们在养育一代人，
12:38
maybe two, of kids where one out of every four meals
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或者两代人，这些孩子们每四顿饭就有一顿是在快餐店里解决的，
12:41
is eaten in fast food, one of every four meals is eaten in a car
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另一顿是在车里吃的，
12:45
and one out of every last four meals is eaten in front of a TV or computer.
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还有一顿是在电视机前或者电脑前完成的。
12:49
What are kids learning? Where is the family time?
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孩子们学到了什么呢？我们的家庭时间到哪里去了呢？
12:53
Where is socialization? Where is discussion?
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没有社会交往，也没有交流讨论，
12:57
Where is learning to talk?
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这样下去，孩子们将不知道如何去与人交谈。
12:59
You know, we have to change it.
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我们必须要改变这一切。
13:01
I work with kids a lot. These are kids I work with in Harlem.
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我的工作总离不开孩子。这些是我在Harlem工作时遇到的几个孩子。
13:04
EATWISE -- Enlightened and Aware Teens Who Inspire Smart Eating.
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EATWISE，是这群倡导科学饮食的开明的青少年的称呼。
13:07
We have to teach kids
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我们有必要让孩子们知道，
13:09
that Coke and Pop Tarts
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可乐和小烘饼
13:11
aren't breakfast.
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这些都不能称之为早餐。
13:13
We have to teach kids that if they're on a diet
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我们要让孩子们知道
13:15
of refined sugar,
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如果他们长期食用精制糖的话，
13:17
they go up and down, just like if they're on a diet of crack.
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就会像长期食用可卡因一样坐立不安。
13:22
And we have to pull it all together. We have composting in all of our schools.
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在我们的校园里有堆肥制造装置。
13:25
We have recycling in all of our schools.
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也有再循环系统。
13:27
You know, the things that we maybe do at home
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你知道吗，这些我们在家里也会做，
13:29
and think are so important,
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并认为很重要的事，
13:31
we have to teach kids about in school.
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我们在学校里也有必要教给孩子。
13:35
It has to be so much a part of them
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这些仅仅只是孩子们需要了解的一部分，
13:37
that they really get it.
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他们需要学习的还有很多很多。
13:39
Because, you know what, many of us
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因为我们中的大多数人
13:41
are sort of at the end of our careers,
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都处于我们职业生涯的末年，
13:43
and we need to be giving these kids --
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我们有责任给与这些孩子们，
13:45
these young kids, the next generation --
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年轻人以及下一代
13:47
the tools to save themselves
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拯救自己以及
13:49
and save the planet.
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拯救地球的工具。
13:51
One of the things I do a lot is public-private partnerships.
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我还经常参与公共私人伙伴关系的合作。
13:54
I work with private companies
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我和一些私人公司打交道，
13:56
who are willing to do R & D with me,
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他们很乐意与我们合作从事科研开发，
13:58
who are willing to do distribution for me,
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以及为我们进行宣传，
14:00
who are really willing to work to go into schools.
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他们也很乐意把他们的事业拓展到校园。
14:02
Schools are underfunded.
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大多数的学校面临资金不足的难题。
14:04
Most schools in America spend less
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美国的大部分学校一年花在一个孩子上的教育经费开支
14:06
than 7,500 dollars a year teaching a child.
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不足7500美元。
14:09
That comes down to under five dollars an hour.
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折合每小时不足5美金。
14:12
Most of you spend 10, 15 dollars an hour
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大多数人每小时花费10美元、15美元
14:14
for babysitters when you have them.
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去雇佣钟点工照看小孩。
14:17
So we're spending less than 5 dollars an hour on the educational system.
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而我们的教育系统投入在孩子身上的钱每小时不足五美元。
14:20
And if we're going to change it,
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如果我们要改变现状，
14:22
and change how we feed kids,
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改变我们给孩子提供膳食的方式的话，
14:24
we really have to rethink that.
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我们必须要好好的进行反思。
14:26
So, public and private partnerships,
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我们看到那些公共私人合作伙伴、
14:28
advocacy groups, working with foundations.
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倡导组织正在和基金会一同齐心协力地试图改变现状。
14:31
In our school district, the way we afford this
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在我们校区，
14:33
is our school district allocates .03 percent
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我们的经费来源是校区的拨款。
14:36
of the general fund
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仅占到整个营养膳食部门不指定用途资金的0.03%。
14:38
towards nutrition services. And I think if every school district
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我想如果每个校区都
14:41
allocated a half to one percent,
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拨款0.5%-1%，
14:43
we could start to really fix this program.
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这项计划就可以顺利进行。
14:46
We really need to change it.
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我们必须要改变现状。
14:49
It's going to take more money.
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我们还需要更多的资助。
14:51
Of course, it's not all about food; it's also about
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当然，这不光和食物有关，
14:53
kids getting exercise.
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还和孩子们的运动量有一定联系。
14:55
And one of the simple things we can do
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一个简单易行的做法是
14:57
is put recess before lunch.
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把课间休息放在午餐前进行。
14:59
It's sort of this "duh" thing.
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听起来像是很傻。
15:01
You know, if you have kids coming into lunch
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但是你想想，如果你准备让孩子们吃午餐
15:03
and all they're going to do when they get out of lunch is go to have recess,
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孩子们一想到午餐过后就可以休息，
15:06
you see them just throw away their lunch so they can run outside.
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你会看到他们直接把餐盘往旁边一甩，就跑出去玩去了。
15:09
And then, at one in the afternoon, they're totally crashing.
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到了中午一点，他们已经累得精疲力尽。
15:12
These are your children and grandchildren that are totally melting down
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由于孩子们没有吃午饭，
15:14
when you pick them up, because they haven't had lunch.
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当你接孩子放学的时候，你会看到他们一个个无精打采。
15:16
So if the only thing they'd have to do after lunch is go to class,
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因此，午餐过后唯一能让孩子们做的事就是上课，
15:19
believe me, they're going to sit there and eat their lunch.
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相信我，孩子们一定会乖乖地坐下来吃完他们的午餐的。
15:22
We need to --
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我们必须要
15:24
we need to educate.
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我们必须要进行教育。
15:26
We need to educate the kids.
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我们必须要对孩子进行教育。
15:28
We need to educate the staff.
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我们必须要对员工进行教育。
15:30
I had 90 employees.
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在我手下有90名员工。
15:32
Two were supposed to be cooks -- none could.
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有两个本应当做厨师的，却没有做成。
15:34
And, you know, I'm not that better off now.
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大家都知道，我们的资金并不充裕。
15:37
But we really have to educate.
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但是教育这件事不能松懈。
15:39
We have to get academic institutions to start thinking
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我们得让那些学术机构想法子
15:42
about ways to teach people how to cook again,
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重新教给人们科学烹调的方法，
15:45
because, of course, they don't --
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因为他们从未想过去这么做，
15:47
because we've had this processed food in schools
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这是由于在学校和一些教育机构里
15:49
and institutions for so long.
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人们长期食用加工食品所导致的。
15:51
We need 40-minute lunches --
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我们的午餐时间需要达到40分钟
15:53
most schools have 20-minute lunches --
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大多数学校的午餐时间只有20分钟
15:55
and lunches that are time-appropriate.
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我们还需要选择恰当的时间进餐。
15:57
There was just a big study done, and so many schools
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刚进行的一项重要研究显示，大多数学校
15:59
are starting lunch at nine and 10 in the morning.
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选择在早上九点至十点开始午餐
16:01
That is not lunchtime.
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这并不是午餐时间。
16:04
You know, it's crazy. It's crazy what we're doing.
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要知道，我们所做的一切太荒唐了。
16:07
And just remember,
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我们应该默默地记住这一点，
16:09
at very least tacitly,
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至少在我们的心里，
16:11
this is what we're teaching children
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这就是我们教给孩子们的
16:14
as what they should be doing.
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告诉他们应该做的事情。
16:16
I think if we're going to fix this,
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如果我们想要改变现状的话，
16:18
one of the things we have to do
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我们要做的事情之一
16:20
is really change how we have oversight
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就是改变我们对
16:22
over the National School Lunch Program.
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全国学校午餐计划的监督方式。
16:24
Instead of the National School Lunch Program being under the USDA,
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而不是让全国学校午餐计划处于美国农业部的监管之下，
16:27
I think it should be under CDC.
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我认为应该由传染病防治中心来进行监管。
16:29
If we started to think about food
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如果我们以健康为出发点
16:32
and how we feed our kids
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来考虑饮食
16:34
as a health initiative,
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以及我们喂养孩子的方式，
16:37
and we started thinking about food as health,
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如果我们从健康的角度来探讨食物，
16:40
then I think we wouldn't have corn dogs
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那么我们的午餐餐盘里就不会出现
16:43
as lunch.
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炸热狗串这样的垃圾食物了。
16:45
Okay, Finance 101 on this,
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财政基础学科里谈到了这样或者那样的内容，
16:48
and this -- I'm sort of wrapping it up with this finance piece,
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最后我想用一些财政数字来结束我的发言，
16:51
because I think this is something we all have to understand.
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因为我觉得有必要让大家了解这些。
16:54
The National School Lunch Program spends 8 billion dollars
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全国学校午餐计划每年花费80亿美元
16:56
feeding 30 million children a year.
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为3千万孩子提供服务。
16:58
That number probably needs to double.
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这个数字恐怕要翻倍。
17:00
People say, "Oh my God, where are we going to get 8 billion?"
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人们会问，“噢，天啊，我们上哪去弄80亿？”
17:03
In this country, we're spending 110 billion dollars a year
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在我们国家，我们每年在快餐上的消费高达
17:07
on fast food.
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1100亿美元。
17:10
We spend 100 billion dollars a year
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2000
每年在减肥辅助品上的消费高达
17:12
on diet aids.
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2000
1000亿美元。
17:14
We spend 50 billion dollars on vegetables,
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2000
我们在蔬菜上的消费却只有500亿美元，
17:16
which is why we need all the diet aids.
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这就是我们为什么需要那么多减肥辅助品的原因。
17:19
We spend 200 billion dollars a year
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每年我们2000亿美元
17:22
on diet-related illness today,
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用于治疗肥胖引起的疾病，
17:25
with nine percent of our kids having type 2 diabetes.
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9%的孩子患有二型糖尿病
17:28
200 billion.
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2000亿美元。
17:30
So you know what, when we talk
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你们现在可以明白了，当我们说到
17:32
about needing 8 billion more, it's not a lot.
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还需要80亿美元的时候，其实这也并不是什么大数字。
17:35
That 8 billion comes down to two dollars and 49 cents --
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80亿美元最后分解为2美元49美分
17:38
that's what the government allocates for lunch.
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这是政府在每份午餐上投入的经费。
17:41
Most school districts spend two thirds of that on payroll and overhead.
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大部分校区把其中的三分之二用于工资支出和管理费用。
17:44
That means we spend less than a dollar a day
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这就意味这我们每天真正用于提供午餐上的支出
17:47
on food for kids in schools --
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不足一美元
17:49
most schools, 80 to 90 cents. In L.A., it's 56 cents.
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大部分学校是80至90美分。在洛杉矶，这个数字是56美分。
17:54
So we're spending less than a dollar, OK, on lunch.
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这样看来，我们在午餐上的花费还不足一美元。
17:57
Now I don't know about you,
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我不知道你们的消费标准是什么样的，
17:59
but I go to Starbucks and Pete's and places like that,
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但我在旧金山去星巴克，Pete's这样一类的餐馆吃饭，
18:01
and venti latte in San Francisco is five dollars.
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或者点一大杯拿铁咖啡的价格是五美元。
18:04
One gourmet coffee,
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一杯极品咖啡
18:06
one, is more --
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的价格会更贵。
18:08
we spend more on than we are spending to feed kids
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在我们的学校里，
18:11
for an entire week
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平均一周，
18:14
in our schools.
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我们自己花在午餐上的钱比我们花在孩子身上的钱要多得多。
18:16
You know what? We should be ashamed.
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你知道吗，我们应该为此感到羞耻。
18:20
We, as a country, should be ashamed
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我们，作为一个国家，
18:23
at that.
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应该为此感到羞耻。
18:25
The richest country.
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这个世界上最富饶的国家。
18:27
In our country,
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在我们国家，
18:29
it's the kids that need it the most,
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孩子最需要健康的午餐，
18:32
who get this really, really lousy food.
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而他们现在却吃着垃圾食品。
18:34
It's the kids who have parents and grandparents
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正是这些有着爸爸妈妈、爷爷奶奶、
18:36
and uncles and aunts that can't even afford
437
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叔叔阿姨的孩子
18:40
to pay for school lunch that gets this food.
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他们甚至付不起学校提供的垃圾午餐。
18:43
And those are the same kids
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还是这些孩子，
18:45
who are going to be getting sick.
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他们的身体越来越差。
18:48
Those are the same kids who we should be taking care of.
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还是这些孩子，他们需要我们的照顾。
18:51
We can all make a difference.
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我们都可以做点什么
18:54
That every single one of us,
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我们中的每一个人都可以，
18:56
whether we have children,
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不论我们自己是否有孩子，
18:58
whether we care about children, whether we have nieces or nephews,
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不论我们是不是喜欢孩子，不论我们有没有侄女或是侄子，
19:01
or anything --
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不论怎么样
19:03
that we can make a difference.
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我们都可以尽自己的一份力量。
19:05
Whether you sit down and eat a meal with your kids,
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无论当你坐下来和你的孩子们一起吃饭的时候，
19:07
whether you take your kids, or grandchildren,
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还是带着你的孩子，或是孙子，
19:09
or nieces and nephews shopping
450
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抑或是侄子侄女
19:12
to a farmers' market. Just do tastings with them.
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去农夫市场采购的时候，陪他们一起品尝一下食物的美味吧。
19:15
Sit down and care.
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只需要坐下来，用心地陪一陪孩子。
19:17
And on the macro level,
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从宏观上看，
19:19
we're in what seems to be
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我们正处于
19:21
a 19-month presidential campaign,
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为期19个月的总统选举期，
19:25
and of all the things we're asking
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当我们提问给
19:27
all of these potential leaders,
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这些总统候选人时，
19:29
what about asking for the health of our children?
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不妨也请大家多多关注一下儿童健康的问题。谢谢。
19:31
Thank you.
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谢谢大家。
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Ann Cooper - Lunch ladyAnn Cooper cares -- a lot -- what kids eat for lunch. As the head of nutrition for Berkeley, California, schools, she serves organic, regionally sourced and sustainable meals to lots of lucky children.
Why you should listen
Ann Cooper has a frontline view of the daily battle to keep kids healthy -- and of the enemy, the processed-foods industries that, it sometimes seems, want to wrap every single thing that children eat in a fried coating and then a plastic bag. As the director of nutrition services for the Berkeley (California) Unified School District, she's an outspoken activist for serving fresh, sustainable food to kids. Her lively website, ChefAnn.com, rounds up recipes, links, and resources for food activism.
Cooper's influential program in Berkeley involves kids in every stage of the food they eat, from growing to disposing of it. And along the way, eating some delicious cafeteria lunches. She's also recently become one of the most enterprising members of Jamie Oliver's Food Revolution, launching TheLunchBox.org to give schools the resources and support they need to transform their menus and provide balanced, healthy meals. In line with that effort, she is partnering with Whole Foods on the Great American Salad Project (GASP), which will create fresh salad bars in over 300 schools around the U.S.
She's the author of several books, including Bitter Harvest, an examination of the food chain, and her latest, Lunch Lessons: Changing the Way We Feed Our Children.
Ann Cooper | Speaker | TED.com