TEDxBoston 2011
Dyan deNapoli: The great penguin rescue
Dyan deNapoli:任務艱巨的企鵝營救行動
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一個親身經歷的故事,一個全體共同的勝利:Dyan de Napoli 述說一個全球最大的「自願參與動物營救行動」的故事。在石油外漏污染南非的海岸後,他們拯救四萬多隻企鵝。這麼個大任務如何完成的呢? 一隻企鵝接著一隻企鵝、接著一隻企鵝......
Dyan deNapoli - Penguin expert
Call her "the Penguin Lady." Dyan deNapoli educates the world about these fascinating birds. Full bio
Call her "the Penguin Lady." Dyan deNapoli educates the world about these fascinating birds. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
For as long as I can remember,
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記憶中,
00:18
I have felt a very deep connection
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我一直感覺自己和動物及海洋
00:20
to animals and to the ocean.
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有很深切的連結。
00:22
And at this age,
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在這個年紀,
00:24
my personal idol
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我個人的玩具
00:26
was Flipper the dolphin.
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是海豚飛寶。
00:28
And when I first learned about endangered species,
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當我首度得知瀕臨絶種物種的訊息,
00:31
I was truly distressed to know
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我十分難過地發現
00:34
that every day animals were being wiped off the face of this Earth forever.
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每天有動物會永遠從地球消失。
00:38
And I wanted to do something to help,
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我想為牠們做些事情,
00:40
but I always wondered,
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但我總是疑惑,
00:42
what could one person possibly do to make a difference?
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一個人能做些什麼來改變事情的發展?
00:45
And it would be 30 years,
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三十年了,
00:47
but I would eventually get the answer to that question.
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我終究得到問題的答案。
00:51
When these heartbreaking images of oiled birds
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這些鳥群慘遭石油毒害的驚心動魄景象
00:54
finally began to emerge from the Gulf of Mexico last year
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最終暴光──去年發生在墨西哥灣,
00:57
during the horrific BP oil spill,
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十分嚴重的BP(國際石油公司)漏油事件──
00:59
a German biologist by the name of Silvia Gaus
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一位德國生物學家名為Silvia Gaus
01:01
was quoted as saying,
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說過這樣的話,
01:03
"We should just euthanize all oiled birds
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「我們應讓所有的『油鳥』安樂死
01:06
because studies have shown
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因研究顯示
01:08
that fewer than one percent of them
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釋放牠們重返自然後,低於百分之一的
01:10
survive after being released."
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『油鳥』能存活下來。」
01:12
And I could not disagree more.
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我非常不同意這個說法。
01:15
And in addition, I believe that every oiled animal
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此外,我相信每隻『油鳥』
01:18
deserves a second chance at life.
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值得有第二次生存機會。
01:20
And I want to tell you
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我要告訴你們
01:22
why I feel so strongly about this.
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為何我對這件事有強烈的感受。
01:24
On June 23rd, 2000,
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2000年6月23日,
01:26
a ship named the Treasure
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一艘叫『寶藏』(Treasure)的運輸船
01:28
sank off the coast of Cape Town, South Africa,
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沈入南非開普敦(Capetown)沿海海域,
01:30
spilling 1,300 tons of fuel,
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1,300噸燃料外洩,
01:32
which polluted the habitats
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污染了
01:34
of nearly half the entire world population
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幾乎大半個
01:37
of African penguins.
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全球南非企鵝棲息地。
01:40
Now the ship sank between Robben Island to the south
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那艘船沈沒在海中,就在南往羅本島(Robben Island)
01:43
and Dassen Island to the north.
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和北往Dassen Island的航行路線途中。
01:45
And these are two of the penguins' main breeding islands.
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這兩個島是企鵝主要繁殖地。
01:48
And exactly six years and three days earlier,
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正好6年又零3天前,
01:51
on June 20th, 1994,
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即1994年6月20日,
01:54
a ship named the Apollo Sea sank near Dassen Island,
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一艘叫『阿波羅海』(Apollo Sea)鐵礦運輸船沈入Dassen Island附近海域,
01:57
oiling 10,000 penguins --
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油害一萬隻企鵝──
01:59
half of which died.
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半數企鵝死了。
02:02
Now when the Treasure sank in 2000,
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當『寶藏』在2000年沈入大海時,
02:04
it was the height of the best breeding season
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正值繁殖季節高峰,
02:07
scientists had ever recorded for the African penguin --
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科學家曾為南非企鵝紀錄──
02:10
which at the time, was listed as a threatened species.
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在那時,牠們被列為生存受威脅的物種。
02:13
And soon, nearly 20,000 penguins
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不久,近兩萬隻企鵝
02:16
were covered with this toxic oil.
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遭油污附著。
02:19
And the local seabird rescue center, named SANCCOB,
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當地海鳥營救中心「SANCCOB」(The Southern African Foundation for the Conservation of Coastal Birds)
02:22
immediately launched a massive rescue operation --
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立即發起一個大規模的救援行動──
02:25
and this soon would become
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而且很快地成為
02:27
the largest animal rescue ever undertaken.
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有始以來最大規模的搶救動物行動。
02:30
Now at the time, I was working down the street.
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嗯,當時我在陸地下工作。
02:32
I was a penguin aquarist at the New England Aquarium.
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在新英格蘭海生館時,我是企鵝館館長。
02:35
And exactly 11 years ago yesterday,
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從昨天算起正好11年前,
02:39
the phone rang in the penguin office.
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我辦公室電話響起。
02:41
And with that call, my life would change forever.
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因那通電話,我的生活從而改變了。
02:44
It was Estelle van der Meer calling from SANCCOB,
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是海鳥營救中心 Estelle van der Meer 打來的電話
02:47
saying, "Please come help.
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說:「請來協助我們。
02:49
We have thousands of oiled penguins
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我們有成千上萬隻『油企鵝』
02:51
and thousands of willing,
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和成千上萬個熱心,
02:53
but completely inexperienced, volunteers.
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但完全沒有經驗的自願者。
02:57
And we need penguin experts to come train and supervise them."
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我們需要企鵝專家來訓練並管理他們。」
03:00
So two days later,
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於是兩天後,
03:02
I was on a plane headed for Cape Town
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我在一架前往開普頓的飛機上,
03:04
with a team of penguin specialists.
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同行的還有企鵝專家團隊。
03:07
And the scene inside of this building
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大樓內的景象
03:09
was devastating and surreal.
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令人震驚又難以置信。
03:12
In fact, many people compared it to a war zone.
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事實上,很多人稱其可與戰場相比擬。
03:15
And last week, a 10 year-old girl asked me,
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上週,一個十歲的女孩問：
03:18
"What did it feel like
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「那是怎樣的感覺,
03:20
when you first walked into that building
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當妳首次走入那棟大樓
03:22
and saw so many oiled penguins?"
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看到那樣多的『油企鵝』?」
03:26
And this is what happened.
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情形是這樣：
03:28
I was instantly transported
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我當下彷彿回到
03:30
back to that moment in time.
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那個時刻。
03:32
Penguins are very vocal birds
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企鵝是「很愛說話」的鳥類,
03:34
and really, really noisy.
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真的真的很吵。
03:36
And so I expected to walk into this building
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所以我料定走進這座大樓
03:39
and be met with this cacophony
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會聽到這樣的嘈雜聲
03:41
of honking and braying and squawking,
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喋喋咻咻、嘎嘎作響,
03:43
but instead,
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可是
03:45
when we stepped through those doors and into the building,
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當我踏入大樓,進入一道道的門
03:48
it was eerily silent.
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取而代之的是,怪異的沈默寂靜
03:52
So it was very clear
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由此可知
03:54
these were stressed, sick, traumatized birds.
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這些是焦慮、生病、受創的企鵝。
03:57
The other thing that was so striking
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另一件令人震撼的事是
04:00
was the sheer number of volunteers.
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自願參與救援的人數眾多,
04:02
Up to 1,000 people a day
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一天多達一千人
04:04
came to the rescue center,
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到營救中心。
04:06
and eventually, over the course of this rescue,
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在整個救援的過程中
04:09
more than 12 and a half thousand volunteers
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超過一萬二千五百多人
04:12
came from all over the world to Cape Town
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自世界各地來到開普頓
04:14
to help save these birds.
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協助拯救這些雀鳥。
04:16
And the amazing thing
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令人動容的是
04:18
was that not one of them had to be there --
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他們任何人都沒必要這麼做,
04:20
yet they were.
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然而他們來了。
04:22
So for the few of us that were there in a professional capacity,
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看在我們──在那裡是少數的專業人員──的眼中,
04:25
this extraordinary volunteer response
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這個非凡的自願行動
04:27
to this animal crisis
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──對動物危機的回響──
04:29
was profoundly moving and awe-inspiring.
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令人十分敬佩又感動萬分。
04:32
So the day after we arrived,
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話說回來,我們抵達隔天
04:34
two of us from the aquarium were put in charge of room two,
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來自海生館的我們兩人負責2號室。
04:37
and room two had more than 4,000 oiled penguins in it.
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2號室有超過四千隻『油企鵝』。
04:41
Now mind you, three days earlier,
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你要知道, 開始的前三天,
04:43
we had 60 penguins under our care,
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我們照料六十隻企鵝。
04:45
so we were definitely overwhelmed
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哦! 我們真的忙得人仰馬翻
04:47
and just a bit terrified -- at least I was.
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而且有點惶恐──至少我是這樣。
04:50
Personally, I really didn't know
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個人而言,我真不知道
04:52
if I was capable of handling
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我是否有能力應付
04:54
such a monstrous task.
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場面如此殘酷難堪的任務。
04:56
And collectively,
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就全體而言,
04:58
we really didn't know if we could pull this off.
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我們真的不確定挽救行動能否奏效。
05:01
Because we all knew
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因為大家都知道
05:03
that just six years earlier,
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早在六年前,
05:05
half as many penguins had been oiled and rescued
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遭油害後,有半數企鵝獲救,
05:07
and only half of them had survived.
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其中僅半數存活。
05:10
So would it be humanly possible
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這麼說吧,人力能挽救
05:12
to save this many oiled penguins?
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多少『油企鵝』?
05:14
We just did not know.
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我們當下真不知道。
05:16
But what gave us hope
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但讓我們點燃希望的是
05:18
were these incredibly dedicated and brave volunteers --
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這些全力以赴、奮不顧身的自願者──
05:22
three of whom here are force-feeding penguins.
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這三個自願者得強迫餵食企鵝。
05:25
And you may notice they're wearing very thick gloves.
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你可能注意到了,他們戴著非常厚的手套。
05:27
And what you should know about African penguins
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你知道的,非洲企鵝
05:30
is that they have razor-sharp beaks.
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有像剃刀那般鋒利的鳥喙。
05:32
And before long,
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不久前,
05:34
our bodies were covered head to toe
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我們遍體鱗傷,
05:36
with these nasty wounds
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這些傷口是
05:38
inflicted by the terrified penguins.
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飽受驚嚇的企鵝留下的。
05:40
Now the day after we arrived,
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就在我們抵達隔天
05:42
a new crisis began to unfold.
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一個新的危機呈現,
05:44
The oil slick was now moving north towards Dassen Island,
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浮油漸漸朝北方,向Dassen Island流動,
05:48
and the rescuers despaired,
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救難人員感到絶望,
05:50
because they knew if the oil hit,
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因為他們曉得若油水抵達
05:52
it would not be possible to rescue any more oiled birds.
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就不可能搭救任何『油鳥』了。
05:55
And there really were no good solutions.
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當時真的沒有好辦法了。
05:57
But then finally,
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但後來,
05:59
one of the researchers threw out this crazy idea.
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有個研究人員抛出一個瘋狂的點子。
06:01
He said, "Okay, why don't we try and collect
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他說：「雖然有油侵身的風險,我們何不試著
06:04
the birds at the greatest risk of getting oiled" --
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就在油水中打撈這些鳥!」
06:06
they collected 20,000 --
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營救團隊搜獲兩萬隻企鵝──
06:08
"and we'll ship them 500 miles up the coast
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我們裝載這些企鵝沿海岸行駛長達500英哩(804.65公里)
06:12
to Port Elizabeth in these open air trucks
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以後車廂開放式卡車將他們帶至依莉莎白港
06:14
and release them into the clean waters there
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放入未受油污、乾淨的海域
06:16
and let them swim back home."
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讓他們游回家。」
06:19
(Laughter)
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(笑)
06:23
So three of those penguins -- Peter, Pamela and Percy --
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這樣說吧,三隻企鵝──彼得、潘蜜拉、波西──
06:25
wore satellite tags,
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戴著衛星標識裝置；
06:27
and the researchers crossed their fingers and hoped
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研究人員祈禱並希望
06:29
that by the time they got back home,
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他們回到家園時,
06:31
the oil would be cleaned up from their islands.
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在那個島及其海域的油能被清除掉。
06:33
And luckily, the day they arrived,
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還好,他們到達當天
06:35
it was.
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油被清光了。
06:37
So it had been a huge gamble, but it had paid off.
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這是一個巨大的賭注,但是這個策略奏效了。
06:40
And so they know now
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因此救援團隊現在知道
06:42
that they can use this strategy
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可以採取這個策略
06:44
in future oil spills.
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若未來有石油外漏的話。
06:46
So in wildlife rescue, as in life,
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正如救助生命；野生救援也一樣,
06:49
we learn from each previous experience,
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我們有前車之鑑,
06:51
and we learn from both our successes
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從成功救援中學習,
06:53
and our failures.
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當然也從失敗救援中獲得教訓。
06:55
And the main thing learned
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最重要的事是知道
06:57
during the Apollo Sea rescue in '94
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──在1994年『阿波羅海』營救行動──
07:00
was that most of those penguins had died
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大多數的『油企鵝』死於
07:02
due to the unwitting use
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未事先察覺而使用
07:04
of poorly ventilated
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通風不良的
07:06
transport boxes and trucks --
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運送箱和貨車--
07:08
because they just had not been prepared
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由於營救團隊的準備不足以
07:10
to deal with so many oiled penguins at once.
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應付為數眾多的『油企鵝』。
07:12
So in these six years between these two oil spills,
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因而在兩次石油外漏的六年間,
07:15
they built thousands of these well-ventilated boxes,
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營救團隊建造成千上萬個通風良好的箱子。
07:18
and as a result, during the Treasure rescue,
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因此,在執行『寶藏』營救行動時
07:21
just 160 penguins died
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在運輸過程中,
07:24
during the transport process,
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有160隻企鵝暴斃
07:26
as opposed to 5,000.
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而能有5,000隻存活下來。
07:28
So this alone was a huge victory.
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所以就此而論,是一場空前的勝戰。
07:30
Something else learned during the Apollo rescue
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其他從『阿波羅』營救行動中獲得的經驗
07:32
was how to train the penguins
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是如何訓練企鵝、
07:34
to take fish freely from their hands,
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如何使用這些訓練箱
07:37
using these training boxes.
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從餵食人員手中順利地取得魚。
07:39
And we used this technique again
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我們再度使用這些手法
07:41
during the Treasure rescue.
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在『寶藏』營救行動中,
07:43
But an interesting thing was noted
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我們在訓練過程中
07:45
during the training process.
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注意到一件有趣的事。
07:47
The first penguins
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第一批
07:49
to make that transition to free feeding
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撐過變遷而能自由進食的企鵝
07:51
were the ones that had a metal band on their wing
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是有金屬帶在翅膀的、
07:54
from the Apollo Sea spill six years earlier.
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也是經歷6年前『阿波羅海』漏油的那批企鵝。
07:57
So penguins learn
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所以企鵝也從先前的事件
07:59
from previous experience, too.
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獲得經驗。
08:01
So all of those penguins
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像這樣,所有『油企鵝』
08:03
had to have the oil meticulously cleaned from their bodies.
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身體的油污必需被仔細清理；
08:06
And it would take two people at least an hour
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兩個人至少得花上一小時的時間
08:09
just to clean one penguin.
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只為清理一隻企鵝。
08:11
And when you clean a penguin,
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而且清理一隻企鵝時
08:13
you first have to spray it with a degreaser.
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首先必須噴灑去油劑在牠身上。
08:15
And this brings me to my favorite story
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我想到我最愛的故事──
08:17
from the Treasure rescue.
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在『寶藏』救援行動時發生的。
08:19
About a year prior to this oil spill,
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此石油外漏事件的約一年前,
08:21
a 17 year-old student
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一名十七歲的學生
08:23
had invented a degreaser.
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發明了一種去油劑
08:25
And they'd been using it at SANCCOB with great success,
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海鳥營救中心使用去油劑的成效很棒。
08:28
so they began using it during the Treasure rescue.
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所以在執行『寶藏』援救行動便開始採用。
08:31
But part way through, they ran out.
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但過程中,去油劑被用光了
08:34
So in a panic, Estelle from SANCCOB called the student
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情急之下,海鳥營救中心Estelle打電話給該名學生,
08:37
and said, "Please, you have to make more."
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說：「請務必製造更多的去油劑。」
08:39
So he raced to the lab
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所以他飛奔到實驗室
08:41
and made enough to clean the rest of the birds.
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製造出足以清潔其他企鵝的劑量。
08:44
So I just think it is the coolest thing
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我認為這是最酷的事
08:46
that a teenager
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是一名青少年
08:48
invented a product
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發明了一項產品
08:50
that helped save the lives
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協助拯救
08:52
of thousands of animals.
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成千上萬隻動物的生命。
08:54
So what happened to those 20,000 oiled penguins?
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那麼這兩萬隻『油企鵝』後來怎麼了?
08:57
And was Silvia Gaus right?
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Silvia Gaus說對了嗎?
08:59
Should we routinely euthanize
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我們應該讓所有的企鵝沒有餘地
09:01
all oiled birds
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只能安樂死嗎?
09:03
because most of them are going to die anyway?
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反正他們大部分還是無法存活下來,是嗎?
09:05
Well she could not be more wrong.
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嗯,她錯得離譜。
09:08
After half a million hours
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在五十萬個小時
09:10
of grueling volunteer labor,
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精疲力竭自願勞動後,
09:13
more than 90 percent of those oiled penguins
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超過百分之九十的『油企鵝』
09:15
were successfully returned to the wild.
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被野放成功。
09:18
And we know from follow-up studies
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我們從後續的研究得知
09:20
that they have lived just as long
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牠們活得和那些未遭油害的
09:22
as never-oiled penguins,
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企鵝一般長久,
09:24
and bred nearly as successfully.
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並且相當成功地繁殖。
09:27
And in addition, about 3,000 penguin chicks
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還有大約三千隻企鵝寶寶
09:30
were rescued and hand-raised.
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獲救並且由人工哺育。
09:32
And again, we know from long-term monitoring
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我們經由長期的觀測得知
09:35
that more of these hand-raised chicks
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人工哺育的企鵝寶寶
09:38
survive to adulthood and breeding age
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順利存活至長大成人並達繁殖年齡,
09:40
than do parent-raised chicks.
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比由其雙親哺育的企鵝寶寶還多。
09:42
So, armed with this knowledge,
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有了這層了解
09:44
SANCCOB has a chick-bolstering project.
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海鳥營救中心便策劃出企鵝寶寶保育計劃。
09:46
And every year they rescue and raise abandoned chicks,
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每年援救並扶養被棄養的企鵝寶寶。
09:49
and they have a very impressive
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而且成功率高達
09:51
80 percent success rate.
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百分之八十。
09:54
And this is critically important
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這是十分重要,
09:56
because, one year ago,
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因為一年前
09:58
the African penguin was declared endangered.
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非洲企鵝被正式宣佈瀕臨絶種。
10:01
And they could be extinct
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而且不到十年,
10:03
in less than 10 years,
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若我們現在不採取
10:05
if we don't do something now to protect them.
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行動保護牠們的話, 牠們可能滅絶。
10:08
So what did I learn
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這麼說吧,從這個深刻難忘的經驗
10:10
from this intense and unforgettable experience?
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我們學到什麼?
10:13
Personally, I learned
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個人而言,我發現
10:15
that I am capable of handling so much more than I ever dreamed possible.
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自己有能力成就更多,連作夢都難以想像。
10:18
And I learned that one person
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而且我明白個人力量
10:20
can make a huge difference.
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能讓情況截然不同──
10:22
Just look at that 17 year-old.
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瞧!那個十七歲的學生就做到了。
10:24
And when we come together
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當我們團結在一起
10:26
and work as one,
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行動一致,
10:28
we can achieve extraordinary things.
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我們能成就非凡。
10:30
And truly, to be a part of something
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的確,成為某個非凡行動的一部分
10:32
so much larger than yourself
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──你能體驗超越個人能力所能及的成就──
10:34
is the most rewarding experience
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是你可能擁有的
10:36
you can possibly have.
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最有意義的經驗。
10:39
So I'd like to leave you with one final thought
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最後我想讓大家思考一下
10:41
and a challenge, if you will.
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若你們願意,請接受提議
10:43
My mission as the penguin lady
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我擔任「企鵝大使」的任務
10:45
is to raise awareness and funding
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是喚起民眾意識和募款
10:47
to protect penguins,
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保護企鵝,
10:49
but why should any of you care about penguins?
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只是,你們為何應該要在乎企鵝?
10:52
Well, you should care
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你們確實應該要在乎,
10:54
because they're an indicator species.
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因為牠們是「指標物種」。
10:56
And simply put, if penguins are dying,
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簡單說,如果企鵝逐步滅跡,
10:58
it means our oceans are dying,
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這意味我們的海洋處於垂死狀態,
11:01
and we ultimately will be affected,
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我們到頭來還是會受影響,
11:03
because, as Sylvia Earle says,
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因為如同海洋學家Sylvia Earle說的,
11:05
"The oceans are our life-support system."
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「海洋是我們的自然生命維持系統。」
11:08
And the two main threats to penguins today
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目前企鵝面臨的兩個主要威脅是
11:10
are overfishing and global warming.
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過度捕捉和全球暖化。
11:12
And these are two things
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這兩件事是
11:14
that each one of us
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我們每個人
11:16
actually has the power to do something about.
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實際有能力去解決的牠
11:18
So if we each do our part,
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所以若我們每人都能出一份力
11:20
together, we can make a difference,
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便能扭轉乾坤,讓情況改變,
11:23
and we can help keep penguins from going extinct.
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可使企鵝免於滅絶。
11:26
Humans have always been the greatest threat to penguins,
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人類一直是企鵝面臨的最大威脅,
11:29
but we are now their only hope.
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但現在我們是牠們唯一的希望。
11:31
Thank you.
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謝謝大家。
11:33
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Dyan deNapoli - Penguin expertCall her "the Penguin Lady." Dyan deNapoli educates the world about these fascinating birds.
Why you should listen
While she was the Senior Penguin Aquarist at the New England Aquarium, Dyan deNapoli hand-raised dozens of penguin chicks, presented daily programs about penguins to aquarium visitors, and traveled the globe to work with penguin researchers in the field.
Now, as head of her own educational company, she frequently writes on penguin topics and has served as the onboard penguin expert and guest lecturer on cruise ships visiting the Galapagos Islands and Antarctica. She estimates she has taught about 250,000 people in the US and abroad about penguins.
Dyan deNapoli | Speaker | TED.com