TEDMED 2012
Miguel Nicolelis: A monkey that controls a robot with its thoughts. No, really.
Miguel Nicolelis：用思考控制機器人的猴子－萬分不假
Filmed:
Readability: 4.1
1,315,130 views
我們是否能用大腦直接控制機器－不需以身體為媒介？Miguel Nicolelis 藉由一個驚人的實驗，講述一隻身處美國的聰明猴子，學習控制猴子的數位化身，然後僅藉由思考，控制身處日本的機器人手臂。這項研究對四肢癱瘓者－也許對所有人－都有很大影響。（攝於 TEDMED2012）
Miguel Nicolelis - Neuroscientist
Miguel Nicolelis explores the limits of the brain-machine interface. Full bio
Miguel Nicolelis explores the limits of the brain-machine interface. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:16
The kind of neuroscience that I do and my colleagues do
0
330
2851
我和同事們所做的神經科學研究
00:19
is almost like the weatherman.
1
3181
2166
幾乎就像天氣預報員的工作
00:21
We are always chasing storms.
2
5347
3516
我們總是追逐風暴
00:24
We want to see and measure storms -- brainstorms, that is.
3
8863
4883
我們希望目睹及測量風暴－
我指的是腦風暴，所謂的腦力激盪
我指的是腦風暴，所謂的腦力激盪
00:29
And we all talk about brainstorms in our daily lives,
4
13746
2768
我們平日總是談論腦風暴
00:32
but we rarely see or listen to one.
5
16514
3450
但幾乎不曾實際目睹或聽聞
00:35
So I always like to start these talks
6
19964
1634
所以我總喜歡
00:37
by actually introducing you to one of them.
7
21598
2982
以其中一個實例作為演講的開場白
00:40
Actually, the first time we recorded more than one neuron --
8
24580
3427
事實上，我們首次記錄超過一個神經元－
00:43
a hundred brain cells simultaneously --
9
28007
2223
同時記錄一百個腦細胞
00:46
we could measure the electrical sparks
10
30230
2469
我們可以測量
00:48
of a hundred cells in the same animal,
11
32699
2680
同一隻動物的一百個腦細胞電波
00:51
this is the first image we got,
12
35379
1802
這是我們首次紀錄的圖像
00:53
the first 10 seconds of this recording.
13
37181
2315
前10秒的圖像紀錄
00:55
So we got a little snippet of a thought,
14
39496
3351
因此我們有了一些想法
00:58
and we could see it in front of us.
15
42847
2905
我們可以將它呈現在眼前
01:01
I always tell the students
16
45752
1012
我總是告訴學生
01:02
that we could also call neuroscientists some sort of astronomer,
17
46764
4106
我們也可將神經科學家視為某種天文學家
01:06
because we are dealing with a system
18
50870
1626
因為我們處理的系統
01:08
that is only comparable in terms of number of cells
19
52496
2917
以細胞數量來說，是唯一能媲美
01:11
to the number of galaxies that we have in the universe.
20
55413
2936
宇宙中星系數量的系統
01:14
And here we are, out of billions of neurons,
21
58349
3030
其中存在超過十億個神經元
01:17
just recording, 10 years ago, a hundred.
22
61379
2818
10年前，我們僅記錄到其中100個
01:20
We are doing a thousand now.
23
64197
1583
現在我們可記錄到1000個
01:21
And we hope to understand something fundamental about our human nature.
24
65780
5400
我們希望瞭解關於人類特質的基本面
01:27
Because, if you don't know yet,
25
71180
1932
因為，如果你還不知道
01:29
everything that we use to define what human nature is comes from these storms,
26
73112
5250
我們定義的一切人類特質均來自於這些風暴
01:34
comes from these storms that roll over the hills and valleys of our brains
27
78362
4651
來自這些在大腦中四處穿梭的風暴
01:38
and define our memories, our beliefs,
28
83013
3885
它定義了我們的記憶、我們的信念
01:42
our feelings, our plans for the future.
29
86898
2700
我們的感覺、我們未來的計劃
01:45
Everything that we ever do,
30
89598
2398
我們曾經做過的一切
01:47
everything that every human has ever done, do or will do,
31
91996
5067
每個人曾經做過、正在做或即將做的一切
01:52
requires the toil of populations of neurons producing these kinds of storms.
32
97063
5434
需要眾多神經元賣力地產生這種風暴
01:58
And the sound of a brainstorm, if you've never heard one,
33
102497
2483
腦風暴的聲音，如果你不曾聽過
02:00
is somewhat like this.
34
104980
3349
類似這樣
02:04
You can put it louder if you can.
35
108329
3146
你可以將它放大
02:07
My son calls this "making popcorn while listening to a badly-tuned A.M. station."
36
111475
6403
我兒子稱之為「一邊做爆米花
一邊聽頻道未調準的AM電台」
一邊聽頻道未調準的AM電台」
02:13
This is a brain.
37
117878
1485
這是大腦
02:15
This is what happens when you route these electrical storms to a loudspeaker
38
119363
3434
這是當你將電波風暴
以擴音器放大時的情況
以擴音器放大時的情況
02:18
and you listen to a hundred brain cells firing,
39
122797
2866
你聽見的是一百個腦細胞發出的聲音
02:21
your brain will sound like this -- my brain, any brain.
40
125663
4622
你的大腦會發出這樣的聲音－
我的大腦、任何人的大腦皆是
我的大腦、任何人的大腦皆是
02:26
And what we want to do as neuroscientists in this time
41
130285
3762
身為神經科學家的我們目前想做的
02:29
is to actually listen to these symphonies, these brain symphonies,
42
134047
5350
就是實際聆聽這些交響樂
大腦演奏的交響樂
大腦演奏的交響樂
02:35
and try to extract from them the messages they carry.
43
139397
3400
試著擷取它們所攜帶的訊息
02:38
In particular, about 12 years ago
44
142797
2851
尤其是，大約12年前
02:41
we created a preparation that we named brain-machine interfaces.
45
145648
3048
我們創造了一個名為腦機介面的裝置
02:44
And you have a scheme here that describes how it works.
46
148696
2702
這是一張說明其運作方式的流程圖
02:47
The idea is, let's have some sensors that listen to these storms, this electrical firing,
47
151398
5566
其中的想法是，我們使用一些
感應器，聆聽這些風暴、這些電波
感應器，聆聽這些風暴、這些電波
02:52
and see if you can, in the same time that it takes
48
156964
3082
觀察是否能夠
02:55
for this storm to leave the brain and reach the legs or the arms of an animal --
49
160046
4969
在風暴離開腦部
抵達某隻動物的腿或手臂同時
抵達某隻動物的腿或手臂同時
03:00
about half a second --
50
165015
2864
大約需要半秒時間－
03:03
let's see if we can read these signals,
51
167879
2351
觀察是否能讀取這些訊號
03:06
extract the motor messages that are embedded in it,
52
170230
3400
擷取其中嵌入的動作訊息
03:09
translate it into digital commands
53
173630
2272
將它轉譯成數位指令
03:11
and send it to an artificial device
54
175902
1886
發送到一個人工裝置中
03:13
that will reproduce the voluntary motor wheel of that brain in real time.
55
177788
5893
即時重現大腦自主運動的情況
03:19
And see if we can measure how well we can translate that message
56
183681
3848
觀察是否能測量訊息轉譯程度
03:23
when we compare to the way the body does that.
57
187529
3518
當我們將它與身體實際運動情形比較時
03:26
And if we can actually provide feedback,
58
191047
2866
如果我們確實得到回饋機制
03:29
sensory signals that go back from this robotic, mechanical, computational actuator
59
193913
5734
即此時在大腦控制下
由機器人、機械或計算執行裝置
由機器人、機械或計算執行裝置
03:35
that is now under the control of the brain,
60
199647
2251
傳回的感覺訊號
03:37
back to the brain,
61
201898
1311
傳回大腦
03:39
how the brain deals with that,
62
203209
2121
觀察大腦如何處理
03:41
of receiving messages from an artificial piece of machinery.
63
205330
4901
來自人工機械裝置的訊息
03:46
And that's exactly what we did 10 years ago.
64
210231
2321
這正是我們10年前進行的研究
03:48
We started with a superstar monkey called Aurora
65
212552
2961
我們首先以一隻名為
Aurora的明星猴進行實驗
Aurora的明星猴進行實驗
03:51
that became one of the superstars of this field.
66
215513
2468
她已成為這個領域的超級巨星之一
03:53
And Aurora liked to play video games.
67
217981
2299
Aurora喜歡玩電子遊戲
03:56
As you can see here,
68
220280
1373
如你們在圖中所見
03:57
she likes to use a joystick, like any one of us, any of our kids, to play this game.
69
221653
4944
她喜歡使用搖桿，就像任何人
任何孩子一樣，玩這個遊戲
任何孩子一樣，玩這個遊戲
04:02
And as a good primate, she even tries to cheat before she gets the right answer.
70
226597
4671
身為聰慧的靈長類動物
她甚至試著在得到正確答案前做假動作
她甚至試著在得到正確答案前做假動作
04:07
So even before a target appears that she's supposed to cross
71
231268
4283
因此，甚至在目標出現之前
04:11
with the cursor that she's controlling with this joystick,
72
235551
2850
她已試著用搖桿控制的游標劃過螢幕
04:14
Aurora is trying to find the target, no matter where it is.
73
238401
3951
Aurora試著尋找目標，無論它在何處
04:18
And if she's doing that,
74
242352
1469
如果她這麼做
04:19
because every time she crosses that target with the little cursor,
75
243821
3314
因為每當她將小游標劃過目標
04:23
she gets a drop of Brazilian orange juice.
76
247135
2950
就能得到一滴巴西橙汁
04:25
And I can tell you, any monkey will do anything for you
77
250085
2950
我可以告訴大家，猴子會為你做任何事
04:28
if you get a little drop of Brazilian orange juice.
78
253035
3100
只要你給牠一小滴巴西橙汁
04:32
Actually any primate will do that.
79
256135
2731
事實上，任何靈長類動物皆是如此
04:34
Think about that.
80
258866
1334
想想這一點
04:36
Well, while Aurora was playing this game, as you saw,
81
260200
3400
好，當Aurora
玩這個遊戲時，如各位所見
玩這個遊戲時，如各位所見
04:39
and doing a thousand trials a day
82
263600
2435
每天重複上千次
04:41
and getting 97 percent correct and 350 milliliters of orange juice,
83
266035
3883
獲得97 %正確率和350毫升橙汁
04:45
we are recording the brainstorms that are produced in her head
84
269918
3399
我們記錄她大腦中產生的腦風暴
04:49
and sending them to a robotic arm
85
273317
1647
將它傳送到機械臂中
04:50
that was learning to reproduce the movements that Aurora was making.
86
274964
3871
讓它學習重現Aurora所做的動作
04:54
Because the idea was to actually turn on this brain-machine interface
87
278835
3783
因為其中的想法是
確實將這個腦機介面開啟
確實將這個腦機介面開啟
04:58
and have Aurora play the game just by thinking,
88
282618
4700
讓Aurora僅藉由思考進行這個遊戲
05:03
without interference of her body.
89
287318
2617
不需以她的身體為媒介
05:05
Her brainstorms would control an arm
90
289935
2916
她的腦風暴將控制機械臂
05:08
that would move the cursor and cross the target.
91
292851
2709
使游標移動，劃過目標
05:11
And to our shock, that's exactly what Aurora did.
92
295560
3191
令我們震驚的是，這正是Aurora所做的
05:14
She played the game without moving her body.
93
298751
4200
她不需移動身體即可進行這個遊戲
05:18
So every trajectory that you see of the cursor now,
94
302951
2237
因此，現在你所見的每一道游標移動軌跡
05:21
this is the exact first moment she got that.
95
305188
3212
這正是她首次成功的一刻
05:24
That's the exact first moment
96
308400
1784
這是史上第一次
05:26
a brain intention was liberated from the physical domains of a body of a primate
97
310184
6767
靈長類動物體內釋放的大腦意志
05:32
and could act outside, in that outside world,
98
316951
3700
能表現在外，顯露於體外的世界
05:36
just by controlling an artificial device.
99
320651
2966
僅藉由控制某種人工裝置
05:39
And Aurora kept playing the game, kept finding the little target
100
323617
4917
Aurora持續地玩這個遊戲
持續地尋找這個小目標
持續地尋找這個小目標
05:44
and getting the orange juice that she wanted to get, that she craved for.
101
328534
3917
得到她想要且渴望的橙汁
05:48
Well, she did that because she, at that time, had acquired a new arm.
102
332451
6701
好，她這麼做的原因是
就在那時，她獲得一條新手臂
就在那時，她獲得一條新手臂
05:55
The robotic arm that you see moving here 30 days later,
103
339152
2963
你在影片中所見的移動機械臂
05:58
after the first video that I showed to you,
104
342115
2686
拍攝於我展示的第一部影片後30天
06:00
is under the control of Aurora's brain
105
344801
2650
它在Aurora大腦控制下
06:03
and is moving the cursor to get to the target.
106
347451
3168
將游標移動到目標上
06:06
And Aurora now knows that she can play the game with this robotic arm,
107
350619
3899
Aurora現在知道
她可以利用這條機械臂玩遊戲
她可以利用這條機械臂玩遊戲
06:10
but she has not lost the ability to use her biological arms to do what she pleases.
108
354518
5716
但她並未失去
使用原有手臂、進行她想做的事的能力
使用原有手臂、進行她想做的事的能力
06:16
She can scratch her back, she can scratch one of us, she can play another game.
109
360234
4067
她可以抓背、可以抓我們當中
任何一人、可以玩其他遊戲
任何一人、可以玩其他遊戲
06:20
By all purposes and means,
110
364301
1600
總之
06:21
Aurora's brain has incorporated that artificial device
111
365901
4116
Aurora的大腦已和那個人工裝置融為一體
06:25
as an extension of her body.
112
370017
2750
將它視為身體的延伸物
06:28
The model of the self that Aurora had in her mind
113
372767
3533
Aurora腦海裡的自我模型
06:32
has been expanded to get one more arm.
114
376300
4084
已獲得延伸，得到另一隻手臂
06:36
Well, we did that 10 years ago.
115
380384
2350
好，這是我們10年前的研究
06:38
Just fast forward 10 years.
116
382734
2833
只是迅速回顧一下10年前的進展
06:41
Just last year we realized that you don't even need to have a robotic device.
117
385567
4983
去年，我們發現
你甚至不需使用機械裝置
你甚至不需使用機械裝置
06:46
You can just build a computational body, an avatar, a monkey avatar.
118
390550
5484
你可以建構一個數位身體
一個化身，一個猴子化身
一個化身，一個猴子化身
06:51
And you can actually use it for our monkeys to either interact with them,
119
396034
4250
事實上，你可以讓猴子與它互動
06:56
or you can train them to assume in a virtual world
120
400284
4439
或在虛擬世界當中訓練它
07:00
the first-person perspective of that avatar
121
404723
3044
以化身呈現第一人稱視角
07:03
and use her brain activity to control the movements of the avatar's arms or legs.
122
407767
5651
利用她大腦的活動
控制化身的手臂或腿部動作
控制化身的手臂或腿部動作
07:09
And what we did basically was to train the animals
123
413418
2766
基本上，我們所做的是訓練動物
07:12
to learn how to control these avatars
124
416184
3050
學習如何控制這些化身
07:15
and explore objects that appear in the virtual world.
125
419234
3899
探索出現在虛擬世界中的物體
07:19
And these objects are visually identical,
126
423133
2301
這些物體外觀相同
07:21
but when the avatar crosses the surface of these objects,
127
425434
3883
但當化身劃這些物體的表面時
07:25
they send an electrical message that is proportional to the microtactile texture of the object
128
429317
6400
它們將傳送
與物體表面紋理相應的電波訊息
與物體表面紋理相應的電波訊息
07:31
that goes back directly to the monkey's brain,
129
435717
4016
直接傳回猴子的大腦
07:35
informing the brain what it is the avatar is touching.
130
439733
5052
通知大腦化身所接觸的是什麼
07:40
And in just four weeks, the brain learns to process this new sensation
131
444785
4765
在短短4週內，大腦學習處理這種新感覺
07:45
and acquires a new sensory pathway -- like a new sense.
132
449550
6434
獲得全新的感知途徑－就像一種新感官
07:51
And you truly liberate the brain now
133
455984
2416
現在你真正解放了大腦
07:54
because you are allowing the brain to send motor commands to move this avatar.
134
458400
4384
因為你使大腦發送動作指令，移動這個化身
07:58
And the feedback that comes from the avatar is being processed directly by the brain
135
462784
5000
大腦直接處理來自化身的回饋訊號
08:03
without the interference of the skin.
136
467784
2433
不需以皮膚為媒介
08:06
So what you see here is this is the design of the task.
137
470217
2534
你所見的圖片是這項任務的設計
08:08
You're going to see an animal basically touching these three targets.
138
472751
4250
基本上你會看見動物觸摸這三個目標
08:12
And he has to select one because only one carries the reward,
139
477001
4349
牠必須選擇其中之一
因為只有一個帶有獎勵
因為只有一個帶有獎勵
08:17
the orange juice that they want to get.
140
481350
1867
即牠們想得到的橙汁
08:19
And he has to select it by touch using a virtual arm, an arm that doesn't exist.
141
483217
5633
牠必須藉由虛擬手臂的觸摸進行選擇
一隻不存在的手臂
一隻不存在的手臂
08:24
And that's exactly what they do.
142
488850
2000
這正是牠們所做的
08:26
This is a complete liberation of the brain
143
490850
3435
這是大腦完全從
08:30
from the physical constraints of the body and the motor in a perceptual task.
144
494285
4282
身體的生理限制解放
進行知覺任務中的動作
進行知覺任務中的動作
08:34
The animal is controlling the avatar to touch the targets.
145
498567
4167
動物控制化身、觸摸目標
08:38
And he's sensing the texture by receiving an electrical message directly in the brain.
146
502734
5651
藉由直接進入大腦的電波訊號感知紋理
08:44
And the brain is deciding what is the texture associated with the reward.
147
508385
3883
大腦決定何種紋理帶有獎勵
08:48
The legends that you see in the movie don't appear for the monkey.
148
512268
3832
你在電影中所見的傳說不會出現在猴子身上
08:52
And by the way, they don't read English anyway,
149
516100
2484
順帶一提，牠們根本看不懂英語
08:54
so they are here just for you to know that the correct target is shifting position.
150
518584
5216
因此這些文字只是為了
讓你們知道正確目標的位置不斷移動
讓你們知道正確目標的位置不斷移動
08:59
And yet, they can find them by tactile discrimination,
151
523800
3934
但牠們可藉由觸覺差異找到正確目標
09:03
and they can press it and select it.
152
527734
3217
牠們可藉由按壓進行選擇
09:06
So when we look at the brains of these animals,
153
530951
2682
因此，當我們觀察這些動物的大腦
09:09
on the top panel you see the alignment of 125 cells
154
533633
3667
上方圖表是由125個細胞組成的陣列
09:13
showing what happens with the brain activity, the electrical storms,
155
537300
4201
顯示在這個例子中，隨著大腦活動
09:17
of this sample of neurons in the brain
156
541501
2067
大腦中的神經元所產生電波風暴
09:19
when the animal is using a joystick.
157
543568
2116
當動物使用搖桿時
09:21
And that's a picture that every neurophysiologist knows.
158
545684
2600
這是每位神經生理學家都熟知的圖表
09:24
The basic alignment shows that these cells are coding for all possible directions.
159
548284
5183
這個基本陣列顯示
這些細胞對應的所有可能方向
這些細胞對應的所有可能方向
09:29
The bottom picture is what happens when the body stops moving
160
553467
5683
下方圖表是當身體停止移動
09:35
and the animal starts controlling either a robotic device or a computational avatar.
161
559150
6134
動物開始控制機械裝置或數位化身的情形
09:41
As fast as we can reset our computers,
162
565284
3066
如同重啟電腦般迅速地
09:44
the brain activity shifts to start representing this new tool,
163
568350
5818
大腦的活動開始轉移到這項新工具
09:50
as if this too was a part of that primate's body.
164
574168
5250
彷彿它也是這隻靈長類動物身體的一部分
09:55
The brain is assimilating that too, as fast as we can measure.
165
579418
4715
大腦也如同我們測量般
迅速地與其融為一體
迅速地與其融為一體
10:00
So that suggests to us that our sense of self
166
584133
3618
因此這讓我們瞭解，我們的自我意識
10:03
does not end at the last layer of the epithelium of our bodies,
167
587751
4150
並非終止於身體最外層的上皮細胞
10:07
but it ends at the last layer of electrons of the tools that we're commanding with our brains.
168
591901
5718
而是終止於我們
大腦控制的工具之最外層電子
大腦控制的工具之最外層電子
10:13
Our violins, our cars, our bicycles, our soccer balls, our clothing --
169
597619
4764
我們的小提琴
汽車、自行車、足球和服裝
汽車、自行車、足球和服裝
10:18
they all become assimilated by this voracious, amazing, dynamic system called the brain.
170
602383
6851
全都被這個貪婪、驚人
名為大腦的動態系統同化
名為大腦的動態系統同化
10:25
How far can we take it?
171
609234
1699
我們能將這項研究發展到什麼程度？
10:26
Well, in an experiment that we ran a few years ago, we took this to the limit.
172
610933
4218
好，在幾年前所做的一個實驗中
我們將這項研究發展到極限
我們將這項研究發展到極限
10:31
We had an animal running on a treadmill
173
615151
2482
我們讓一隻動物在跑步機上跑步
10:33
at Duke University on the East Coast of the United States,
174
617633
2267
在美國東岸的杜克大學
10:35
producing the brainstorms necessary to move.
175
619900
2700
產生足以傳送的腦風暴
10:38
And we had a robotic device, a humanoid robot,
176
622600
4091
我們使用一個機械裝置，一個人形機器人
10:42
in Kyoto, Japan at ATR Laboratories
177
626691
2394
在日本京都的ATR實驗室
10:44
that was dreaming its entire life to be controlled by a brain,
178
629085
6094
它畢生的夢想就是藉由大腦的控制行動
10:51
a human brain, or a primate brain.
179
635179
3273
人類的大腦，或靈長類動物的大腦
10:54
What happens here is that the brain activity that generated the movements in the monkey
180
638452
4598
圖中所示的情形是
由猴子大腦活動產生的動作
由猴子大腦活動產生的動作
10:58
was transmitted to Japan and made this robot walk
181
643050
3467
傳送到日本，使機器人行走
11:02
while footage of this walking was sent back to Duke,
182
646517
4067
行走的畫面同時傳回杜克大學
11:06
so that the monkey could see the legs of this robot walking in front of her.
183
650584
5233
因此猴子可以看見
機器人的腿在她面前行走
機器人的腿在她面前行走
11:11
So she could be rewarded, not by what her body was doing
184
655817
4067
她可以得到獎勵，不是因為她身體的動作
11:15
but for every correct step of the robot on the other side of the planet
185
659884
4961
而是因為在她大腦活動的控制下
11:20
controlled by her brain activity.
186
664845
2609
使地球另一端的機器人
踏出的每一個正確步伐
踏出的每一個正確步伐
11:23
Funny thing, that round trip around the globe took 20 milliseconds less
187
667454
7118
有趣的是
這趟來回繞行大半個地球的旅程所耗時間
這趟來回繞行大半個地球的旅程所耗時間
11:30
than it takes for that brainstorm to leave its head, the head of the monkey,
188
674572
4150
比腦風暴離開猴子大腦
11:34
and reach its own muscle.
189
678722
3870
抵達牠本身肌肉所耗時間少了20毫秒
11:38
The monkey was moving a robot that was six times bigger, across the planet.
190
682592
6030
猴子使遠在地球另一端
體型比牠大6倍的機器人移動
體型比牠大6倍的機器人移動
11:44
This is one of the experiments in which that robot was able to walk autonomously.
191
688622
6400
這是使機器人自主行走的實驗之一
11:50
This is CB1 fulfilling its dream in Japan
192
695022
5267
CB1（機器人名稱）在日本實現了夢想
11:56
under the control of the brain activity of a primate.
193
700289
3700
在靈長類動物的大腦活動控制下
11:59
So where are we taking all this?
194
703989
1989
那麼，我們將如何發展這一切？
12:01
What are we going to do with all this research,
195
705978
2343
我們將如何應用這些研究？
12:04
besides studying the properties of this dynamic universe that we have between our ears?
196
708321
5668
除了研究這個
位於兩耳之間的動態宇宙性質？
位於兩耳之間的動態宇宙性質？
12:09
Well the idea is to take all this knowledge and technology
197
713989
4833
好，我們的想法是
利用這所有的知識和技術
利用這所有的知識和技術
12:14
and try to restore one of the most severe neurological problems that we have in the world.
198
718822
5484
試著修復世上最嚴重的神經問題之一
12:20
Millions of people have lost the ability to translate these brainstorms
199
724306
4583
數百萬人已失去轉譯這些腦風暴的能力
12:24
into action, into movement.
200
728889
2116
轉譯成動作、行動
12:26
Although their brains continue to produce those storms and code for movements,
201
731005
5234
雖然他們的大腦
持續產生這些風暴和動作代碼
持續產生這些風暴和動作代碼
12:32
they cannot cross a barrier that was created by a lesion on the spinal cord.
202
736239
5167
但它們無法跨越某種脊髓病變產生的障礙
12:37
So our idea is to create a bypass,
203
741406
2450
因此我們的想法是，創造另一條路徑
12:39
is to use these brain-machine interfaces to read these signals,
204
743856
4032
利用腦機介面讀取訊號
12:43
larger-scale brainstorms that contain the desire to move again,
205
747888
4050
讀取大規模的腦風暴
包括再次行動的渴望
包括再次行動的渴望
12:47
bypass the lesion using computational microengineering
206
751938
3969
藉由微型電子裝置繞過病變處
12:51
and send it to a new body, a whole body called an exoskeleton,
207
755907
7114
將訊號傳送到一個名為外骨骼的新身體
12:58
a whole robotic suit that will become the new body of these patients.
208
763021
5567
一件將成為病患新身體的機械服
13:04
And you can see an image produced by this consortium.
209
768588
4126
你可以看見這個組織提供的圖片
13:08
This is a nonprofit consortium called the Walk Again Project
210
772714
4059
這是一個名為
「再次行走計畫」的非盈利組織
「再次行走計畫」的非盈利組織
13:12
that is putting together scientists from Europe,
211
776773
2783
集合了來自歐洲
13:15
from here in the United States, and in Brazil
212
779556
1865
美國和巴西的科學家
13:17
together to work to actually get this new body built --
213
781421
4517
攜手合作，實際建造這個新身體
13:21
a body that we believe, through the same plastic mechanisms
214
785938
3334
我們相信，藉由如圖中的塑膠裝置
13:25
that allow Aurora and other monkeys to use these tools through a brain-machine interface
215
789272
5802
可使Aurora和其他猴子
藉由腦機介面使用這些工具
藉由腦機介面使用這些工具
13:30
and that allows us to incorporate the tools that we produce and use in our daily life.
216
795074
5630
也可使我們與日常生活工具融為一體
13:36
This same mechanism, we hope, will allow these patients,
217
800704
3684
我們希望同樣的裝置能使這些病患
13:40
not only to imagine again the movements that they want to make
218
804388
3768
不僅是再次想像他們希望做到的動作
13:44
and translate them into movements of this new body,
219
808156
3207
將其轉譯為這個新身體的動作
13:47
but for this body to be assimilated as the new body that the brain controls.
220
811363
6758
也能使這個身體成為大腦所控制新身體
13:54
So I was told about 10 years ago
221
818121
3851
因此，大約10年前，有人告訴我
13:57
that this would never happen, that this was close to impossible.
222
821972
5066
這個想法永遠不會成真
這幾乎是不可能的任務
這幾乎是不可能的任務
14:02
And I can only tell you that as a scientist,
223
827038
2451
我只能告訴你，身為科學家
14:05
I grew up in southern Brazil in the mid-'60s
224
829489
2986
我於60年代中期在巴西南部長大
14:08
watching a few crazy guys telling [us] that they would go to the Moon.
225
832475
5048
目睹一些瘋狂的傢伙說，他們要前往月球
14:13
And I was five years old,
226
837523
1461
當時5歲的我
14:14
and I never understood why NASA didn't hire Captain Kirk and Spock to do the job;
227
838984
4240
無法理解NASA為何不聘請
寇克艦長和史巴克做這項工作
寇克艦長和史巴克做這項工作
14:19
after all, they were very proficient --
228
843224
2432
畢竟他們非常專業
14:21
but just seeing that as a kid
229
845656
3450
但身為孩子的我，僅是目睹這一切
14:25
made me believe, as my grandmother used to tell me,
230
849106
2985
就足以相信，如祖母經常告訴我的
14:27
that "impossible is just the possible
231
852091
1845
「所謂的不可能，很可能只是」
14:29
that someone has not put in enough effort to make it come true."
232
853936
3904
「某人並未盡力實現夢想」
14:33
So they told me that it's impossible to make someone walk.
233
857840
3799
因此，當有人告訴我
不可能使某人恢復行走能力時
不可能使某人恢復行走能力時
14:37
I think I'm going to follow my grandmother's advice.
234
861639
3251
我想我會聽從祖母的忠告
14:40
Thank you.
235
864890
1450
謝謝
14:42
(Applause)
236
866340
8029
（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Miguel Nicolelis - NeuroscientistMiguel Nicolelis explores the limits of the brain-machine interface.
Why you should listen
At the Nicolelis Laboratory at Duke University, Miguel Nicolelis is best known for pioneering studies in neuronal population coding, Brain Machine Interfaces (BMI) and neuroprosthetics in human patients and non-human primates.His lab's work was seen, famously though a bit too briefly, when a brain-controlled exoskeleton from his lab helped Juliano Pinto, a paraplegic man, kick the first ball at the 2014 World Cup.
But his lab is thinking even bigger. They've developed an integrative approach to studying neurological disorders, including Parkinsons disease and epilepsy. The approach, they hope, will allow the integration of molecular, cellular, systems and behavioral data in the same animal, producing a more complete understanding of the nature of the neurophysiological alterations associated with these disorders. He's the author of the books Beyond Boundaries and The Relativistic Brain.
Miguel was honored as one of Foreign Policy's 2015 Global Thinkers.
Miguel Nicolelis | Speaker | TED.com