TEDMED 2012
Miguel Nicolelis: A monkey that controls a robot with its thoughts. No, really.
Miguel Nicolelis: Miguel Nicolelis: Ahv, kes juhib oma mõtetega robotit. Ei, tõsiselt.
Filmed:
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Kas me võime kasutada oma aju, et juhtida vahetult masinaid - ilma keha vahemehena kasutamata? Miguel Nicolelis tutvustab meile hämmastavat eksperimenti, milles ntuikas ahv USAs õpib juhtima puhtalt mõtte jõul ahvi avatari ja siis robotkätt Jaapanis. See uurimistöö võib tuua olulisi tulemusi kogu keha halvatuse all kannatavate inimeste - ja võib-olla meie kõigi jaoks. (Filmitud üritusel TEDMED 2012).
Miguel Nicolelis - Neuroscientist
Miguel Nicolelis explores the limits of the brain-machine interface. Full bio
Miguel Nicolelis explores the limits of the brain-machine interface. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:16
The kind of neuroscience that I do and my colleagues do
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See neuroteadus, millega mina ja mu kolleegid tegeleme,
00:19
is almost like the weatherman.
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sarnaneb sünoptikute tööga.
00:21
We are always chasing storms.
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Me ajame alati taga tormi.
00:24
We want to see and measure storms -- brainstorms, that is.
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Me tahame näha ja mõõta "ajutormi" - aktiivsuspuhangu teket.
00:29
And we all talk about brainstorms in our daily lives,
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Me räägime "ajutormist" oma igapäevaelus,
00:32
but we rarely see or listen to one.
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aga näha või kuulda saame seda harva.
00:35
So I always like to start these talks
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Mulle meeldib alustada oma kõnesid,
00:37
by actually introducing you to one of them.
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tutvustades kuulajatele, milline see välja näeb.
00:40
Actually, the first time we recorded more than one neuron --
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Esimesel korral, mil suutsime salvestada enam kui ühe neuroni -
00:43
a hundred brain cells simultaneously --
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saja ajuraku tegevuse korraga -
00:46
we could measure the electrical sparks
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suutsime mõõta elektrisähvatusi
00:48
of a hundred cells in the same animal,
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ühe olendi sajas ajurakus,
00:51
this is the first image we got,
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see on esimene kujutis, mille me saime,
00:53
the first 10 seconds of this recording.
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esimesed 10 sekundit sellest salvestusest.
00:55
So we got a little snippet of a thought,
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Me saime kätte väikese mõttevälgatuse
00:58
and we could see it in front of us.
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ja võisime seda oma silmaga näha.
01:01
I always tell the students
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Ma räägin alati üliõpilastele,
01:02
that we could also call neuroscientists some sort of astronomer,
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et neuroteadlasi võiks nimetada omalaadseteks astronoomideks,
01:06
because we are dealing with a system
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sest me tegeleme süsteemiga,
01:08
that is only comparable in terms of number of cells
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mis on rakkude arvult võrreldav
01:11
to the number of galaxies that we have in the universe.
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ainult galaktikate arvuga universumis.
01:14
And here we are, out of billions of neurons,
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Ja siin on meil miljarditest neuronitest
01:17
just recording, 10 years ago, a hundred.
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salvestatud kümme aastat tagasi sada tükki.
01:20
We are doing a thousand now.
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Praegu saame hakkama tuhandega.
01:21
And we hope to understand something fundamental about our human nature.
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Ja me loodame mõista midagi põhjapanevat seoses inimolemusega.
01:27
Because, if you don't know yet,
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Sest, kui te seda veel ei tea,
01:29
everything that we use to define what human nature is comes from these storms,
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kõik, mille abil me inimolemust määratleme, lähtub neist tormidest,
01:34
comes from these storms that roll over the hills and valleys of our brains
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neist tormidest, mis rulluvad üle meie aju mägede ja orgude,
01:38
and define our memories, our beliefs,
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määratledes meie mälestusi, uskumusi,
01:42
our feelings, our plans for the future.
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tundeid ja tulevikuplaane.
01:45
Everything that we ever do,
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Kõik, mida me kunagi teeme,
01:47
everything that every human has ever done, do or will do,
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kõik, mida ükskõik milline inimene on kunagi teinud või hakkab tegema,
01:52
requires the toil of populations of neurons producing these kinds of storms.
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nõuab neuronite populatsioonide ränka tööd, et toota selliseid torme.
01:58
And the sound of a brainstorm, if you've never heard one,
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Kui te seda varem kuulnud ei ole, siis "ajutormi" ehk aktiivsuspuhangu hääl
02:00
is somewhat like this.
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on umbkaudu selline.
02:04
You can put it louder if you can.
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Võiksite heli valjemaks keerata, kui saate.
02:07
My son calls this "making popcorn while listening to a badly-tuned A.M. station."
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Minu poeg ütleb selle kohta "popcorni tegemine, samal ajal kuulates valelt sageduselt AM raadiojaama".
02:13
This is a brain.
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See on aju.
02:15
This is what happens when you route these electrical storms to a loudspeaker
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See juhtub siis, kui te suunate need elektrilised tormid kõlarisse
02:18
and you listen to a hundred brain cells firing,
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ja kuulate, kuidas sada ajurakku laenguid annavad,
02:21
your brain will sound like this -- my brain, any brain.
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siis teeb teie aju - minu aju, ükskõik kelle aju - sellist häält.
02:26
And what we want to do as neuroscientists in this time
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See, mida meie neuroteadlastena praegu teha tahame,
02:29
is to actually listen to these symphonies, these brain symphonies,
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on kuulata neid neid ajusümfooniaid
02:35
and try to extract from them the messages they carry.
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ja püüda eraldada sealt sõnumeid, mida nad kannavad.
02:38
In particular, about 12 years ago
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Täpsemalt, 12 aastat tagasi
02:41
we created a preparation that we named brain-machine interfaces.
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lõime seadme, mida me nimetame aju ja masina vaheliseks kasutajaliideseks.
02:44
And you have a scheme here that describes how it works.
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Siin on skeem, mis kirjeldab selle tööd.
02:47
The idea is, let's have some sensors that listen to these storms, this electrical firing,
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Mõte on selles, et paigaldada sensorid, mis kuulavad neid torme, seda laenglemist,
02:52
and see if you can, in the same time that it takes
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ja siis vaadata, kas samal ajal,
02:55
for this storm to leave the brain and reach the legs or the arms of an animal --
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mil torm lahkub ajust ja jõuab looma jäsemetesse -
03:00
about half a second --
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umbes pool sekundit -
03:03
let's see if we can read these signals,
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vaatame, kas me suudame lugeda neid signaale,
03:06
extract the motor messages that are embedded in it,
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eraldada sealt motoorsed sõnumid, mis selles peituvad,
03:09
translate it into digital commands
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tõlkida need digitaalseteks käsklusteks
03:11
and send it to an artificial device
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ja saata need tehislikku seadmesse,
03:13
that will reproduce the voluntary motor wheel of that brain in real time.
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mis reprodutseerib reaalajas selle aju vabatahtlikke motoorseid käsklusi.
03:19
And see if we can measure how well we can translate that message
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Ja vaadata, kas me saame mõõta, kui hästi me oskame seda sõnumit tõlkida,
03:23
when we compare to the way the body does that.
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kui me võrdleme seda keha enda liikumisega.
03:26
And if we can actually provide feedback,
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Ja kui me suudame hankida reaalset tagasisidet,
03:29
sensory signals that go back from this robotic, mechanical, computational actuator
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aistingusignaale, mis tulevad sellelt robotlikult, mehaaniliselt, arvudel põhinevalt automaadilt,
03:35
that is now under the control of the brain,
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mis on nüüd aju kontrolli all
03:37
back to the brain,
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tagasi ajusse,
03:39
how the brain deals with that,
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kuidas aju siis sellega toime tuleb,
03:41
of receiving messages from an artificial piece of machinery.
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kui ta saab sõnumeid tehislikult seadmelt.
03:46
And that's exactly what we did 10 years ago.
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Täpselt seda tegime me 10 aastat tagasi.
03:48
We started with a superstar monkey called Aurora
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Me alustasime Aurora nimelise ahv-superstaariga,
03:51
that became one of the superstars of this field.
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kellest sai üks selle valdkonna superstaare.
03:53
And Aurora liked to play video games.
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Aurorale meeldis videomänge mängida.
03:56
As you can see here,
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Nagu te võite siin näha,
03:57
she likes to use a joystick, like any one of us, any of our kids, to play this game.
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meeldib talle juhthoova abil mängu mängida nagu ükskõik kellele meist või meie lastest.
04:02
And as a good primate, she even tries to cheat before she gets the right answer.
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Ja õige primaadina püüab ta isegi sohki teha, enne kui ta õigele vastusele pihta saab.
04:07
So even before a target appears that she's supposed to cross
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Isegi enne seda, kui ilmub sihtmärk, millest ta peab üle sõitma
04:11
with the cursor that she's controlling with this joystick,
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kursoriga, mida ta juhthoova abil juhib,
04:14
Aurora is trying to find the target, no matter where it is.
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püüab Aurora sihtmärki leida, ükskõik, kus see ka ei ole.
04:18
And if she's doing that,
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Ja ta teeb seda,
04:19
because every time she crosses that target with the little cursor,
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sest iga kord, kui ta väikese kursoriga sihtmärgile pihta saab,
04:23
she gets a drop of Brazilian orange juice.
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antakse talle tilgake brasiilia apelsinimahla.
04:25
And I can tell you, any monkey will do anything for you
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Ja ma võin teile öelda, et ahv on nõus teie jaoks ükskõik mida tegema,
04:28
if you get a little drop of Brazilian orange juice.
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kui te annate talle natuke brasiilia apelsinimahla.
04:32
Actually any primate will do that.
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Tegelikult teeb sedasama iga primaat.
04:34
Think about that.
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Mõelge selle üle.
04:36
Well, while Aurora was playing this game, as you saw,
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Samal ajal, kui Aurora mängis seda mängu, mida te nägite,
04:39
and doing a thousand trials a day
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sooritades tuhandeid katseid päevas
04:41
and getting 97 percent correct and 350 milliliters of orange juice,
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ja saavutades 97% edu ning 350 milliliitrit apelsinimahla,
04:45
we are recording the brainstorms that are produced in her head
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salvestasime meie aktiivsuspuhanguid tema peas
04:49
and sending them to a robotic arm
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ja saatsime neid robotkäesse,
04:50
that was learning to reproduce the movements that Aurora was making.
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mis õppis matkima liigutusi, mida Aurora tegi.
04:54
Because the idea was to actually turn on this brain-machine interface
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Sest idee oli selles, et käivitada see aju-masina kasutajaliides
04:58
and have Aurora play the game just by thinking,
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ja lasta Auroral mängida seda mängu mõtte abil,
05:03
without interference of her body.
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ilma keha sekkumiseta.
05:05
Her brainstorms would control an arm
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Tema aju aktiivsuspuhangud kontrolliksid kätt,
05:08
that would move the cursor and cross the target.
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mis liigutaks kursorit ja tabaks sihtmärki.
05:11
And to our shock, that's exactly what Aurora did.
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Ja meie jahmatuseks sai Aurora sellega hakkama.
05:14
She played the game without moving her body.
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Ta mängis mängu ilma oma keha liigutamata.
05:18
So every trajectory that you see of the cursor now,
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Nii et iga kursori trajektoor, mida te praegu näete,
05:21
this is the exact first moment she got that.
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märgib täpselt seda hetke, mil ta sellele pihta sai.
05:24
That's the exact first moment
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See on esimene hetk,
05:26
a brain intention was liberated from the physical domains of a body of a primate
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mil aju kavatsus vabastati primaadi keha füüsilisest liikumisest
05:32
and could act outside, in that outside world,
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ja see suutis tegutseda väljaspool, väliskeskkonnas
05:36
just by controlling an artificial device.
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ainult tehisliku seadme juhtimise teel.
05:39
And Aurora kept playing the game, kept finding the little target
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Aurora mängis mängu edasi, leidis sihtmärgi üles
05:44
and getting the orange juice that she wanted to get, that she craved for.
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ja sai apelsinimahla, mida ta himustas.
05:48
Well, she did that because she, at that time, had acquired a new arm.
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Ta tegi seda sellepärast, et ta oli saanud endale uue jäseme.
05:55
The robotic arm that you see moving here 30 days later,
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Robotjäse, mida te näete siin liikumas
05:58
after the first video that I showed to you,
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on 30 päeva pärast esimest videot, mida ma teile näitasin,
06:00
is under the control of Aurora's brain
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Aurora aju kontrolli all
06:03
and is moving the cursor to get to the target.
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ja liigutab kursorit, et sihtmärgile pihta saada.
06:06
And Aurora now knows that she can play the game with this robotic arm,
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Ja Aurora teab nüüd, et ta saab mängida mängu robotkäega,
06:10
but she has not lost the ability to use her biological arms to do what she pleases.
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aga ta pole kaotanud võimet kasutada oma bioloogilisi jäsemeid, et teha, mida tahab.
06:16
She can scratch her back, she can scratch one of us, she can play another game.
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Ta võib sügada selga, sügada kedagi meist, mängida mõnda muud mängu.
06:20
By all purposes and means,
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Igas võimalikus mõttes
06:21
Aurora's brain has incorporated that artificial device
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on Aurora aju selle tehisliku seadme omaks võtnud
06:25
as an extension of her body.
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kui oma keha pikenduse.
06:28
The model of the self that Aurora had in her mind
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Kujutis, mis Auroral oma ajus iseendast oli,
06:32
has been expanded to get one more arm.
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oli kasvanud ühe lisakäe võrra.
06:36
Well, we did that 10 years ago.
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Seda kõike tegime me 10 aastat tagasi.
06:38
Just fast forward 10 years.
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Kerime siit kiiresti 10 aastat edasi.
06:41
Just last year we realized that you don't even need to have a robotic device.
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Eelmisel aastal jõudsime arusaamisele, et robotseadet polegi vaja.
06:46
You can just build a computational body, an avatar, a monkey avatar.
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Me võime lihtsalt ehitada arvutikeha, avatari, ahvi-avatari.
06:51
And you can actually use it for our monkeys to either interact with them,
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Ja me saame kasutada neid selleks, et ahvid nendega suhtleksid
06:56
or you can train them to assume in a virtual world
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või treenida ahve haarama virtuaalmaailmas
07:00
the first-person perspective of that avatar
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minarolli seoses selle avatariga
07:03
and use her brain activity to control the movements of the avatar's arms or legs.
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ja kasutada ahvi ajutegevust avatari käte või jalgade liigutamiseks.
07:09
And what we did basically was to train the animals
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Nii et me treenisime loomi
07:12
to learn how to control these avatars
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õppima neid avatare kontrollima
07:15
and explore objects that appear in the virtual world.
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ja uurima objekte, mis asuvad virtuaalmaailmas.
07:19
And these objects are visually identical,
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Need objektid on visuaalselt identsed,
07:21
but when the avatar crosses the surface of these objects,
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aga kui avatar nende pinnast üle libistab,
07:25
they send an electrical message that is proportional to the microtactile texture of the object
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saadavad nad välja elektrisignaali, mis vastab objekti kombitavale mikrotekstuurile
07:31
that goes back directly to the monkey's brain,
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ja läheb otse tagasi ahvi ajusse,
07:35
informing the brain what it is the avatar is touching.
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andes ajule infot selle kohta, mida avatar katsub.
07:40
And in just four weeks, the brain learns to process this new sensation
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Juba nelja nädalaga õpib aju seda uut aistingut töötlema
07:45
and acquires a new sensory pathway -- like a new sense.
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ja omandab uue tajukanali - nagu uue meele.
07:51
And you truly liberate the brain now
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See annab ajule tõelise vabaduse,
07:54
because you are allowing the brain to send motor commands to move this avatar.
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sest sa võimaldad ajul saata välja motoorseid käsklusi, et avatari liigutada.
07:58
And the feedback that comes from the avatar is being processed directly by the brain
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Ja tagasisidet, mis avatarilt tuleb, töödeldakse otse ajus
08:03
without the interference of the skin.
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ilma naha sekkumiseta.
08:06
So what you see here is this is the design of the task.
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Siin näete selle ülesande skeemi.
08:08
You're going to see an animal basically touching these three targets.
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Te näete, kuidas loom põhimõtteliselt puudutab neid kolme sihtmärki.
08:12
And he has to select one because only one carries the reward,
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Ta peab valima neist ühe, sest ainult ühega käib kaasas preemia,
08:17
the orange juice that they want to get.
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apelsinimahl, mida ta tahab.
08:19
And he has to select it by touch using a virtual arm, an arm that doesn't exist.
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Ta peab valima selle, kasutades virtuaalset kätt, olematut kätt.
08:24
And that's exactly what they do.
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Ja täpselt seda nad teevadki.
08:26
This is a complete liberation of the brain
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See on aju täielik vabanemine
08:30
from the physical constraints of the body and the motor in a perceptual task.
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keha füüsilistest piirangutest ja ülesande sooritamise motoorikast.
08:34
The animal is controlling the avatar to touch the targets.
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Loom juhib avatari, et sihtmärke puudutada.
08:38
And he's sensing the texture by receiving an electrical message directly in the brain.
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Ta tajub tekstuuri tänu elektrilistele impulssidele, mis saabuvad otse ajju.
08:44
And the brain is deciding what is the texture associated with the reward.
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Ja aju otsustab, millist tekstuuri seostada preemiaga.
08:48
The legends that you see in the movie don't appear for the monkey.
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Märgistused, mida te näete, ei ole ahvile paista.
08:52
And by the way, they don't read English anyway,
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Ja muuseas, ega nad inglise keelest niikuinii aru ei saa,
08:54
so they are here just for you to know that the correct target is shifting position.
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nii et need on seal ainult selleks, et te saaksite aru, et õige sihtmärk vahetab asendit.
08:59
And yet, they can find them by tactile discrimination,
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Sellegipoolest suudavad nad neid kompimise abil leida
09:03
and they can press it and select it.
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ning neid vajutada ja valida.
09:06
So when we look at the brains of these animals,
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Kui me vaatame nende loomade aju,
09:09
on the top panel you see the alignment of 125 cells
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näeme ülemisel ribal 125 raku jada,
09:13
showing what happens with the brain activity, the electrical storms,
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mis näitab, mis juhtub ajutegevusega, elektriliste "tormidega"
09:17
of this sample of neurons in the brain
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aju selles neuronite valimis,
09:19
when the animal is using a joystick.
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kui loom kasutab juhthooba.
09:21
And that's a picture that every neurophysiologist knows.
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See on pilt, mida tunneb iga neurofüsioloog.
09:24
The basic alignment shows that these cells are coding for all possible directions.
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Lihtne joondus näitab, et need rakud edastavad koode kõikvõimalikesse suundadesse.
09:29
The bottom picture is what happens when the body stops moving
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Alumisel pildil on näha, mis juhtub, kui keha jääb liikumatuks
09:35
and the animal starts controlling either a robotic device or a computational avatar.
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ja loom hakkab juhtima kas robotseadet või arvutiavatari.
09:41
As fast as we can reset our computers,
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Sama kiiresti kui me suudame oma arvuti taaskäivitada,
09:44
the brain activity shifts to start representing this new tool,
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suudab ajutegevus hakata esindama seda uut tööriista,
09:50
as if this too was a part of that primate's body.
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justkui oleks see tööriist osa primaadi kehast.
09:55
The brain is assimilating that too, as fast as we can measure.
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Ka aju assimileerib selle sama kiiresti, kui me suudame mõõta.
10:00
So that suggests to us that our sense of self
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See viitab sellele, et meie minateadvus
10:03
does not end at the last layer of the epithelium of our bodies,
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ei lõpe meie keha viimase epiteelkihiga,
10:07
but it ends at the last layer of electrons of the tools that we're commanding with our brains.
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vaid selle tööriista viimase elektronide kihiga, mida me oma ajuga juhime.
10:13
Our violins, our cars, our bicycles, our soccer balls, our clothing --
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Meie viiulid, autod, jalgrattad, jalgpallid, riided...
10:18
they all become assimilated by this voracious, amazing, dynamic system called the brain.
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see ablas, uskumatu, dünaamiline organ nimega aju assimileerib nad kõik endasse.
10:25
How far can we take it?
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Kui kaugele sellega võib minna?
10:26
Well, in an experiment that we ran a few years ago, we took this to the limit.
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Ühes katses, mille me paar aastat tagasi tegime, viisime selle viimase piirini.
10:31
We had an animal running on a treadmill
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Lasime ühel loomal joosta jooksulindil
10:33
at Duke University on the East Coast of the United States,
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USA Idarannikul asuvas Duke'i Ülikoolis,
10:35
producing the brainstorms necessary to move.
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et tekitada liikumiseks vajalikke aktiivsuspuhanguid ajus.
10:38
And we had a robotic device, a humanoid robot,
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Meil oli robotseade, humanoidrobot,
10:42
in Kyoto, Japan at ATR Laboratories
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mis asus ATR laboratooriumites Jaapanis, Kyotos,
10:44
that was dreaming its entire life to be controlled by a brain,
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ja oli eluaeg igatsenud, et teda juhiks aju,
10:51
a human brain, or a primate brain.
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inimaju või primaadi aju.
10:54
What happens here is that the brain activity that generated the movements in the monkey
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Juhtus see, et ajutegevus, mida lõi ahvi liikumine,
10:58
was transmitted to Japan and made this robot walk
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edastati Jaapanisse, kus see robot pandi kõndima,
11:02
while footage of this walking was sent back to Duke,
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ja samal ajal edastati kõndimist videoülekande abil tagasi Duke'i,
11:06
so that the monkey could see the legs of this robot walking in front of her.
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nii et ahv võis näha roboti jalgu enda ees kõndimas.
11:11
So she could be rewarded, not by what her body was doing
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Ta sai preemiaid mitte selle eest, mida tegi ta keha,
11:15
but for every correct step of the robot on the other side of the planet
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vaid iga õige sammu eest, mille tegi teisel pool maakera robot,
11:20
controlled by her brain activity.
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mida juhtis tema ajutegevus.
11:23
Funny thing, that round trip around the globe took 20 milliseconds less
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Naljakas fakt on see, et reis teisele poole maailma võttis aega 20 millisekundit vähem
11:30
than it takes for that brainstorm to leave its head, the head of the monkey,
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kui aktiivsuspuhangul võtab aega, et lahkuda ahvi peast
11:34
and reach its own muscle.
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ja jõuda tema oma lihastesse.
11:38
The monkey was moving a robot that was six times bigger, across the planet.
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Ahv liigutas robotit, mis oli kuus korda suurem kui ta ise ja asus teisel pool planeeti.
11:44
This is one of the experiments in which that robot was able to walk autonomously.
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See on üks neid eksperimente, milles see robot suutis autonoomselt kõndida.
11:50
This is CB1 fulfilling its dream in Japan
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Siin on CB1 teostamas oma unistust Jaapanis
11:56
under the control of the brain activity of a primate.
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primaadi ajutegevuse juhtimisel.
11:59
So where are we taking all this?
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Nii et mis on selle kõige eesmärk?
12:01
What are we going to do with all this research,
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Mida me kõigi nende uurimistulemustega pihta hakkame,
12:04
besides studying the properties of this dynamic universe that we have between our ears?
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kui arvata välja meie kõrvade vahel asuva dünaamilise universumi omaduste uurimine?
12:09
Well the idea is to take all this knowledge and technology
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Mõte on võtta kõik need teadmised ja tehnoloogia
12:14
and try to restore one of the most severe neurological problems that we have in the world.
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ja püüda ravida maailma kõige raskemaid neuroloogilisi probleeme.
12:20
Millions of people have lost the ability to translate these brainstorms
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Miljonid inimesed on kaotanud võime tõlkida neid aju aktiivsuspuhanguid
12:24
into action, into movement.
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liikumisse, liigutustesse.
12:26
Although their brains continue to produce those storms and code for movements,
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Kuigi nende ajus tekivad jätkuvalt aktiivsuspuhangud ja koodid liikumiseks,
12:32
they cannot cross a barrier that was created by a lesion on the spinal cord.
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ei suuda need ületada seljakeeliku vigastusest tekkinud barjääri.
12:37
So our idea is to create a bypass,
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Niisiis on meie idee luua kõrvaltee,
12:39
is to use these brain-machine interfaces to read these signals,
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kasutada neid aju-masin kasutajaliideseid, et lugeda signaale,
12:43
larger-scale brainstorms that contain the desire to move again,
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suuremaid aju aktiivsuspuhanguid, mis sisaldavad soovi jälle liikuda
12:47
bypass the lesion using computational microengineering
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juhtida need vigastuse ümbert ringi, kasutades mikromehaanikat
12:51
and send it to a new body, a whole body called an exoskeleton,
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ja saata need uude kehasse, kogu keha hõlmavasse eksoskeletti,
12:58
a whole robotic suit that will become the new body of these patients.
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robotrüüsse, millest saab nende patsientide uus keha.
13:04
And you can see an image produced by this consortium.
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Te võite näha selle konsortsiumi väljatöötatud kavandit.
13:08
This is a nonprofit consortium called the Walk Again Project
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See on mittetulunduslik konsortsium nimega Walk Again Project,
13:12
that is putting together scientists from Europe,
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mis koondab teadlasi Euroopast.
13:15
from here in the United States, and in Brazil
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siit USAst ja Brasiiliast,
13:17
together to work to actually get this new body built --
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et teha koos valmis see keha -
13:21
a body that we believe, through the same plastic mechanisms
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keha, mis meie arvates suudab samade plastiliste mehhanismide abil,
13:25
that allow Aurora and other monkeys to use these tools through a brain-machine interface
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mis võimaldavad Auroral ja teistel ahvidel kasutada neid vahendeid läbi aju-masin kasutajaliidese,
13:30
and that allows us to incorporate the tools that we produce and use in our daily life.
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ja mis võimaldab meil kaasata tööriistu, mida me oma igapäevaelus toodame ja kasutame.
13:36
This same mechanism, we hope, will allow these patients,
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Me loodame, et seesama mehhanism lubab neil patsientidel
13:40
not only to imagine again the movements that they want to make
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mitte üksnes kujutada ette liigutusi, mida nad teha tahavad,
13:44
and translate them into movements of this new body,
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ja tõlkida neid selle uue keha liigutusteks,
13:47
but for this body to be assimilated as the new body that the brain controls.
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vaid et see oleks assimileeritud kui inimese uus keha, mida aju juhib.
13:54
So I was told about 10 years ago
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Mulle öeldi umbes 10 aastat tagasi,
13:57
that this would never happen, that this was close to impossible.
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et see ei saa iial teoks, et see on sisuliselt võimatu.
14:02
And I can only tell you that as a scientist,
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Võin teile öelda üksnes seda, et ma olen teadlane,
14:05
I grew up in southern Brazil in the mid-'60s
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kes kasvas üles Brasiilia lõunaosas 60ndate keskpaigas,
14:08
watching a few crazy guys telling [us] that they would go to the Moon.
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jälgides, kuidas mõned hullumeelsed ütlesid meile, et nad sõidavad Kuu peale.
14:13
And I was five years old,
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Ma olin viieaastane,
14:14
and I never understood why NASA didn't hire Captain Kirk and Spock to do the job;
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ega saanud aru, miks NASA ei kasutanud kapten Kirki ja Spocki, et see töö ära teha;
14:19
after all, they were very proficient --
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lõppude lõpuks said nemad ju väga hästi hakkama -
14:21
but just seeing that as a kid
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aga nähes seda lapsena
14:25
made me believe, as my grandmother used to tell me,
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pani mind uskuma seda, mida mu vanaema alati ütles:
14:27
that "impossible is just the possible
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"Võimatu pole muud kui võimalik,
14:29
that someone has not put in enough effort to make it come true."
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mille teostamiseks keegi pole piisavalt palju vaeva näinud."
14:33
So they told me that it's impossible to make someone walk.
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Mulle öeldi, et on võimatu kedagi kõndima panna.
14:37
I think I'm going to follow my grandmother's advice.
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Ma arvan, et ma järgin oma vanaema nõuannet.
14:40
Thank you.
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Tänan teid.
14:42
(Applause)
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(Aplaus)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Miguel Nicolelis - NeuroscientistMiguel Nicolelis explores the limits of the brain-machine interface.
Why you should listen
At the Nicolelis Laboratory at Duke University, Miguel Nicolelis is best known for pioneering studies in neuronal population coding, Brain Machine Interfaces (BMI) and neuroprosthetics in human patients and non-human primates.His lab's work was seen, famously though a bit too briefly, when a brain-controlled exoskeleton from his lab helped Juliano Pinto, a paraplegic man, kick the first ball at the 2014 World Cup.
But his lab is thinking even bigger. They've developed an integrative approach to studying neurological disorders, including Parkinsons disease and epilepsy. The approach, they hope, will allow the integration of molecular, cellular, systems and behavioral data in the same animal, producing a more complete understanding of the nature of the neurophysiological alterations associated with these disorders. He's the author of the books Beyond Boundaries and The Relativistic Brain.
Miguel was honored as one of Foreign Policy's 2015 Global Thinkers.
Miguel Nicolelis | Speaker | TED.com